PAKISTAN STUDIES

CHAPTER No. 01

ISLAM AND PAKISTAN

Islam as the ideological foundation of Pakistan

The reason for the name of the word "IDEOLOGY"

The word "ideology" is a translation of the French word "idéologie." It is made up of two parts: "idea"
and "logy." "Idea" means thought, while "logy" means something that protects the mind from error
when thinking.

Meaning of theory

⦁ This is the way of thinking and concept of life of a nation.

⦁ It is a belief or social policy that becomes the common goal of a nation.

⦁ It becomes the basis of a system of human life that includes beliefs and life goals.

⦁ It molds human society into a form in which the beliefs, customs, and religious practices of the nation
become common.

⦁ Islamic society is founded on inspired principles and ideologies.

Sources of Islamic Ideology

Islamic ideology naturally influences the minds of individuals, due to which their faith in the eternal
principles of Islam becomes firm. The basis of Islamic ideology is the Holy Quran, the Sunnah of the
Messenger of Allah(PBUH), and Islamic customs and traditions.

Holy Quran

The injunctions of the Holy Quran are the foundation of Islam. They provide complete and detailed
guidance on political, economic, and social laws and rights, which make life happy, peaceful, and
purposeful at the individual and collective levels.

Sunnah of The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Sunnah is an Arabic term. Its literal meaning is "a way that is to be followed." The Holy Quran describes
the basic features of Islamic principles. But their interpretation is consistent with the hadiths of Hazrat
Muhammad(PBUH). The details of the basic pillars of Islam, namely the Kalima Shahadah, Salat, Fasting,
Zakat, Hajj, and Jihad, are explained by Hazrat Muhammad(PBUH).

Ritual and custom

Muslims are permitted to adopt customs and values found in different regions that do not contradict
Islamic teachings in their specific places or areas. These include festivals, gatherings, and other
celebrations, such as weddings and aqiqah.

The importance of theory

⦁ Ideology is a mix of thoughts and ideas of a nation. It determines the way of life, thinking, and
reasoning of a nation in society.

⦁ It plays an important role in bringing people together on one platform and making them a nation.
⦁ Islamic ideology encourages humans to strive for success and progress, which will ultimately please
Allah Almighty.

⦁ The ideology for choosing leadership creates a special kind of consciousness in nations, which helps in
making correct decisions. It gives

⦁ Ideology gives identity to a nation. Every nation's ideology is different from other nations, which makes
it recognizable among other nations.

⦁ Vision also helps in setting guiding principles for achieving the goal. Ideology sets the direction for the
development of the nation.

⦁ Ideology plays a decisive and contemporary role in determining foreign policy. For example, the
Pakistani state came into existence based on Islamic ideology.

Defenders of the two-nation theory

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

The two-nation theory began with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's demand for separate electorate in 1867. Other
Muslim leaders met Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla in 1906 and reiterated this demand, and on the basis of
this demand, the Muslim League was formed. The Muslim League took this demand forward.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal

While delivering his presidential address at the 1930 Muslim League session in Allahabad, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal (RA) said that an independent Muslim country should be created in the northwestern
region of India, where Muslims are in the majority. The basis of his demand was the two-nation theory.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (RA)

Quaid-e-Azam (RA) also took this theory forward, and in 1940, at the annual session of the Muslim
League in Lahore, he explained the two-nation theory and demanded a separate country for Muslims. In
this session, a resolution was unanimously passed, which was called the Lahore Resolution or the
Pakistan Resolution. By implementing this, Quaid-e-Azam (RA)created Pakistan in 1947.

In Short

Pakistan is the first state in the modern world that was formally established on the basis of an Islamic
ideology. The security of Pakistan's territorial borders is not possible without the protection of its
ideological foundation.

Basic principles of Islam

Introduction

Islam is not just a collection of customs, traditions, and spiritual ideals, but a complete code of life that is
fully capable of meeting all the requirements of human life. Religion and ethics are of great importance
in Islamic society.

Supreme power

Islamic society firmly believes that this universe is created by Allah Almighty and that He is the Supreme
Ruler of the entire universe. The representatives of the people can exercise their powers only within the
limits set by Islam. In Islamic society, the people have complete freedom to elect righteous, pious and
pious individuals who fear Allah Almighty to run the affairs of the state. In Islamic society, the people
have confidence in the rulers as long as they follow Islamic laws. This clearly explains the concept of
democracy in Islam.

Justice and Fairness

Justice literally means putting the right thing in the right place. It is the very foundation of divine law. No
aspect of life can be complete without justice. It is justice and fairness that make a society peaceful and
prosperous. Only in a just system is the character building and social betterment of individuals possible.

Divine Guidance on Justice and Fairness

Islam emphasizes establishing justice.

⦁ Allah Almighty says:

"If you judge, judge between them with justice; surely Allah is just. He loves those who do good." (Surah
Al-Ma'idah: 42)

⦁ Allah Almighty, while making it obligatory to bear witness based on truth and honesty, says:

"O you who believe! Be steadfast in justice, bearing witness, even if it be against your parents or near
relatives. If the one being testified against is rich or poor, then Allah is more loving to both of them than
to you. So do not follow your own desires lest you be unjust. And if you turn away from the matter, then
surely Allah is aware of what you do. "

(Surah An-Nisa (135)

⦁ The basic rights of individuals are protected in the Islamic judicial system.

"Say: My Lord has commanded justice." (Surah Al-A'raf - 29)

Equality

The literal meaning of equality is equality. Islam is the flagbearer of equality among human beings. In
Islamic law, all human beings are equal and have equal legal protection and equal development
opportunities. Islam rejects all distinctions between human beings, including color and race, language
and culture, and wealth and poverty.

