Math Reviewer: Basic Rate, Base, Percentage, Problem-Solving, and

Fractions

I. Rate, Base, and Percentage

1. Key Concepts and Formulas:

 Percentage (P) = Base (B) × Rate (R)

 The percentage is the part of the base determined by the

rate.

 Rate (R) = Percentage (P) ÷ Base (B)

 The rate is the percentage expressed as a fraction of the

base.

 Base (B) = Percentage (P) ÷ Rate (R)

 The base is the total amount from which the percentage is

taken.

2. Example Problems with Explanation:

 Find the percentage: 40% of 150 = ?

 Convert 40% to a decimal: 40% = 0.40.

 Multiply by the base: 0.40 × 150 = 60.

 Find the base: 25% of ? = 75

 Convert 25% to a decimal: 25% = 0.25.

  Solve for base: 75 ÷ 0.25 = 300.

 Find the rate: ?% of 200 = 50

 Solve for rate: (50 ÷ 200) × 100 = 25%.

3. Practice Questions:

 What is 30% of 250?

 15% of what number is 90?

 If 60 is 75% of a number, what is the number?

II. Problem-Solving (Word Problems)

 A dress originally costs $1,200. If it is on sale for 25% off,

how much is the discount? How much will the dress cost
after the discount?

 Find the discount: 25% of $1,200 = 0.25 × 1,200 = $300.

 Subtract from original price: $1,200 - $300 = $900.

 A car travels 180 km in 3 hours. What is its speed per

hour?

 Use the formula: Speed = Distance ÷ Time.

 180 km ÷ 3 hours = 60 km/h.

 A farmer harvested 4,500 kg of rice. If he sold 60% of it,

how many kilograms of rice did he sell?

 60% of 4,500 = 0.60 × 4,500 = 2,700 kg.

2. Practice Problems:

 A store gives a 20% discount on all items. If a bag originally costs

$850, how much is the discounted price?

 A class has 50 students, and 40% are boys. How many boys are
there?

 If a worker earns $200 per day, how much will they earn in 15
days?
II. Fractions

A. Adding and Subtracting Fractions (Dissimilar Denominators)

1. Steps:

o Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD).

o Convert the fractions to equivalent fractions with the

LCD.

o Add or subtract the numerators while keeping the

denominator the same.

o Simplify the fraction if necessary.

2. Example Problems:

o 1/3 + 1/4 = ?

 LCD of 3 and 4 is 12.

 Convert: (1/3 = 4/12), (1/4 = 3/12).

 Add: 4/12 + 3/12 = 7/12.

o 5/6 - 1/4 = ?

 LCD of 6 and 4 is 12.

 Convert: (5/6 = 10/12), (1/4 = 3/12).

 Subtract: 10/12 - 3/12 = 7/12.

3. Practice Problems:

o 2/5 + 3/7 = ?

o 7/8 - 2/3 = ?

B. Multiplying Fractions

1. Steps:

o Multiply the numerators.

o Multiply the denominators.

o Simplify if possible.

2. Example Problems:
 o 2/3 × 4/5 = ?

 Multiply: (2×4) / (3×5) = 8/15.

o 5/6 × 3/4 = ?

 Multiply: (5×3) / (6×4) = 15/24.

 Simplify: 5/8.

3. Practice Problems:

o 3/7 × 2/5 = ?

o 4/9 × 3/8 = ?

C. Dividing Fractions

1. Steps:

o Flip (find the reciprocal of) the second fraction.

o Change division to multiplication.

o Multiply the fractions.

o Simplify if necessary.

2. Example Problems:

o 3/5 ÷ 2/7 = ?

 Reciprocal of 2/7 is 7/2.

 Multiply: (3/5) × (7/2) = 21/10 or 2 1/10.

o 4/9 ÷ 1/3 = ?

 Reciprocal of 1/3 is 3/1.

 Multiply: (4/9) × (3/1) = 12/9 = 4/3 or 1 1/3.

3. Practice Problems:

o 5/6 ÷ 2/3 = ?

o 7/8 ÷ 3/5 = ?

