NAME: ……………………………………………………………….. CLASS: …………………………….

GIANT MOLECULE TUTORIALS

Youtube Channel Handle: @giantmoleculetutor E-mail: chrisapathy@[Link]

FIRST TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES
CLASS: JS1(BASIC 7):

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

SUB-THEME: BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND CONCEPTS

1. Historical Development of Computers: (a) Early counting devices (fingers, stones, sticks,
pebbles, cowries, etc.)
2. Historical Development of Computers: (b) Mechanical counting and calculating devices:
Abacus, Slide rule etc.
3. Historical Development of Computers: (c) Electro-mechanical counting devices: John
Napier bone, Blaise Pascal machine, and Gottfried Leibniz
4. Historical Development of Computers: (d) Electro-mechanical counting devices: Charles
Babbage analytical machine, Philip Emeagwali, and Joseph Jacquard loom.
5. Historical Development of Computers: (e) Electric counting devices and modern
computer: (i) Herman Hollerith punch cards (f) John Von Neumann machine (g) Modern
machines.
6. Historical Development of Computers: (h) Generations of computers: first, second,
third, fourth, fifth.
7. Data processing: (a) Definition (b) Data processing cycle: data gathering, data
collection, input stage, processing stage, storage stage, output stage.
8. Data Processing: (c) Importance of computer as a tool for processing data: increased
accuracy, efficient storage facilities, fast access to information, and handles rrepetitive
tasks.
9&10. Revision.
11-13. Examination.

REFERENCES:
 Easy way to Computer Studies for Junior Secondary Schools 1
 Basic Science and Technology: Computer Studies for Junior Secondary Schools 1 by
Wole Olatokun et al
  Searchlights on Computer Studies for JSS, Bk 1 by Kayode Owolabi et al

WEEK ONE

DATE:.........................................

TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

CONTENT:

Early counting devices ( Definition and Examples)

The history and development of computer can be traced back to the studies of Mathematics
which started with counting. The history of Mathematics is the history of civilization. The
problems posted by these early counting and data processing method were enormous. The
major problem with these devices was that they could not be used for counting large numbers
efficiently.
These has led to various computing inventions in search for a tool that could enable man meet
his computational and data processing needs until we have the computer today.
It was in the process of finding solutions to the problem of counting that early counting
devices emerged. These devices includes fingers, toes, stones, sticks, pebbles, cowries,etc.
Examples of fingers and toes method of calculation is seen below;

As time went on, fingers and toes method became ineffective, especially for large numbers,
hence, the emergence of counting and solving basic arithmetic problems with the use of
stones and sticks.
EVALUATION:
(i) What do you understand by early counting devices?
(ii) Name and describe three early counting devices.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study the topic ‘Mechanical Counting devices’ using your students’ textbook

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Mention three (3) limitations of early counting devices.

WEEK TWO

DATE:..........................................

TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS:

CONTENT:

Mechanical counting and calculating devices

As a result of the disadvantages of the early counting devices, a more advanced mechanical
counting and calculating devices were invented. Some of these are;
 Abacus
 Slide
 Speeding Clock or Calculating Clock
THE ABACUS
The Abacus was made up of beads threaded on iron rods. The iron rods were fixed on a
rectangular wooden frame. The Abacus was used for addition and subtraction. It could not
carry out complex mathematics. The Abacus was early used for arithmetic tasks. The Abacus
was developed in China about 5000 years ago. The Abacus was successful that its use spread
from china to many other countries.

ABACUS
SLIDE RULE
The slide rule also known as a slip-stick is a mechanical analogue computer. The slide rule is
used primarily for multiplication, division, and also functions such as roots, algorithms and
trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction.
Slide rules come in diverse range of styles and generally appear in a straight or circular form
with a standardized set of markings (scales) essential to performing mathematical
computations.
William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s based on the emerging
work on logarithms by John Napier. The use of slide rule continued to grow through the 1950s
and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced.

SPEEDING CLOCK OR CALCULATING CLOCK

Schickard invented a calculating machine in 1623. His colleagues called his machine the
Speeding Clock or Calculating Clock. The machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers,
and indicate an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell; to add more complex calculations, a
set of Napier’s bones were mounted on it. Schickard’s machine was not programmable.
EVALUATION
1. List three types of mechanical counting and calculating devices
2. The slide rule was invented by_________________

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read on Electro-mechanical counting devices, ‘A hand book on computer studies Chapter 6,
Pages 41-42

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. __________________ is a rectangular wooden frame.
(a) The Pascaline
(b) The Logarithm
(c) Punch card
(d) The Abacus
2. ____________ developed the slide rule
(a) John Napier
(b) Ada Lovelace
(c) William Oughtred
(d) Charles Babbage

Essay Questions:
Describe any two of the following: (i) Abacus (ii) Slide rule (iii) Calculating clock
WEEK: 3 - 4
DATE:...............................

TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

CONTENT:
Electro-mechanical counting devices:
(a) Definition and description of electro-mechanical counting devices
(b) Examples of electro-mechanical counting devices

Sub-topic 1: ELECTROMECHANICAL COUNTING DEVICES

These are counting devices that could be operated both electrically and mechanically. Electro-
mechanical devices include the following:
(i) John Napier Bone
(ii) Blaise Pascal machine
(iii) Gottfried Leibniz Machine
(iv) Joseph Jacquard Loom
(v) Charles Babbage Analytical Machine

JOHN NAPIER BONE

While producing the first logarithmic tables, Napier needed to perform many multiplications,
and it was at this point that he designed Napier’s bones in 1614, an abacus-like device used for
multiplication and division.

Napier’s bone
BLAISE PASCAL’S CALCULATING MACHINE
Blaise Pascal was a French man who developed the first true adding machine in 1642. He was a
mathematical as well as a philosopher. In 1642, he began working on calculating machines and
after 3 years invented the mechanical calculator. He built 20 of these machines (called the
Pascaline) in the following 10 years.
Blaise Pascal was born in France in 1623 and died in Paris in 1662. His machine was based on
Abacus principle.

THE PASCALINE

EVALUATION:
1. Mention and describe FOUR electro-mechanical counting devices.
2. When was Blaise Pascal adding machine invented?

SUBTOPIC 2: Electro-mechanical Counting devices

GOTTFRIED W. VON LEIBNITZ carried out further development on the work of Blaise Pascal so
that multiplication and division could be carried out directly. He invented a machine called
“THE STEPPED RECKONER” in 1694. The machine is a mechanical calculator which can do
multiplication, division and calculate square roots.

JOSEPH JACQUARD LOOM

Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801. The loom
simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade and
damask. The loom is controlled by paste board cards with punched holes, each row of which
corresponds to one row of the design. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and
the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order.
The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to control a sequence of
operations.

JOSEPH JACQUARD LOOM

MACHINE
EVALUATION:
Briefly describe the following; (i) Jacquard loom (ii) Gottfried Leibniz machine

SUBTOPIC 3: Electro-mechanical Counting devices

CHARLES BABBAGE ANALYTICAL MACHINE
He was the first person to design a computer that is different from a calculator. In 1822, he
developed ‘difference engine’ that could perform intricate calculations correctly and rapidly on
the principle that anticipated the modern electronic computer. In 1837, the ‘analytical engine’
was developed and it could be programmed. That means it can receive instructions and solve
problems given to it. Charles Babbage is referred to as the father of modern day computers
because all his ideas are contained in modern computers.

The Difference Engine Analytical Engine

The Analytical Engine had the following parts:

 1. A mill for calculation
2. A store for holding instructions, intermediate and final results
3. An operator (or system) for carrying out instruction
4. A device for ‘reading’ and ‘writing’ data on punched card

EVALUATION:
1. Highlight the machines invented by Charles Babbage
2. Mention the parts that makes up an analytical engine

SUBTOPIC 4: PHILIP EMEAGWALI

Dr. Philip Emeagwali, who had been called the Bill Gates of Africa, was born in Akure, Nigeria
on 23 August 1954, invented one of the world’s fastest computers. He dropped out of school
in 1967 because of the Nigerian-Biafran war.
Dr. Philip Emeagwali first entered the limelight in 1989 when he won the prestigious Gordon
Bell Prize for his work with massively parallel computers. He programmed the connection
machine to compute a world record 3.1 billion calculations per second using 65,536 processors
to simulate oil reservoirs. With over 41 inventions, Philip Emeagwali is making big waves in the
super computer industry.

EVALUATION:
What was the major contribution of Dr Philip Emeagwali to the development of computers

GENERAL EVALUATION:
[Link] three people who were inventors of electro-mechanical devices and the machine they
invented.
2. Why is Charles “Babbage referred to as the “father of Computer”

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Students are to read ‘Electronic Computing Devices’ in the given students’ textbook.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is NOT an electro-mechanical counting device
(a) John Napier bone (b) Stepped reckoner (c) Jacquard loom (d) Calculating clock
2. Gottfried Leibniz invented a machine known as
(a) Adding machine (b) Textile loom (c) Stepped reckoner (d) Napier bone
3. Which of the following inventors designed a machine with similar elements to modern
digital computers.
(a) Blaise Pascal (b) Charles Babbage (c) John Napier (d) Ada Lovelace
WEEK: 5
DATE:...............................

TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS:

CONTENT:
Electric counting devices and modern computer
(a) Herman Hollerith punch cards
(b) John Von Neumann machine
(c) Modern machines

Sub-topic 1: HERMAN HOLLERITH PUNCH CARDS

HOLLERITH CENSUS MACHINE: Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)
was an Americanstatistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based
on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the
founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is
widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation.

Herman Hollerith

JOHN VON NEUMANN MACHINE

It was developed in the 1940s. Von Neumann developed the stored program concept in which
programs could be read into computer’s memory for processing. His area of interest included:

 Use of binary codes for representing data and instructions.

 Use of codes to store both data and instruction together and share the same storage
location (space) within the computer
 Use of computer to process both data and instructions
 Modification of programs by programs.

EVALUATION
(i) What was the major function of Hollerith machine?
(ii) Enumerate three areas of interest in John Von Neumann concept

GENERAL EVALUATION:
Briefly discuss the similarity between the works of Charles Babbage and John Von Neumann

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Study and make a summary of the topic ‘Generations of Computers’

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Briefly describe the term “modern machines’

WEEK 6
DATE: ...................................

TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

CONTENT:

Generation of Computers: First, second, third, fourth and fifth generations.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:
Generation of computers is the developmental stages that the computer has gone through.
There are 5 generations of computers and their accompanying innovations.

1ST GENERATION
First generation computers were those manufactured between 1946 and 1960. The computers
used the stored program concept. First generation computers were associated with the
vacuum tubes or valves technology.
CHARACTERISTICS:
 They were very bulky and heavy.
 They measured between 50 – 100ft long and about 80ft high.
 The computers weighed up to 200 tons and occupied 3000 cubic ft.
 They used vacuum tubes to store and process data.
 Examples of first generation computers are ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC.

PROBLEMS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

1. The vacuum tubes also generated a lot of heat. Therefore they needed a cooling system.

2ND GENERATION TRANSISTOR

Second generation computers were developed between 1960 and 1964. The computers
used transistors. The transistor was invented by William Shockley in 1948. Magnetic tapes
were used for storage.
 CHARACTERISTICS:
1. They were smaller in size than first generation computers.
2. They occupied smaller space than the first generation computers.
3. Second generation computers used less electricity and generated less heat.
4. The transistors could do all that the vacuum tubes did.
5. The computers were faster and lighter in weight than first generation computers.
Examples of second generation computers are NCR, 315, IBM, 7030.

3RD GENERATION INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Third generation computers were manufactured between 1964 and 1970.
During this period, the integrated circuit was invented.
They were first used in space ships and electronic military equipment.

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The computers used integrated circuits.
2. They were faster than second generation computers.
3. They were smaller in size and also more powerful.
4. The computers had fast memory access.

4TH GENERATION VERY LARGE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

The computers were manufactured between 1974 and 1984. One of the most important
results of large-scale integration was the introduction of the microprocessor in the fourth
generation by an American company – Intel Corporation. A microprocessor is a central
processing unit fabricated on a chip. This generation of computers had optical readers and
graphic display terminals. The use of floppy diskette as a storage facility was introduced in this
generation.

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The computers were smaller in size.
2. They were very powerful computers.
3. They had high processing speed.
4. They had high storage capacity.
Examples are Intel 4004, Intel 8085, Pentium 1, 2, 3, etc

5TH GENERATION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

From the 1990s, the fifth generation computers entered into the computer world through the
application of fibre optics technology. This generation of computers evolved as a result of the
need for computers to take decisions in various circumstances. This generation is witnessing
the influx of super microcomputers through artificial intelligence whose main attraction over
previous computers is speed and power. Expert systems have the capacity of making decisions
and judgements.
These are computers that will be able to mimic many things that so far can only be done by
human beings. For example, fifth generation computers will be able to accept spoken word
instruction (voice recognition) and assist doctors in carrying out diagnosis.