Hazrat Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah(PBUH), said on the occasion of the Hajja-tul-Wida'a:

"O people! Indeed, your Lord is One and you are One. There is no superiority of an Arab over another,
nor of a black over an Arab, nor of a white over a black, nor of a black over a white. The criterion of
superiority is only piety."

Brotherhood

In Islam, brotherhood (Ukhuwah) is a sacred bond that transcends bloodlines, race, and social status.
The principle of brotherhood is an important aspect of Islamic society. As brothers, they share each
other's joys and sorrows. The feeling of brotherhood fosters and promotes feelings of love, cooperation,
and sacrifice.

The Holy Quran states:

"Indeed, all believers are brothers." (Surah Al-Hujurat (10)

Our beloved Prophet Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), said:

“A Muslim is the brother of another Muslim.” (Sahih Bukhari - 2442)

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said on one occasion:

“Do not hate one another, and do not be jealous of one another, and do not desert each other, and O
Allah’s worshipers! Be brothers."(Sahih Bukhari 6065)

Tolerance
The literal meaning of tolerance is 'to accept' or 'bear'. By tolerance, we can mean:

We should tolerate those whose beliefs or actions we find wrong. We should be considerate of their
feelings and not criticize in a way that would hurt them. We should not use force to change their beliefs
or actions.

Basis of social relations

Tolerance and forbearance are great virtues in the eyes of Islam, which protect a person from difficulties
and hardships and become a source of love and affection for others. The best way to establish social
relations between people is to ignore the mistakes of others. Tolerance is the best way to avoid mutual
disputes. Due to this, an atmosphere of brotherhood and peace develops, and human relationships are
strengthened. Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) has taught tolerance through his words and actions.

Allah Almighty has said in the Holy Quran:

"There is no compulsion in religion. Indeed, guidance has become clear from error." (Surah Al-Baqarah -
256)

Protection of Minorities

It is a golden rule of tolerance that the legitimate rights of non-Muslims are respected and they are
provided with full protection in an Islamic society. Islam does not allow under any circumstances that the
lives, property, honor and religious traditions of non-Muslim minorities living in an Islamic society be
violated. Therefore, it is necessary to keep an eye on such individuals in society who impose their
thoughts and ideas on others and hurt the feelings of others.

In Short

Islamic principles encourage people to uphold justice and fairness, eliminate social divisions, and foster a
sense of harmony among people.
Definition and Duties of the Islamic welfare state

Definition of Islamic Welfare State

An Islamic welfare state refers to a state that is founded on Islamic principles, working for the welfare of
the people, and whose establishment aims to establish a society where there is justice, equality,
brotherhood, and economic prosperity.

Duties of Islamic Welfare State

The duties of the Islamic welfare state refer to the rights of citizens that the state is required to fulfill.
The Islamic welfare state has the full responsibility of solving the economic, social, political and other
problems of the citizens. It is the duty of the Islamic welfare state to provide religious and worldly
welfare to the people, to fulfill their basic needs, to provide them with facilities and to guide them on
the path of goodness. Some of the duties of the Islamic welfare state are listed below:

[Link] establishment of the Divine Government

In the Islamic welfare state, the supreme authority is Allah Almighty, and the Muslim scholar uses his
authority as a trust from Allah Almighty. The purpose of establishing a divine government is to prevent
people from doing evil and prepare them for doing good, that is, to enjoin what is right and forbid what
is wrong, so that a spirit of brotherhood, love, peace and compassion is created among people and
people can live in peace and tranquility.

2. Implementation of Islamic laws

In an Islamic welfare state, the leader and the servant are the people. Legislation based on the Holy
Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and its
implementation are the first responsibility of the ruler. The laws given by the Sunnah of the Prophet
Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) are the guarantors of the welfare of the people.
In an Islamic state, the ruler stands with the oppressed against the oppressors.
[Link] of basic needs

Providing all the basic needs of the people, i.e., food, clothing and shelter, is an important responsibility
of the Islamic state. Fulfilling all social security schemes is also a duty of the Islamic state. The
establishment of Baitul Mal in the Islamic welfare state of Medina was an effective step towards fulfilling
the basic needs of its citizens.

4. Provision of facilities

After providing the basic needs of the people, the Islamic welfare state ensures the provision of other
facilities and comforts for them to lead a decent life. For example, it is the responsibility of the Islamic
state to provide all the facilities for a better life, such as education, health, and transportation facilities.

5. Fair distribution of wealth

The Islamic welfare state does not allow the wealth of the nation to accumulate in a few hands, but
ensures the circulation of wealth so that all members of society can benefit from it. The Islamic state
provides social security to the people through fair distribution of wealth so that poverty can be
eradicated. The era of Hazrat Umar (RA) was a financial era in which poverty and destitution had ended,
and almost every individual began to live a dignified life.

6. Community development

It is the responsibility of the Islamic welfare state to formulate and implement industrial, agricultural,
mineral and commercial development plans for the sake of collective development. The Islamic state can
also seize national resources for the sake of the collective good, but compensation must be paid
immediately. The Islamic state can also use the land of the state for the benefit of the people.

7. Safe and secure

It is the duty of an Islamic welfare state to establish peace and order so that the people can live in peace
and their lives, property, and honor and dignity can be protected. For this, effective enforcement of laws
and a strong and independent justice system are essential.
8. State stability

The Islamic welfare state also has the responsibility to strive to stabilize the state internally and
externally. The state should adopt a policy for economic stability, especially one that will ensure the
development and stability of the state.