IV. Answer Key with Explanation

1. Rate, Base, and Percentage Answers:

 o 30% of 250 = 75 (0.30 × 250)

o 15% of what number is 90? 600 (90 ÷ 0.15)

o 60 is 75% of a number. The number is 80 (60 ÷ 0.75).

2. Problem-Solving Answers:

o Discount: $300, Sale price: $900.

o Speed per hour: 60 km/h.

o Rice sold: 2,700 kg.

3. Fractions Answers:

o 2/5 + 3/7 = 29/35.

o 7/8 - 2/3 = 5/24.

o 3/7 × 2/5 = 6/35.

o 4/9 × 3/8 = 1/6.

o 5/6 ÷ 2/3 = 5/4 or 1 1/4.

o 7/8 ÷ 3/5 = 35/24 or 1 11/24.

1. A chef used 3/5 of a bag of flour to bake bread in the morning and 2/7
of the bag in the afternoon. How much flour did he use in total?

2. Lisa painted 2/3 of a wall before lunch and 1/6 of it after lunch. How
much of the wall did she paint in total?

3. A farmer planted 3/8 of his field with corn and 1/4 with beans. What
fraction of the field remains unplanted?

4. Jake read 5/12 of a book on Monday and 1/3 of it on Tuesday. What

fraction of the book has he read so far?

5. A container holds 7/10 liter of juice. If 2/5 liter is poured out, how
much juice remains?

6. A baker uses 2/5 of a cup of sugar for one batch of cookies. If she
makes 3/4 of a batch, how much sugar does she use?
7. A garden is 3/7 of a hectare wide and 2/5 of a hectare long. What is
the total area of the garden?

8. A tank is 4/9 full. If it is then filled up by 2/3 of its current amount, how
much of the tank is now full?

9. A farmer harvests 5/6 of a hectare of rice per day. How much does he
harvest in 2/3 of a day?

10. A ribbon is 3/5 meters long. If it is cut into 4/9 of its original
length, how long is the cut piece?

11. A baker has 5/6 of a liter of milk. If each cake requires 1/4 of a
liter, how many cakes can she make?

12. A rope is 7/8 meters long. If it is cut into pieces 1/6 meters long,
how many pieces will there be?

13. A water tank is 3/4 full. If the water is poured into smaller tanks,
each holding 1/5 of the full tank’s capacity, how many small tanks will
be filled?

14. A cyclist covered 2/3 of a race. If each lap is 1/4 of the total
race, how many laps did the cyclist complete?

15. A baker has 9/10 kg of dough and wants to divide it into portions
of 3/5 kg each. How many portions can she make?
Part A: Convert Decimals to Fractions

Convert the following decimals into fractions in simplest form.

 1. 0.5 = __________

2. 0.75 = __________

3. 0.2 = __________

4. 0.125 = __________

5. 0.6 = __________

6. 1.25 = __________

7. 0.875 = __________

8. 2.5 = __________

9. 0.33 = __________

10. 1.75 = __________

Part B: Convert Fractions to Decimals

Convert the following fractions into decimals by dividing the numerator by

the denominator.

11. 1/2 = __________

12. 3/4 = __________

13. 1/5 = __________

14. 2/3 = __________

15. 5/8 = __________

16. 7/10 = __________

17. 3/5 = __________

18. 9/4 = __________

19. 4/9 = __________

20. 11/8 = __________

Part C: Word Problems

Solve the following problems by converting between fractions and decimals.

 21. Maria ate 3/5 of a chocolate bar. Express this as a decimal.

22. A store is offering a 0.25 discount on all items. Express this as a

fraction.

23. A car travels 0.75 of a kilometer before stopping. Write this as a

fraction in simplest form.

24. A farmer harvested 7/8 of a hectare of land. How much is this in

decimal form?

25. Out of 10 students, 0.4 prefer online learning. What fraction of

students prefer online learning?

