DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy
Three requirements are essential
1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
Working principle
A generator works on the principles of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in the
magnetic field , an emf is induced and the
magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if the
conductor circuit is closed .
DC Machine
Commutator
Sectional view of a DC machine
Construction of DC Generator
Field system
Armature core
Armature
winding
Commutator
Brushes
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
Working principle of DC motor
Working principle of DC motor
Force in DC motor
Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2
The armature Itis used in low
windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no 2 brushes
of poles
Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of the
following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils
Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to
armature conductors by means of a cu strip called
riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines
because they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has
negative temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving
area of contact
Brush rock and holder
EMF equation
Let,
Ø= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
Eg = emf generated in any on of the
parallel path
EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution =P*φ
Flux cut by 1 conductor in
60 sec = P φ N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor = PφN/60
Number of conductors in
each parallel path = Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
Types of DC Generator
DC generators are generally classified
according to their method of excitation .
Separately excited DC generator
Self excited D C generator
Further classification of DC Generator
Series wound generator
Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generator
Short shunt
Long shunt
compound
Losses in DC Generators
1. Copper losses or variable losses
2. Stray losses or constant losses
Stray losses : consist of (a) iron losses or core
losses and (b) windage and friction losses .
Iron losses : occurs in the core of the machine due
to change of magnetic flux in the core . Consist
of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Losses
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Eddy current losses : directly proportional to
the flux density , frequency , thickness of the
lamination .
Windage and friction losses are constant due to
the opposition of wind and friction .
Applications
Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical
energy
Construction : Same for Generator and
motor
Working principle : Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field , a force is set up on the
conductor.
Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature
conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of the
induced emf is always so as to oppose the
cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause
and hence this induced emf opposes the
supply voltage.
Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified into
three types as listed below:
Shunt motor
Series motor
Compound motor
Differential compound
Cumulative compound
Torque
The turning or twisting force about an
axis is called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞φIa
Ta ∞ I2a
Characteristic of DC motors
T/ Ia characteristic
N/ I a characteristic
N/T characteristic
Speed control of DC motors
According to the speed equation of a dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by-
Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field winding.
Armature control method: By Changing the armature
resistance which in turn changes the voltage applied
across the armature
Flux control
Advantages of flux control:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature voltage control method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is
required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting
rheostat in a potential divider arrangement .
Starters for DC motors
Needed to limit the starting current .
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter
Testing of DC machines
To determine the efficiency of as DC motor , the output and
input should be known.
There are two methods.
The load test or The direct method
The indirect method
Direct method: In this method , the efficiency is determined
by knowing the input and output power of the motor.
Indirect method: Swinburne’s test is an indirect method of
testing DC shunt machines to predetermine the effficency ,
as a motor and as a Generator. In this method, efficiency is
calculated by determining the losses .
Applications:
Shunt Motor:
Blowers and fans
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Lathe machines
Machine tools
Milling machines
Drilling machines
Applications:
Series Motor:
Cranes
Hoists , Elevators
Trolleys
Conveyors
Electric locomotives
Applications:
Cumulative compound Motor:
Rolling mills
Punches
Shears
Heavy planers
Elevators
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