9. Defense property of the system

It is the responsibility of the state to protect itself from internal and external threats and to organize
defense to secure the country's borders. For this, it is necessary to have a strong army and equip it with
modern weapons.

10. Foreign policy

Establishing relations with foreign countries, promoting them, and taking appropriate measures at the
international level to achieve national interests is called foreign policy. It is the duty of an Islamic welfare
state to include relations with Islamic countries among its foreign policy priorities so that a good example
of Islamic brotherhood can be presented on the international stage.

In Short

Rights and duties are inseparable. Their balance not only strengthens the state but also improves the
quality of life of its citizens.

Basic principles of the Islamic welfare state

Definition of Islamic Welfare State:

An Islamic welfare state refers to a state that is founded on Islamic principles, working for the welfare of
the people, and whose establishment aims to establish a society where there is justice, equality,
brotherhood, and economic prosperity.

The first Islamic welfare state

Hazrat Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), founded the first Islamic state in Medina. In which
the basic principles of monotheism, equality, justice and fairness, morality and piety, and the pursuit of
knowledge were adopted. The exemplary Islamic state of Medina successfully demonstrated the
experience of a welfare, just, and equal society that protects fundamental rights to the whole world.

Islam is a complete code of life; therefore, it provides complete guidelines and prinHazrat Muhammad,
the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), established the state of Medina, which Hazrat Umar (RA) brought to its
peak.

The distinctive character of Hazrat Umar (RA)

Hazrat Umar (RA) was the true founder of Islamic administration and the Islamic state. He (RA)
implemented new reforms in administration and presented the correct concept of administrative theory
and practice.

Fundamental principles

The basic principles of an Islamic welfare state are as follows:

1. The sovereignty of Allah Almighty

In the Islamic state, the source of all power is Allah Almighty. He is the Creator and Owner of the entire
universe. Therefore, the affairs of the state are conducted in the light of Allah Almighty's commands. In
the Islamic state, the ruler is the deputy of Allah Almighty and is responsible for implementing His
commands. As a result of this principle, man, instead of being subservient to worldly powers, bows only
to Allah Almighty.

2. Beliefs

The Islamic welfare state is based on monotheism. While no one can become a Muslim without believing
in the finality of prophethood and the Last Day, the Islamic state makes it mandatory to follow the
commands of Allah Almighty so that people can live their lives according to the Holy Quran and the
Sunnah of the Prophet.

3. Establishment of justice and fairness

The responsibility for establishing justice and fairness in society lies with the Islamic state. In an Islamic
state, the judiciary has a high position and is independent of the influence of the administration. In fact,
the administration and the head of state are also accountable to the judiciary. In an Islamic state, the
judiciary can summon the head of state to court and can also punish him.

4. Establishment of Equality

In an Islamic state, there is no room for color, race, region, gender and other distinctions. Everyone
enjoys equal economic, social, religious and other rights. In an Islamic state, an ideal environment is
created where there is no restriction of caste and class, where there is no restriction of caste and class,
and a society free from oppression and injustice is established.

5. Freedom of expression

In the Islamic state, the people are given complete freedom of writing and speech. In the Islamic state,
there is freedom to criticize the authorities. Criticism of the government brings out the aspect of reform
and is a source of happiness for the people. The Islamic state recognizes the freedom of newspapers,
magazines and other media; however, any criticism against religion is not tolerated.

Hazrat Abubakar Siddique(RA) said in his first sermon:

" People! If I deviate from the Quran and Sunnah, then do not follow me. If I do anything against him,
then do not follow me. "

Similarly, during the time of Hazrat Umar (RA), many people openly criticized him , to which he replied
with a smile.

6. The Rights of the People

Islamic teachings place great emphasis on the rights of human beings. Islam has stipulated the rights of
family, neighbors, relatives, and other human beings. Fulfilling the rights of human beings creates an
atmosphere of brotherhood, sisterhood, peace, tranquility, and peace of mind in society, which makes
society and paradise unique.

7. The principle of Social Welfare

Islam promotes the spirit of social welfare in humans. Social welfare has the status of a high level of
worship. When the principle of service to humanity is adopted in a state, the features of an Islamic
welfare state become clear.

Regarding service to humanity, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:

“The Most Gracious has mercy on those who are merciful. Be merciful to those on earth, and the One in
heaven will have mercy on you.” (Musnad Ahmad 2/160)

The best example of social welfare

To establish the Islamic state on modern lines for the purpose of serving the people, Hazrat Umar (may
Allah be pleased with him) established the army system, police department, prison department,
treasury, salary system, establishment of new cities, city system, census, administration of provinces and
districts, and the Hijri year. Furthermore, allocating a stipend for Imams and teachers is of utmost
importance.

8. Principle of Accountability
Strict accountability is arranged in the Islamic state so that corruption can be eradicated in society.
Hazrat Umar (RA) used to hold the officials strictly accountable. His method of accountability was very
unique. The presence of all the officials was mandatory on the occasion of Hajj. If the people had any
complaint against anyone, the complaint was redressed on the spot.

In Short

The Islamic state provides an environment in which sentiments such as national unity, tolerance, and
coexistence can flourish. The Islamic state does not believe in pretense; all decisions are made; based on
facts and in strict accordance with the requirements of justice.

Pakistan as a modern Islamic state Delinated by Quide-e-Azam (RA) & Allama Iqbal (RA)

Ideology

Ideology is the set of political and fundamental principles upon which the foundation of a nation and
civilization is built.