EVALUATION
1. The fifth generation computers made use of ________________
2. The means by which a computer receives spoken word instruction is called
__________
3. The 3rd generation computers were manufactured between ___ and _____
4. List two characteristics of 3rd generation computers.
5. First generation computers were manufactured between __ and _____
6. One of the problems of the first generation computers was that they generate a lot of
_________
7. ________ were used for storage in the 2nd generation computers.
8. List two examples of 2nd Generation computers.
9. What is a microprocessor?
10 . List two software tools developed during the 4th generation.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. We have ________ generations of computers.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
2. The characteristics of first generation computers include the following except
________________
(a) They were very bulky and heavy.
(b) They measured between 50ft and 100ft long.
(c) The computers weighed up to 200 tons and occupied 3000 cubic ft.
(d) They used transistors to store and process data.

3. Fourth generation computers used __________

(a) Vacuum tubes b. Transistors c. Artificial Intelligence
d. Large scale integrated circuits

4. _______ generation computers used fibre optics.

(a) First (b) Second (c) Fourth (d) Fifth

5. Second generation computers were _____ than 3 rd generation of computers. (a)

Smaller (b) Faster (c) More reliable (d) Slower

Essay questions:
1. What do we mean by ‘generation of computers’?
2. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the 3rd and 4th generation computers.
WEEK 7
DATE: ...................................
TOPIC: DATA PROCESSING
CONTENT:
1. Definition of data processing
2. Data processing cycle
Definition of Data Processing
Data processing can be defined as a series of actions or operations that convert or manipulate
data into useful information. Regardless of the kind of data processed, or the kind of device or
equipment used, all data processing systems involve stages which are necessary to transform
data into information.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

Data processing cycle includes the following:
1. DATA GATHERING
Data gathering has to do with the sourcing, and bringing together of data required to solve a
problem.
2. DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data – for
example as part of a process improvement or similar projection. The purpose of data
collection is to obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important
issues, to pass information on to other. Primarily, data is collected to provide information
regarding a specific topic.
This involves writing out, sorting, summarizing or classifying data into groups, structures or
files.

3. INPUT STAGE:
All information is entered into the computer through an input terminal. Input devices are
devices that accept data in its original format, examples includes keyboard and mouse. Data is
entered through input devices. This is the process through which collected data is transformed
into a form that computer can understand. It is a very important step in the data processing
cycle because correct output result totally depends on the input data.
Three steps are involved when inputting data into the computer: collection, verification, and
coding.
Collectionrefers to gathering the data from a variety of sources and assembling it.
Verification means checking the data to determine whether it is accurate and complete, and if
it should be included for processing.
Codingis translating the data into machine-readable form. Data punched into IBM cards is one
example of coding.

4. PROCESSING STAGE:
After receiving instruction from the main memory to send signal and commands, the Control
Unit sends signals and commands to various part of the computer system to prepare and
accept the data. After completing the processing step, output is generated. The main purpose
of data processing is to get information that has value.
During processing or manipulation, one or more of the following tasks may be performed on
the input data.
(a) Classifying: data are organized by characteristics meaningful to the user. For example, a
student may be identified by the admission number and class.
(b) Sorting: in this step, the data may be arranged in a particular sequence to facilitate
processing.
(c) Calculating: Calculations may be required to determine a patient’s account balance or a
student’s grade point average.
(d) Summarizing: This involves reducing a large document into a smaller size containing
important points.

5. STORAGE STAGE:
All computers need to store and retrieve data for processing. Storage can be grouped into two
categories primary storage and secondary storage.
Primary Storage: the primary storage, also called main memory or Immediate Access Store
(IMAS), resides in the computer. This is necessary since the processing unit can only act on
data and instructions that are held in primary storage. Primary storage consists of two types of
memory chips. These are Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) chips.
Secondary Storage: This is needed to store data and information on a permanent basis for
later use. Examples of secondary storage devices are floppy disk, hard disk, zip drives.
6. OUTPUT STAGE:
After completing the processing step, output is generated. The result of the data processed is
printed out from the printer. Mostly, the output is stored on the storage media for later use.
If the output result is accurate, the data processing cycle is completed.

Output activities include retrieving, converting, storing, and communicating.

a. Retrieving involves pulling information from storage device for use by the decision-maker.
b. Converting means translating information from the computer form used to store it, to a
form understandable by the user (such as, a CRT display or printed report).
c. Storinginvolves transferring the data onto a storage medium, such as a disk or tape file for
future use.
d. Communication takes place when the relevant accurate information is in the right place at
the right time.
EVALUATION:
1. What is data processing?
2. List and explain the stages involved in data processing.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Browse through the Internet for Importance of Computer.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Data gathering involves ___________
(a) Sourcing for data
(b) Analysing data
(c) Summarising data
(d) Editing data
2. The stage at which data is manipulated is called ___________
(a) Data collection (b) Input stage
(c) Processing stage (d) Output stage
3. To store data on a permanent basis is called ____________
(a) Permanent storage (b) Primary storage
(c) Secondary storage (d) First storage
4. Data preparation involves the following except ____________
(a) Sorting (b) classifying (c) processing data (d) summarizing
5. _______ devices receive data in its original format.
(a) Output (b) input (c) storage (d) processing

6. _______ are the raw material or input to the computer.