Part A: Convert Decimals to Fractions

1. 0.5 = 1/2

2. 0.75 = 3/4

3. 0.2 = 1/5

4. 0.125 = 1/8

5. 0.6 = 3/5

6. 1.25 = 5/4

7. 0.875 = 7/8

8. 2.5 = 5/2

9. 0.33 ≈ 33/100 (or 1/3 if repeating)

10. 1.75 = 7/4

Part B: Convert Fractions to Decimals

11. 1/2 = 0.5

12. 3/4 = 0.75

13. 1/5 = 0.2

14. 2/3 ≈ 0.666 (repeating)

 15. 5/8 = 0.625

16. 7/10 = 0.7

17. 3/5 = 0.6

18. 9/4 = 2.25

19. 4/9 ≈ 0.444 (repeating)

20. 11/8 = 1.375

Part C: Word Problems

21. 3/5 = 0.6

22. 0.25 = 1/4

23. 0.75 = 3/4

24. 7/8 = 0.875

25. 0.4 = 2/5

Perimeter of Parallelograms

P = l + l + w + w P = (2 × length) + (2 x width) or P = 2l + 2w

Mang Pedro planted his vegetable garden with varieties of vegetable

seedlings for his family. His garden is in the shape of a parallelogram with a
length of 50 m and a width of 20 m. What is the total distance around Mang
Pedro’s vegetable garden?

P=l+l+w+w

P= 50 m + 50 m + 20 m + 20m

P = 140 m

Rhombus

Mang Jose built a rhombus- study table for his son. The sides of the table
measure 45 cm. What is the perimeter of the table?

P= Side + side + side + side

P = 35 cm + 35 cm + 35 cm 35 cm

P = 140 cm

Problem-Solving Activity: Perimeter of Parallelogram & Rhombus

Formula Recap:

 Perimeter of a Parallelogram = 2 × (Base + Side Length)

 Perimeter of a Rhombus = 4 × Side Length

Part A: Find the Perimeter

1. A parallelogram has a base of 12 cm and a side length of 8 cm. What

is its perimeter?

2. A rhombus has a side length of 9 cm. What is its perimeter?

3. The base of a parallelogram is 15 cm, and its side length is 10 cm.

Find its perimeter.

4. A rhombus has a perimeter of 48 cm. What is the length of one side?

5. A parallelogram has a perimeter of 64 cm. If its base is 20 cm, find

the side length.

Part B: Word Problems

6. A farmer is fencing a parallelogram-shaped garden with a base of

25 meters and a side length of 18 meters. How much fencing is
needed?

7. A jeweler is making a diamond-shaped pendant (rhombus) where

each side is 5 cm. What is the total length of metal needed for the
edges?

8. A picture frame in the shape of a rhombus has a perimeter of 60 cm.

How long is each side of the frame?

9. The base of a parallelogram-shaped field is 50 meters, and its side

is 35 meters. If a fence is built around it, what is the total length of
the fence?

10. A rhombus has a side length of 7.5 cm. Find its perimeter.

Answer Key: Perimeter of Parallelogram & Rhombus

Part A: Find the Perimeter

1. 40 cm

2. 36 cm

3. 50 cm

4. 12 cm

5. 12 cm
Part B: Word Problems

6. 86 meters

7. 20 cm

8. 15 cm

9. 170 meters

10. 30 cm
1. Anamarie, together with her friends, walks around the parallelogram
park to stay fit. If the park has a length of 25 m and a width of 18 m,
what is the distance that Anamarie and friends walk?
2. 2. A trapezoidal lot is to be planted with Santan plants all around. The
sides of the lot measure 10 m., 15m., 35 m., and 40 m respectively.
What is the perimeter of the lot?
3. One side of a rhombus working table is 60 cm. Find its perimeter.

1. A. PARALLELOGRAM B. 25 M C. 18 M D. (2 X 25) + (2 X 18) = N E. 86

CM 2. A. TRAPEZOID B. 10m., 15m., 35m., and 40m C.
10m+15m+35m+ 40m D. 100m 3. A. RHOMBUS B. 60 CM C. 4 X 60 =
N D. 240 CM

1. two hundred six thousand nine hundred thirty:

2. 2. four hundred thousand two hundred forty-six: 3. three hundred
twenty-five thousand six hundred fifty-nine:
3. 4. five hundred thousand:
4. 5. three hundred five thousand two hundred seventy-one: II.
Figures/Numerals to Words. Write the numerals into words.
5. 6. 345 900 7. 290 000 8. 499 203
6.