Ideology of Pakistan

Pakistan came into being on the basis of a solid ideology. The ideology of Pakistan is based on the
religion of Islam, which guides Muslims in all aspects of life. The Islamic system of life covers all aspects
of human life. It contains basic principles regarding social, moral, and economic sectors. The Islamic
system is based on the Holy Quran and the Hadiths of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This system
became the foundation of our beloved homeland, Pakistan.
Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (RA)

Establishment of Modern Islamic State

Quaid-e-Azam (RA) was the leader of the Pakistan Movement and the big supporter of making Pakistan a
modern Islamic state. He explained the ideology of Pakistan in these words in 1944 in the Muslim
University Aligarh:

"Pakistan came into being on that day when the first Hindus became Muslim in India."

Explanation of the two-nation theory

He became the head of Pakistan's founding party, All India Muslim League, and devoted himself to the
attainment of Pakistan. Addressing the meeting of Muslim League at Minto Park, Lahore, in March 1940:

"There are two nations in India that have no common values. Therefore, the muslims need a separate
state. At the end of the meeting, a resolution was passed in which a separate homeland was demanded."

Our guide is Islam

Quid-e-Azam(RA) addressing the students in March 1944, he said:

"Our guide is Islam and this is the complete code of our life."

It means , Quid-e-Azam (RA) has a clear concept in his mind that such a state would be established for
the Muslims of the subcontinent where they may live according to the golden principles of Islam.

The basis of Muslim unity

In 1943, at Karachi, addressing the annual meeting of Muslim League, Quid-e-Azam (RA) said:

"What is that relation which has made the Muslims a single body? What is that rock on which the
structure of Millat is restored? What is that base that has secured the safety of the boat of this Millat?
That relation, rock and base, is the Holy Quran."

Islam is a complete code of life

Quaid-e-Azam (RA) considered Islam as a complete code of life, which has guidance and principles for
every aspect of life. A state and its own government were needed to implement Islamic principles;
therefore he considered the demand for Pakistan as a demand for Islam.

While addressing Aligarh Muslim University in 1944, he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these words:

"What was the motive for the demand for Pakistan and a separate state for Muslims? What was the
need for the division of India? Its cause is neither the narrow-mindedness of the Hindus nor the tactics
of the Britishers, but is the basic demand of Islam."

Discouraging prejudices

Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan, provincial and ethnic prejudices began to rise in the
country, which were detrimental to national unity and solidarity. Quaid-e-Azam (RA) made every possible
effort to eradicate these prejudices and exhorted the nation to forget all prejudices and unite in the
name of Islam.

He (RA) while addressing the people in Dhaka on March 21, 1948, said:

I want you not to talk like a Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi, Pathan, or Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we
are Punjabi, Sindhi or Pathan? We are Muslims."
Allama Muhammad Iqbal (RA)

The concept of a separate Muslim state

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (RA) claimed with reference to the "Two-Nation Theory that Hindus and
Muslims could not live together in one state and that Muslims would sooner or later succeed in forming
their own separate state."

Allama Muhammad Iqbal (RA) rejected the idea of a one nation in the subcontinent and emphasized the
separate status of the Muslim nation. Considering Islam as a complete system, Allama Muhammad Iqbal
(RA) presented the idea of establishing a separate Muslim state in the north-west of the subcontinent.
On this basis, in the session of the All India Muslim League held in 1930.

He clearly stated:

"India is not a country; it is a subcontinent of human beings belonging to different languages and
practising different religions. Muslims have their own religious and cultural identity." They need a
separate country either it is in union or independent one.

In Short

To make Pakistan a welfare, non-sectarian, and modern Islamic state, it is necessary that we make the
principles of Quaid-e-Azam (RA) and the thoughts of Allama Iqbal (RA) our guiding light. The immortal
teachings of the Holy Quran present a perfect system of life that gives man a sense of elevation,
greatness, and freedom, and on this basis, it is possible to form an ideal Islamic state.

Liaquat Ali Khan & Objective Resolution

Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, and while speaking in the first
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 7 March 1949, he presented the draft of the Objectives Resolution,
which was passed on 12 March 1949. He explained the draft as follows:

‫ِبْس ِم ٱللِه ٱلَّر ْح َٰمِن ٱلَّر ِح ْيِم‬

Absolute ruler of the universe

WHEREAS sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone and the authority which
He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for n the limit prescribed by Him is a being
exercised within the limit sacred trust;

Formulation of the Constitution

This Constituent Assembly representing the people of Pakistan, resolves to frame a constitution for the
sovereign independent State of Pakistan;

Democratic form of government

WHEREIN the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the
people;

Protection of democratic values

WHEREIN the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by
Islam, shall be fully observed;

Islamic way of life

WHEREIN the Muslim shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in
accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah;
Religious freedom of minorities

WHEREIN adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to profess and practise their
religions and develop their cultures;

Pakistan as a federal state

WHEREBY the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan and such other territories as may
hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan shall form a Federation wherein the units will be
autonomous with such boundaries and limitations on their powers and authority as may be prescribed;

Guarantee of fundamental rights

WHEREIN shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status of opportunity and before
law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and
association, subject to law and public morality;

Rights of Backward Classes

WHEREIN adequate provision shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of minorities and
backward and depressed classes;

Autonomous judiciary

WHEREIN the independence of the judiciary shall be fully secured;

Protection and prosperity of the Federation of Pakistan

WHEREIN the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence and all its rights including its
sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall be safeguarded;
 So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and honored place amongst the
nations of the World and make their full contribution towards international peace and progress and
happiness of humanity.