(a) Input (b) data (c) words (d) documents
7. The three stages of data processing is _____, ________ and _________.
(a) Processing (b) input (c) output (d) classifying
8. The two steps involved in inputting data into the computer are _______ and _______.
(a) Collection (b) sorting (c) coding (d) Analysing
9. _______means checking the data to see whether it is accurate or complete.
(a) Coding (b) coding (c) Verification (d) Manipulation
10. _______ is translating the data into machine-readable form.
Input (b) coding (c) processing (d) checking

WEEK 8
DATE: ...................................
TOPIC: DATA PROCESSING
CONTENT: IMPORTANCE OF THE COMPUTER AS A TOOL FOR DATA PROCESSING
The computer is a very unique electronic device and has certain features and characteristics
that distinguish it from other machines. These include:
1. Speed – Computers are very fast; they can perform tens of millions of operations per
second. This is necessary for predicting weather forecasts, performing scientific research
and even producing thousands of bills for utility companies.
2. Accuracy – computers are very accurate. Errors only occur if there is an error in
hardware, software or data. When errors occur it is usually because of some human
error, since computers can only do what they are programmed to do.
3. Storing large amounts of information in a small space – there are many storage media
that can be used to store large volumes of data and information. For example, a single
CD-ROM disk can save the equivalent of a shelf of books in the library.
4. Working continuously – computers can work continuously for long periods without
much maintenance.
5. Quality – The type of output produced by the computer is far better than other
electronic machines. Document is best prepared by the use of the computers.

6. Control and consistency – the computer has automatic control and can operate for a
very long time without getting exhausted. This is because a computer works under the
guide of a program, and has an in-built cooling fan, or heat sink that makes it work all
day long.
7. Reliability: the computer responds to the instruction keyed into it without any
alteration, as a result of this, it gives no room for doubt over output. Therefore, the
operator relies on it for effectiveness.
Example include a program computer device to ring alarm to alert workers of any
emergency, a programmed entry and exit door used in big companies and
supermarkets, offices, etc.
8. Versatility: The computer is used in different fields of human endeavour ranging from
business, education, technology, engineering, law, commerce, agriculture, medicine,
sports, etc. It can perform different types of tasks provided such tasks can be stated in
logical way for the computer to execute. The computer is used to type letters, watch
films, play music, etc.
9. Large Storage Capacity: vast quantities of data stored in paper files would become
extremely bulky and require substantial storage space. Furthermore, the job of
manually extracting data from such files would
become increasingly tedious and time consuming as the size of the files increases. But
with the computer, data can be stored electronically in considerable less space, and
retrieve in a fraction of the time needed
by the manual method. The ability of the computer to store, retrieve and process data,
all without human intervention gives it power and advantage over that of human
beings. So, while human can perform the same function as the computer, the
difference and major benefits is that the computer can reliably execute millions of
instructions in a second and stored the result in an almost unlimited memory.
 [Link]: The computer can be programmed to do all forms of activities of
man so long as the task is reduced to a series of logical steps. Programming in
computer means the act of writing computer programs and this involves the use of
special set of
characters, signs, symbols, to supply instruction to the computer for execution towards
achieving specific tasks (motives). This opportunity gave room for the computer to be a
versatile system.

EVALUATION:
1. What are the different features that make the computer an excellent tool for data
processing?
2. Explain the versatility of the computer.
3. Can computers make mistake? No/Yes

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Lay your hands on the Use Mavis Beacon for typing.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. The characteristic of the computer that makes it to carry out various activities is called
___________
(a) Versatility (b) Accuracy (c) Speed (d) Consistency

2. Computers can work continuously for a long time.

(a) True (b) False (c) Sometimes (d) Always

3. Some places the computer can be used include the following except ___________
(a) Hospitals (b) Street (c) Market (d) Schools

4. The computer works under the guide of __________

(a) Human beings (b) Control unit
(c) A program (d) a keyboard

5. Can computers make mistake? _______________

(a) Yes (b) No (c) Sometimes (d) Always