7. Answer: 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D

1. In a province with a population of 323 372, stakeholders need to

understand the population distribution for their project proposal. They
want to know the digit at the ten thousands place.
2. 2. A cinema with a seating capacity of 102 321 is showing a Filipino
movie. What is the number in the hundred thousands place?
3. 3. An online post reached 912 382 viewers. The creator wants to know
the place value of 8.
4. 4. A family is on a road trip, and their car's odometer reads 234 532
miles. They want to know the digit at the thousands place.
5. 5. A city library has a collection of 726 901 books. The librarian needs
to know the place value of 7 to categorize the books accurately.
 1. 2 2. 1 3. Tens 4. 4 5. Hundred thousands

11. A company produced 273 234 boxes of milk for a special feeding
program. What is the value of the digit in the hundreds place?

12. Mang Mario has a net of Php109 293 from his poultry business. What is
the value of the digit in the thousands place?

13. A school organized a team building. There were 39 283 pupils who joined.
What is the value of the digit in the hundreds place?

14. An engineer accepted a housing project worth Php928 388. What is the
value of 9?

15. An organization raised fun amounting to Php320 321 for its Greening
Program. What is the value of the digit in the hundreds place?

C. 11. 200 12. 9 000 13. 200 14. 900 000 15. 300

1. Kim received a discount of Php 150,000 on her house, while Kelvin got a
discount of Php 145,900 on a similar house unit. Who got a bigger discount?

2. In 2022, the Mallari family spent Php 75,500 on their electric bill for 12
months or one year. In 2023, the family spent Php 890,000 for the whole
year on electric bills. In which year did the family spend less on electric bills?
Solve on you own. Follow the steps in problem solving.

1. How many legs are there in 6 cows and 4 chickens?

2. In a cheer dance competition, the required number of cheer dancers is 25

and the required number of spotters is 8. There were 12 participating teams.
Altogether, how many participants joined the competition?
3. A florist buys 20 bundles of roses to be used for wedding decorations.
Each bundle has 48 red and white roses. In each bundle there are 30 red
roses and the rest are white. How many white roses are there in all?

4. A two-day musical event sold 1 000 tickets on the first day and 935 on the
second day. If each ticket costs 700 pesos, how much does the musical event
earn from the ticket sales? 5. After a typhoon, 1 200 people were brought to
an evacuation center. The local government provided 3 meals a day for each
evacuee for 12 days. How any meals did the local government provided in
all?

1. A team received cash prizes for winning in 3 games. They received 300
pesos, 200 pesos and another 200 pesos as the prizes. There are 4 pupils in
the team. They divide the money equally among themselves. How much will
each pupil receive?

2. 750 pupils are going on a field trip. Two teachers are assigned for every
group of 30 pupils. How many teachers are joining the trip?

3. A baker has 5 trays of eggs. Each tray has 30 eggs. He uses 8 eggs for
baking a cake. How many cakes can he bake? How many eggs are left over?
Math Reviewer: Converting Units of Length, Mass, and Capacity
I. Understanding Metric Conversions

The metric system is based on powers of 10, making conversions easier by

moving the decimal point.

A. Converting Meters and Centimeters

 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)

 To convert meters to centimeters, multiply by 100.

o Example: 5 m × 100 = 500 cm

 To convert centimeters to meters, divide by 100.

o Example: 250 cm ÷ 100 = 2.5 m

B. Converting Kilometers and Meters

 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters (m)

 To convert kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000.

o Example: 3 km × 1,000 = 3,000 m

 To convert meters to kilometers, divide by 1,000.

o Example: 2,500 m ÷ 1,000 = 2.5 km

C. Converting Kilograms and Grams

 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams (g)

 To convert kilograms to grams, multiply by 1,000.

o Example: 4 kg × 1,000 = 4,000 g

 To convert grams to kilograms, divide by 1,000.

o Example: 500 g ÷ 1,000 = 0.5 kg

D. Converting Grams and Milligrams

 1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams (mg)

 To convert grams to milligrams, multiply by 1,000.

o Example: 8 g × 1,000 = 8,000 mg

 To convert milligrams to grams, divide by 1,000.

o Example: 2,500 mg ÷ 1,000 = 2.5 g

E. Converting Liters and Milliliters

 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters (mL)

 To convert liters to milliliters, multiply by 1,000.

o Example: 3 L × 1,000 = 3,000 mL

 To convert milliliters to liters, divide by 1,000.

o Example: 750 mL ÷ 1,000 = 0.75 L

II. Problem-Solving: Unit Conversions

Step-by-Step Approach to Solving Problems:

1. Identify what is given and what needs to be found.

2. Choose the correct conversion factor (e.g., 1 m = 100 cm).

3. Multiply or divide based on whether you're converting to a larger or

smaller unit.