The importance of the Objective Resolution in the words of Liaquat Ali Khan

"Sir, I consider this to be the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance only
to the achievement of independence, because by achieving independence, we only won an opportunity
of building up a country and its politics in accordance with our ideas. I would like to remind the House
that the Father of the Nation, Quaid-e-Azam ‫ رحمة الله عليه‬gave expression to his feelings on this matter on
many occasion, and his views were endorsed by the nation in unmistakable terms."

According to Allama Iqbal (RA):

Fate holds but chains and silent cries,

For the nation that fails to self-realize.

Objective Resolution

The draft resolution presented by Liaquat Ali Khan was passed on March 12, 1949 in the form of an
Objectives Resolution, which is as follows:

⦁"Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone Who delegates His authority to
the state of Pakistan which will be exercised as a sacred trust by the elected representatives of Pakistan
being within the limits The Holy Quran and Sunnah."
⦁"Democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, must be observed according to the
principles of Islam."

⦁"The Muslims shall be enabled to live individually and collectively in accordance with the teachings of
The Holy Quran and Sunnah".

⦁"Adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to freely progress and practise their religions."

⦁"Pakistan will be a federation and Judiciary will be free completely."

Importance of Resolution Objectives

i. The approval of the Resolution of Objectives was a milestone after independence, and the entire
Constitutional Assembly carried it out.

ii. By approving the Objective Resolution, the Muslim representatives adopted the principles of
democracy and sought to establish an Islamic state on a humane basis, thereby creating a national entity.

iii. On 2 March 1985, President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq amended the Constitution of Pakistan by
incorporating the Objectives Resolution as a permanent part of the Constitution through Article 2A.

iv. Pakistan is an ideological state whose principles are fundamentally different from those of a secular
state. Our prosperity lies in staying firmly connected to our ideology.

v. The Objectives Resolution became a Magna Carta in the constitution-making of Pakistan. It was
included as a pillar in all three Islamic constitutions of Pakistan, and the Islamic principles it set out were
adopted in all Islamic constitutions.

Islam and Modernity

Definition of Modernity:

Modernity refers to new ideas and instruments that, by pushing beyond the public and private relations
of the nineteenth century, gave birth to new ideas and established a new industrial society. In which
cities were developed, materialism was worshiped, and religion was rejected. It means that by rejecting
old traditions, modernity established new social values which have nothing to do with religion.

Effects of Modernity

Under the influence of the modern movement, the human was declared the axis of the universe,
rationalism was promoted, and absolute freedom of man was introduced. Through democracy, the roots
of the capitalist system were strengthened, cities were developed, morality was destroyed through
individualistic thinking, materialism was promoted, and above all, religion was denied.

Modernity in the eyes of Islam

Islam has always encouraged modern ideas for the welfare and development of humanity. Being within
the decided limits of the Quranic commands, Islam has accepted the modernity of ideas and
instruments. Therefore, we can understand that Islam has always accepted modernity of ideas and tools
within the limits set by the Quranic injunctions. Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran:

“We have certainly sent our messengers with clear evidences and sent down with them the Scripture
and the balance that the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice. And We sent down iron, wherein
is great military might and benefits for the people, and so that Allah may make evident those who
support Him and His messengers unseen. Indeed, Allah is Powerful an Exalted in Might. ” (Surah Al-
Hadeed - 25)

In this verse, iron is associated with weapons and power, meaning that Allah Almighty wants Muslims to
be powerful. This power can come from industrial development and modern technology. Therefore, we
can say that the innovation of tools is acceptable in Islam.

Success in this world and the hereafter

As Muslims, we believe that our success in this world and in the world hereafter is in following the ways
of The Holy Prophet (PBUH)and going away from the ways of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)we can't make
progress. If our life from dawn to dusk is according to the commands of The Holy Prophet (PBUH) it will
help us in making progress. It is being tried to adopt Islamic civilization in Pakistan.

The saying of the Holy Prophet(PBUH) is :

"A wise word is the lost property of the believer, so wherever he finds it, he has more right to it." (Sunan
Ibn Majah - 4169)

Conditions of monarchy and caliphate

Allah Almighty has promised the Muslims for the kingdom and caliphate of the world but with two
conditions, one is faith and the other is a life of righteous deeds. For many centuries, Muslims have led
the entire world in all sciences, in addition to the kingdom and caliphate over a large part of the earth.
But when the Muslims abandoned the commands of Allah Almighty and the methods of Hazrat
Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah(PBUH), their decline began.

Modernity and the role of the youth

In promoting modernity, youth are the most powerful and dynamic segment of any society. This is why
both friends and enemies of every society are trying to capture the attention of the youth and use them
for their own goals. In Pakistani society, youth are also given great importance, and religious and modern
madrasas have been established for their best training.
The importance of youth has been well described by Allama Iqbal (RA) in his poetry.

That nation has no need of the sword,

When its youth's selfhood is like steel

Europe's Industrial Revolution

In the 18th century, Europe was far behind in political, economic, social and military fields, while
Muslims were ahead. The Industrial Revolution in Europe changed the situation. Europe began to
progress and Muslims went into decline.

Challenges of the Western world

Many other Muslim scholars like Farabi, al-Mawardi, Ibne Rushd, Yaqub Al-Kindi, Bu Ali Sina, Al-Razi, Ibne
Khaldun, Imam Ghazali, and Iqbal guided the Muslims and put them on the path of progress. They
believed that there is a similarity between Islam and modernity. If we take the principles and ideas of
Islam seriously, we can face the challenges of the Western world.

Promoting peace, tolerance and coexistence in Islam

Islam and peace

Definition of Peace

The absence of violence in a society, good relations between individuals not only among themselves but
also at the international level, is defined as peace. Peace can be defined in both positive and negative
ways. In a positive way, peace is a state of calm, tranquility, and stillness, while in a negative way, peace
is the absence of war or violence, and the opposite of unrest is peace and calm.

