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 Learning PHP, MySQL &
JavaScript
SIXTH EDITION

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With PHP 8, MySQL 8, PDO, CSS, HTML5, jQuery

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Robin Nixon
Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript
by Robin Nixon
Copyright © 2021 Robin Nixon. All rights reserved.
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978-1-492-09381-7
[LSI]
Preface

The combination of PHP and MySQL is the most convenient approach to

dynamic, database-driven web design, holding its own in the face of
challenges from integrated frameworks—such as Ruby on Rails—that are
harder to learn. Due to its open source roots (unlike the competing
Microsoft .NET Framework), it is free to implement and is therefore an
extremely popular option for web development.
Any would-be developer on a Unix/Linux or even a Windows/Apache
platform will need to master these technologies. And, combined with the
partner technologies of JavaScript, React, CSS, and HTML5, you will be
able to create websites of the caliber of industry standards like Facebook,
Twitter, and Gmail.

Audience
This book is for people who wish to learn how to create effective and
dynamic websites. This may include webmasters or graphic designers who
are already creating static websites but wish to take their skills to the next
level, as well as high school and college students, recent graduates, and
self-taught individuals.
In fact, anyone ready to learn the fundamentals behind responsive web
design will obtain a thorough grounding in the core technologies of PHP,
MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5, and you’ll learn the basics of the
React library and React Native Framework, too.
Assumptions This Book Makes
This book assumes that you have a basic understanding of HTML and can
at least put together a simple, static website, but does not assume that you
have any prior knowledge of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, or HTML5—
although if you do, your progress through the book will be even quicker.

Organization of This Book

The chapters in this book are written in a specific order, first introducing all
of the core technologies it covers and then walking you through their
installation on a web development server so that you will be ready to work
through the examples.
In the first section, you will gain a grounding in the PHP programming
language, covering the basics of syntax, arrays, functions, and object-
oriented programming.
Then, with PHP under your belt, you will move on to an introduction to the
MySQL database system, where you will learn everything from how
MySQL databases are structured to how to generate complex queries.
After that, you will learn how you can combine PHP and MySQL to start
creating your own dynamic web pages by integrating forms and other
HTML features. You will then get down to the nitty-gritty practical aspects
of PHP and MySQL development by learning a variety of useful functions
and how to manage cookies and sessions, as well as how to maintain a high
level of security.
In the next few chapters, you will gain a thorough grounding in JavaScript,
from simple functions and event handling to accessing the Document
Object Model, in-browser validation, and error handling. You’ll also get a
comprehensive primer on using the popular React library for JavaScript.
With an understanding of all three of these core technologies, you will then
learn how to make behind-the-scenes Ajax calls and turn your websites into
highly dynamic environments.
Next, you’ll spend two chapters learning all about using CSS to style and
lay out your web pages, before discovering how the React libraries can
make your development job a great deal easier. You’ll then move on to the
final section on the interactive features built into HTML5, including
geolocation, audio, video, and the canvas. After this, you’ll put together
everything you’ve learned in a complete set of programs that together
constitute a fully functional social networking website.
Along the way, you’ll find plenty of advice on good programming practices
and tips that can help you find and solve hard-to-detect programming
errors. There are also plenty of links to websites containing further details
on the topics covered.

Supporting Books
Once you have learned to develop using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS,
and HTML5, you will be ready to take your skills to the next level using the
following O’Reilly reference books:

Dynamic HTML: The Definitive Reference by Danny Goodman

PHP in a Nutshell by Paul Hudson
MySQL in a Nutshell by Russell Dyer
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide by David Flanagan
CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric A. Meyer and Estelle Weyl
HTML5: The Missing Manual by Matthew MacDonald

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Plain text
Indicates menu titles, options, and buttons.
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, directories, and Unix utilities. Also used for database, table,
and column names.

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code elements, HTML tags, and the contents of files.

Constant width bold

Shows program output and is used to highlight sections of code that are
discussed in the text.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values.

NOTE
This element signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.

WARNING
This element indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples

Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available for
download at github.com/RobinNixon/lpmj6.
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code
is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs and
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We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually
includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Learning
PHP, MySQL & JavaScript 6th Edition by Robin Nixon (O’Reilly).
Copyright 2021 Robin Nixon, [[[ISBN NUMBER GOES HERE]]].”
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the
permission given above, feel free to contact us at [email protected].