4. Write the final answer with the correct unit.

Practice Problems

1. A rope is 3.5 meters long. How many centimeters is this?

2. A road is 2.8 kilometers long. Convert this to meters.

3. A watermelon weighs 2.5 kg. Convert this to grams.

4. A medicine contains 750 mg of an ingredient. Convert this to grams.

5. A bottle holds 1.2 liters of water. Convert this to milliliters.

6. A pencil is 18 cm long. Convert this to meters.

7. A runner completed a 5-kilometer race. How many meters did they

run?

8. A bag of rice weighs 4,500 grams. Convert this to kilograms.

9. A perfume bottle contains 250 mL of liquid. Convert this to liters.

10. A pack of sugar weighs 6 kilograms. How many grams is

this?
Answer Key

1. 350 cm

2. 2,800 m

3. 2,500 g

4. 0.75 g

5. 1,200 mL

6. 0.18 m

7. 5,000 m

8. 4.5 kg

9. 0.25 L

10. 6,000 g

Sample Problem-Solving Questions on Unit Conversions

1. A swimming pool is 2.5 kilometers away from John's house.

How many meters is the swimming pool from John's house?

2. A bag of flour weighs 3.75 kilograms. How many grams does

the bag of flour weigh?

3. A patient needs to take 500 milligrams of medicine three times

a day. How many grams of medicine will the patient take in one
day?

4. A water container holds 2.8 liters of juice. How many milliliters

of juice does it contain?

5. A roll of ribbon is 450 centimeters long. How many meters long

is the ribbon?

Answer Key

1. 2.5 km = 2,500 meters

o (2.5 × 1,000 = 2,500 m)

2. 3.75 kg = 3,750 grams

 o (3.75 × 1,000 = 3,750 g)

3. 500 mg × 3 = 1,500 mg = 1.5 grams

o (1,500 ÷ 1,000 = 1.5 g)

4. 2.8 L = 2,800 milliliters

o (2.8 × 1,000 = 2,800 mL)

5. 450 cm = 4.5 meters

o (450 ÷ 100 = 4.5 m)

Math Reviewer: Time Conversions and Elapsed Time

I. Converting Time Measures

A. Converting Seconds to Minutes

 Formula: 1 minute = 60 seconds

 Steps:

o To convert seconds to minutes, divide by 60.

o To convert minutes to seconds, multiply by 60.

 Examples:

o 120 seconds = 120 ÷ 60 = 2 minutes

o 5 minutes = 5 × 60 = 300 seconds

B. Converting Minutes to Hours

 Formula: 1 hour = 60 minutes

 Steps:

o To convert minutes to hours, divide by 60.

o To convert hours to minutes, multiply by 60.

 Examples:

o 180 minutes = 180 ÷ 60 = 3 hours

o 2 hours = 2 × 60 = 120 minutes

C. Converting Hours to Days

  Formula: 1 day = 24 hours

 Steps:

o To convert hours to days, divide by 24.

o To convert days to hours, multiply by 24.

 Examples:

o 48 hours = 48 ÷ 24 = 2 days

o 3 days = 3 × 24 = 72 hours

D. Converting Days to Weeks

 Formula: 1 week = 7 days

 Steps:

o To convert days to weeks, divide by 7.

o To convert weeks to days, multiply by 7.

 Examples:

o 21 days = 21 ÷ 7 = 3 weeks

o 5 weeks = 5 × 7 = 35 days

E. Converting Weeks to Months

 Formula: 1 month = about 4 weeks

 Steps:

o To convert weeks to months, divide by 4.

o To convert months to weeks, multiply by 4.