The Punishment of Subversion in Islam

The whole world is in a state of emergency, unrest is spreading everywhere, peace is being destroyed
and every person is concerned about it. Islam teaches to establish peace and order. Islam strictly
prohibits mischief, robbery, terrorism, unrest and anti-social behavior. Islam declares the punishment of
such elements as murder or hanging or exile (imprisonment) so that the society is free from such
elements.

Allah Almighty says:

"Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to
cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified or that their hands and feet be cut off from
opposite sides or that they be exiled from the land. That is for them a disgrace in this world; and for
them in the Hereafter is a great punishment."

(Surah Al-Ma'idah - 33)

Sanctification of humanity

Islam is based on peace and security, and Islam considers the killing of one person as the killing of all
humanity.

Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran:

"Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain
mankind entirely." (Surah Al-Ma'idah -32)

Guiding principles of Islam

Islam has set some guiding principles for preventing crime and establishing peace and order, by following
which the world can become a cradle of peace.

Peace and faith are inseparable

Islam says that if you want peace and tranquility in the world, then believe in Allah Almighty, reform
yourself, and do good deeds because faith and peace are inseparable from each other. It is impossible to
establish peace in the world without faith. This principle is explained in the Holy Quran in these words:

"And We send not the messengers except as bringers of good tidings and warners. So whoever believes
and reforms -there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve."

Unadulterated Worship

The second Islamic principle of establishing peace is that worship should be for Allah alone. There should
be no impurity in it and peace and security will be established as a result of worship that is free from all
impurities. Allah Almighty says in the Holy Quran:

"Those who believe and do not mix their faith with injustice - they are the ones who will have security
and they are the ones who are guided." (Surah Al-An'am : 82)

Human Goodness and Benevolence

To establish peace and order, Islam has established the principle that brotherhood, sympathy and
brotherhood should be promoted in human society, that each and every person should be a benefactor
of others and a protector of their honor and dignity. This is the command of Hazrat Muhammad, the
Messenger of Allah(PBUH):

"None of you will have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim) brother what he likes for himself." (Sahih
Bukhari - 13)
In the light of this principle, when every individual of the society will have the spirit of goodness and
benevolence for his neighbor, citizen and countryman then agitation, anarchy and terrorism will come to
end automatically. The whole society and the country will become the land of peace

Importance of Islamic Laws

The punishments prescribed by Islam to eradicate crimes may seem "serious" and "against human
rights," but the prevalence and seriousness of crimes have now proven that Islamic laws are important in
preventing them. If we want to eradicate evil, corruption, and murder, we must adopt the principles laid
down by Islam.

Islam and Religious Tolerance

Definition of Tolerance

The literal meaning of tolerance is to accept or bear with. And by the term tolerance, we can mean:

We should tolerate those whose beliefs or actions we find wrong. We should be considerate of their
feelings and not criticize them in a way that hurts them. We should not use force to turn them away
from their beliefs or actions. Islam believes in religious tolerance and respects the beliefs, values,
feelings, civilization, culture, etc. of others. There are clear instructions in the Quran and Sunnah
regarding religious tolerance.

There is no compulsion in religion

The most fundamental principle of the Holy Quran regarding tolerance is that there is no compulsion in
religion. This subject is explained by Allah Almighty in the Holy Quran as follows:

"There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion. The right course has become clear from
the wrong. So whoever disbelieves in Taghut and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy
handhold with no break in it. And Allah is Hearing and Knowing.” (Surah Al-Baqarah - 256)

This is the most important charter of human freedom of thought and belief. It is not permissible for
anyone to try to impose their own thoughts and beliefs on others. Every individual has the right to adopt
any ideology they wish and to reject any they wish.

Accounting for Beliefs in Islam

Allah Almighty is the One who is accountable for any individual's choice of thought and belief, and He
will hold him accountable on the Day of Judgment. On this basis, such a person cannot be treated badly
and immorally in this world, nor can he be deprived of his basic human rights. Allah Almighty says:

Allah is our Lord and your Lord. For us are our deeds and for you are your deeds. There is no dispute
between us and you. Allah will gather us all together, and to Him is the return. (Surah Ash-Shura (15)

Islam, Always & Forever

The Islam is the name of the way of life that was the way of life of the prophets before Hazrat
Muhammad (PBUH) and will be the way of life of all humanity after him. A long series of prophets were
established in the world to propagate and spread this way. A religion that has always been the religion of
all the prophets, and this is the religion preferred by Allah Almighty, which teaches tolerance. Allah
Almighty says:

"Indeed, the (preferred) religion in the sight of Allah is Islam." (Surah Al-Imran -19)

Rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic state

It is a golden rule of tolerance that the legitimate rights of non-Muslims are respected and they are
provided with full protection in an Islamic society. Even in the case of Islam, it does not allow the lives,
property, honor, or traditions of non-Muslim minorities living in an Islamic society to be violated.

Historic agreement

Upon his arrival in Medina, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) signed a historic agreement with the Jews
of Medina, known as the Pact of Medina. This agreement resulted in religious freedom for each party
and fostered tolerance.
Agreement with People of Ailya

Some of the points of the treaty that Hazrat Umar (RA) wrote to protect the rights of non-Muslims are as
follows:

"This is the peace that Allah 's slave Ameer-ul-Momineen Umar ‫ رضى الله عنه‬has given to the people of Ailya.
This peace is for life and wealth, church, Cross, healthy and sick and all their religion members. Their
churches will not be inhabited, nor will they be demolished, nor will their premises be damaged, nor will
their churches and their wealth be reduced. No coercion will be imposed on them regarding religion, nor
any of them be harmed."