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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Senior Content Acquisitions Editor, Amanda Quinn,
Content Development Editor, Melissa Potter, and everyone who worked so
hard on this book, including ???, ??? & ??? for their comprehensive
technical reviews, ??? for overseeing production, ??? for copy editing, ???
for proofreading, ??? for creating the index, Karen Montgomery for the
original sugar glider front cover design, ??? for the latest book cover, my
original editor, Andy Oram, for overseeing the first five editions, and
everyone else too numerous to name who submitted errata and offered
suggestions for this new edition.
Chapter 1. Introduction to
Dynamic Web Content

The World Wide Web is a constantly evolving network that has already
traveled far beyond its conception in the early 1990s, when it was created to
solve a specific problem. State-of-the-art experiments at CERN (the
European Laboratory for Particle Physics, now best known as the operator
of the Large Hadron Collider) were producing incredible amounts of data—
so much that the data was proving unwieldy to distribute to the participating
scientists, who were spread out across the world.
At this time, the internet was already in place, connecting several hundred
thousand computers, so Tim Berners-Lee (a CERN fellow) devised a
method of navigating between them using a hyperlinking framework, which
came to be known as Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. He also created
a markup language called Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML. To bring
these together, he wrote the first web browser and web server.
Today we take these tools for granted, but back then, the concept was
revolutionary. The most connectivity so far experienced by at-home modem
users was dialing up and connecting to a bulletin board that was hosted by a
single computer, where you could communicate and swap data only with
other users of that service. Consequently, you needed to be a member of
many bulletin board systems in order to effectively communicate
electronically with your colleagues and friends.
But Berners-Lee changed all that in one fell swoop, and by the mid-1990s,
there were three major graphical web browsers competing for the attention
of 5 million users. It soon became obvious, though, that something was
missing. Yes, pages of text and graphics with hyperlinks to take you to other
pages was a brilliant concept, but the results didn’t reflect the instantaneous
potential of computers and the internet to meet the particular needs of each
user with dynamically changing content. Using the web was a very dry and
plain experience, even if we did now have scrolling text and animated
GIFs!
Shopping carts, search engines, and social networks have clearly altered
how we use the web. In this chapter, we’ll take a brief look at the various
components that make up the web, and the software that helps make using it
a rich and dynamic experience.

NOTE
It is necessary to start using some acronyms more or less right away. I have tried to
clearly explain them before proceeding, but don’t worry too much about what they stand
for or what these names mean, because the details will become clear as you read on.

HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee’s Basics

HTTP is a communication standard governing the requests and responses
that are sent between the browser running on the end user’s computer and
the web server. The server’s job is to accept a request from the client and
attempt to reply to it in a meaningful way, usually by serving up a requested
web page—that’s why the term server is used. The natural counterpart to a
server is a client, so that term is applied both to the web browser and the
computer on which it’s running.
Between the client and the server there can be several other devices, such as
routers, proxies, gateways, and so on. They serve different roles in ensuring
that the requests and responses are correctly transferred between the client
and server. Typically, they use the internet to send this information. Some of
these in-between devices can also help speed up the internet by storing
pages or information locally in what is called a cache, and then serving this
content up to clients directly from the cache rather than fetching it all the
way from the source server.
A web server can usually handle multiple simultaneous connections, and
when not communicating with a client, it spends its time listening for an
incoming connection. When one arrives, the server sends back a response to
confirm its receipt.

The Request/Response Procedure

At its most basic level, the request/response process consists of a web
browser asking the web server to send it a web page and the server sending
back the page. The browser then takes care of displaying the page (see
Figure 1-1).
 Figure 1-1. The basic client/server request/response sequence

The steps in the request and response sequence are as follows:

1. You enter http://server.com into your browser’s address bar.
2. Your browser looks up the Internet Protocol (IP) address for
server.com.
3. Your browser issues a request for the home page at server.com.
4. The request crosses the internet and arrives at the server.com web
server.
5. The web server, having received the request, looks for the web
page on its disk.
6. The web server retrieves the page and returns it to the browser.
7. Your browser displays the web page.
For an average web page, this process also takes place once for each object
within the page: a graphic, an embedded video or Flash file, and even a
CSS template.
In step 2, notice that the browser looks up the IP address of server.com.
Every machine attached to the internet has an IP address—your computer
included—but we generally access web servers by name, such as
google.com. As you probably know, the browser consults an additional
internet service called the Domain Name Service (DNS) to find the server’s
associated IP address and then uses it to communicate with the computer.
For dynamic web pages, the procedure is a little more involved, because it
may bring both PHP and MySQL into the mix. For instance, you may click
on a picture of a raincoat. Then PHP will put together a request using the
standard database language, SQL—many of whose commands you will
learn in this book—and send the request to the MySQL server. The MySQL
server will return information about the raincoat you selected, and the PHP
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