 Examples:

o 12 weeks = 12 ÷ 4 = 3 months

o 6 months = 6 × 4 = 24 weeks

F. Converting Months to Years

 Formula: 1 year = 12 months

 Steps:

o To convert months to years, divide by 12.

 o To convert years to months, multiply by 12.

 Examples:

o 24 months = 24 ÷ 12 = 2 years

o 3 years = 3 × 12 = 36 months

II. Solve Problems Involving Conversion of Time

1. A baby is 540 days old. How many years and months old is the
baby?

o 540 ÷ 365 = 1 year and 175 days

o 175 ÷ 30 = about 5 months

o Answer: 1 year and 5 months

2. A marathon lasts for 150 minutes. How many hours and

minutes is that?

o 150 ÷ 60 = 2 hours and 30 minutes

o Answer: 2 hours 30 minutes

3. A worker finishes a project in 500 hours. How many days does

it take?

o 500 ÷ 24 = 20 days and 20 hours

o Answer: 20 days 20 hours

4. How many seconds are in 2 hours?

o 2 hours × 60 minutes × 60 seconds = 7,200 seconds

o Answer: 7,200 seconds

5. How many weeks and days are there in 50 days?

o 50 ÷ 7 = 7 weeks and 1 day

o Answer: 7 weeks 1 day

III. Finding Elapsed Time in Hours and Minutes

Steps to Find Elapsed Time:

 1. Write the start time and end time.

2. Find the difference in hours.

3. Find the difference in minutes.

4. Combine the results.

Example 1:

Start Time: 3:15 PM

End Time: 7:45 PM

 From 3:15 to 7:15 = 4 hours

 From 7:15 to 7:45 = 30 minutes

 Elapsed time: 4 hours 30 minutes

Example 2:

Start Time: 8:10 AM

End Time: 12:35 PM

 From 8:10 to 12:10 = 4 hours

 From 12:10 to 12:35 = 25 minutes

 Elapsed time: 4 hours 25 minutes

IV. Word Problems Involving Elapsed Time

1. Mary started reading at 1:20 PM and finished at 3:50 PM. How

long did she read?

o Answer: 2 hours 30 minutes

2. A movie started at 6:45 PM and ended at 9:10 PM. How long

was the movie?

o Answer: 2 hours 25 minutes

3. A bus left the terminal at 10:30 AM and arrived at 2:15 PM.

How long was the trip?

o Answer: 3 hours 45 minutes

4. A store opens at 9:15 AM and closes at 6:45 PM. How long is it

open?
 o Answer: 9 hours 30 minutes

5. A farmer started working at 5:30 AM and finished at 1:20 PM.

How long did he work?

o Answer: 7 hours 50 minutes

6.  A bakery opens at 5:45 AM and closes at 8:30 PM. How long is the bakery open
each day?
7.  A runner starts a marathon at 6:20 AM and finishes at 11:55 AM. How long did
the marathon take?
8.  Sophia spent 2 hours and 45 minutes doing her homework. If she started at 4:15
PM, what time did she finish?
9.  A train left the station at 9:50 AM and arrived at its destination 3 hours and 35
minutes later. What time did the train arrive?
10.  A school play lasted for 1 hour and 40 minutes. If it started at 7:25 PM, what
time did it end?

Here are the answers to the problem-solving questions:

1. A bakery opens at 5:45 AM and closes at 8:30 PM. How long is

the bakery open each day?

o From 5:45 AM to 8:30 PM → 14 hours and 45 minutes

2. A runner starts a marathon at 6:20 AM and finishes at 11:55

AM. How long did the marathon take?

o From 6:20 AM to 11:55 AM → 5 hours and 35 minutes

3. Sophia spent 2 hours and 45 minutes doing her homework. If

she started at 4:15 PM, what time did she finish?

o 4:15 PM + 2 hours 45 minutes → 7:00 PM

4. A train left the station at 9:50 AM and arrived at its destination

3 hours and 35 minutes later. What time did the train arrive?

o 9:50 AM + 3 hours 35 minutes → 1:25 PM

5. A school play lasted for 1 hour and 40 minutes. If it started at

7:25 PM, what time did it end?

o 7:25 PM + 1 hour 40 minutes → 9:05 PM