Advice to Governor Amr bin Maslamah (RA)

Some non-Muslims complained to Hazrat Ali (RA) about the harshness of his governor, Amr bin
Maslamah (RA), so Hazrat Ali (RA) wrote to the Governor:

"I have come to know that the non-Muslims in your area complain about your harshness. There is no
thing good in it. Act with both gentleness and strictness, but the strictness should not reach the extent
of cruelty. Protect yourself from their blood"

In Short

Islam is a universal religion. Islam has only the welfare and well-being of mankind in mind. It believes in
human unity and recognizes tribes and nations as mere identities. Islam not only recognizes the
differences in culture, language, literature, architecture, traditions and customs, but the Islamic state
also offers a practical interpretation of it so that an atmosphere of tolerance can be established in the
state.

According to Akbar Allahabadi:

If religion disrupts the nation's aim,

Then Sheikh and Brahmin should stay in temple and mosque’s frame.

Promoting coexistence in Islam

The literal and figurative meaning of coexistence:

The literal meaning of coexistence is living together and cooperating with each other, while the term
refers to coexistence at the individual level, living in peace, harmony, and love with other human beings,
and coexistence at the state level means that each country respects the freedom, sovereignty, and
sovereignty of other countries. It is important to remember that colonialism and aggression in all their
forms are the opposite of peaceful coexistence.

Basis of coexistence

The vast majority of the world's population are followers of any religion, and their concepts, i.e,
tolerance, law and order, peace, co-existence, and love are very important principles. In the world,
without religion, neither peace nor co-existence can be established. According to Muslims, peace is not
possible without justice, therefore, according to Islamic teachings, every individual has the right to
choose the religion and belief of his choice.

Islam and religious tolerance

Islam allows every individual to believe whatever he wants and not believe whatever he wants, meaning
that every individual is free and autonomous in choosing a religion. In this regard, Allah Almighty says:
For you is your religion and for me is my religion. (Surah Al-Kafirun : 6)

At another place in the Holy Quran, Allah Almighty says:

"And fight in the way of Allah those who fight against you, and do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not
like the transgressors." (Surah Al-Baqarah -190)

Negation of distinctions

There is no distinction between people in Islam. No one is superior to anyone else except in piety. Hazrat
Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, said on the occasion of the Hajja- tul- Widah:

"O people! Indeed, your Lord is One and your Father is also One. Beaware! There is no superiority for an
Arab over a non-Arab, nor for a non-Arab over an Arab, nor for a white person over a black person , nor
for a black person over a white person. The criterion of superiority is only piety."

Measures for coexistence

Legal Protection:

In an Islamic state, all individuals are equal before the law and the state provides them with equal legal
protection. An independent judiciary and the rule of law are important conditions.

Social Equality:

Islam provides equal opportunities for development to every citizen, regardless of nationality or religion,
and does not discriminate on the basis of caste, color, race, language, or culture.

Social Security:
The Islamic state protects the lives, property, honor, and dignity of its citizens, as well as providing
quality education and health facilities, thereby ensuring social justice and respect for human rights.

Sense of Responsibility:

The Islamic state creates a balance of rights and duties among citizens, where each citizen obtains rights
by fulfilling duties, so that an atmosphere of coexistence can be established.

Interpretation of the Islamic State:

Islam values human welfare on a global scale and seeks to establish an atmosphere of coexistence by
recognizing cultural, linguistic, and other differences.

In Short

If Islam's vision of human brotherhood, regardless of religion or nationality, is truly implemented, this
world, filled with evil, oppression, and endless chaos, can become a cradle of peace.
CHAPTER No.02

POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The Development and Problems of Democracy in Pakistan

Background

After the establishment of Pakistan, the first priority in organizing the system of government was to mold
democratic concepts into an Islamic form in the light of the ideology of Pakistan so that the social values
of Islam could be implemented anew.

Federal Parliamentary Form of Government:

After the establishment of Pakistan, a federal parliamentary democratic system was introduced in
Pakistan, which is still in force today. The first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was entrusted with the
responsibility of drafting a constitution for its country and acting as a parliament. It was also made clear
that the preparation of the constitution would be carried out in accordance with the Government of
India Act, 1935.

The First Step Towards an Islamic Republic:

On March 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution. According to which, the
supreme authority belongs to Allah Almighty, who delegates his authority to the people of Pakistan,
whose representatives will exercise this sacred trust within the limits of the Quran and Sunnah. After the
approval of the Objectives Resolution, it was determined on what basis the country's constitution would
be framed.
Dissolution of the First Constituent Assembly:

Immediately after its establishment, Pakistan faced numerous problems that prevented it from paying
full attention to the constitution-making process. Due to political instability and incompetent leadership,
governments changed rapidly. In view of these circumstances, Governor General Malik Ghulam
Muhammad dissolved the Constituent Assembly on 24 October 1954 and announced the formation of a
new assembly.

Establishment of One Unit (1955):

One of the major obstacles to the constitution-making process was that the western part of the country
consisted of four provinces, the states that had joined Pakistan while the eastern part consisted of one
province. To overcome this obstacle, the four provinces of West Pakistan were merged into one province
and named One Unit. After the establishment of One Unit, the task of constitution-making became
considerably easier.

Implementation and Repeal of the 1956 Constitution (March 23, 1956 to October 17, 1958)

The newly elected Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali gave full attention to the work of
constitution-making and completed it. The Constituent Assembly approved the new constitution of 23
March 1956. According to which Pakistan would be an Islamic Republic and a federal parliamentary
system would be established. This constitution was in force in the country for two and a half years. On 17
October 1958, General Muhammad Ayub Khan imposed martial law and took power himself. All
assemblies were dissolved and political parties were banned.

Addressing the nation, General Muhammad Ayub Khan said:

"That our real goal is to restore democracy. We will go back to democracy."

Enactment and Repeal of the Constitution of 1962 (8 June 1962 to 25 March 1969)

Through the efforts of General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the second constitution of Pakistan was
promulgated on June 8, 1962. Under which General Muhammad Ayub Khan was elected as the President
of the country. He was in power from 1958 to 1969. In 1969, the demand for the removal of President
Ayub Khan intensified. The situation became so bad that President General Muhammad Ayub Khan
resigned and handed over power to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, General Muhammad Yahya
Khan. General Muhammad Yahya Khan imposed martial law on March 25, 1969 and abrogated the
constitution.

First General Election

In 1970, General Muhammad Yahya Khan issued the Legal Framework Order (LFO), under which general
elections were held on 7 December 1970 on the basis of adult suffrage. The Awami League emerged as
the majority party in East Pakistan and the Pakistan People's Party in West Pakistan, while the Awami
League emerged as the majority party overall.

Establishment of Bangladesh

The Awami League had the right to form a government based on the election results, but it was not
transferred to power. Due to the failure to transfer power, riots suddenly broke out in East Pakistan and
the army's attempt to control the situation was unsuccessful. On December 16, 1971, East Pakistan
seceded from Pakistan and a new country was formed called Bangladesh.

Implementation of 1973 constitution (14 August 1973)

Later, in (West) Pakistan, General Yahya Khan handed over power to the leader of the Pakistan People's
Party, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, on December 20, 1971. This government implemented the third constitution of
Pakistan on August 14, 1973.

Opposition Movement

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government held elections in March 1977, before the end of its constitutional term,
in which the Pakistan People's Party won, but on this occasion, opposition political parties accused the
government of rigging and announced a movement.

Implementation of the Interim Constitution (March 24, 1981)

The opposition movement quickly turned into nationwide riots and democracy is our politics. The
situation started getting out of control of the government of the day. In view of these circumstances,
Chief General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in the country on July 5, 1977. The national
and provincial assemblies were dissolved. The 1973 constitution was suspended. During the martial law
period, all political activities were banned and an interim constitution was promulgated in 1981.

Restoration of the 1973 Constitution

In December 1981, President of Pakistan General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq announced the formation of a
new Majlis-e-Shura (National Assembly), which lasted until February 1985. In February 1985, general
elections were held in the country on a non-partisan basis and the 1973 constitution was restored by the
Eighth Amendment. Under this amendment, the powers of the president were increased.

Establishment and Dissolution of the Junejo Government (March 23, 1985 to May 29, 1988)

On March 23, 1985, Muhammad Khan Junejo was elected Prime Minister of the country. Martial law was
lifted from the country on December 30, 1985. Just three years and two months later, on May 29, 1988,
President of Pakistan General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq dismissed Muhammad Khan Junejo's government
and dissolved the national and provincial assemblies. On August 17, 1988, President of Pakistan General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash.

First term of Benazir Bhutto’s Government (2 December 1988 to 6 August 1990)

After the death of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Senate Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan became
President and announced elections for November 1988. In these elections, the Pakistan People's Party
emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly and Benazir Bhutto, the chairwoman of the
Pakistan People's Party, assumed the office of Prime Minister. In August 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq
Khan dismissed the government of Benazir Bhutto.

First term of Nawaz Sharif's Government (6 November 1990 to 18 July 1993)

After dismissing Benazir Bhutto's government, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan announced new elections in
October 1990. As a result of these elections, the Islamic Democratic Alliance won and Mian Muhammad
Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister of the country. This government also could not complete its
term and Balkh Sher Mazari and then Moeen Qureshi were nominated as the interim Prime Ministers.
Second term of Benazir Bhutto's Government (19 October 1993 to 5 November 1996)

On 16 October 1993, general elections were held in the country and once again Benazir Bhutto was
elected Prime Minister of the country, while Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari was elected President of
Pakistan. On 5 November 1996, President of Pakistan Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari dismissed Benazir
Bhutto's government. Malik Meraj Khalid was appointed interim Prime Minister and new elections were
announced in the country.

Second term Nawaz Sharif's Government (17 February 1997 - 12 October 1999)

In the February 1997 elections, the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) won a landslide victory and Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister of the country for the second time. On October
12, 1999, Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf overthrew the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz
Sharif and took power. The constitution was suspended and a Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) was
declared. President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf announced that new general elections would
be held in the country.

The reign of the Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam)

On 10 October 2002, elections were held for the national and provincial assemblies, resulting in Mir
Zafarullah Khan Jamali being elected as the Prime Minister of the country. After the National Assembly
elections, the Senate elections were also completed in February 2003. After the resignation of Mir
Zafarullah Khan Jamali in June 2004, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain was given the portfolio of the Ministry of
Education for two months and Shaukat Aziz was nominated as the next Prime Minister. In August 2004,
Shaukat Aziz became the Prime Minister of the country. On 15 November 2007, the National Assembly
was dissolved after completing its five-year term. Mian Muhammad Soomro Imran was appointed as the
Prime Minister. On 29 November 2007, General (retd) Pervez Musharraf took oath as the civilian
President.

Third term of the Pakistan People's Party (2008-2013)

In the elections of 18 February 2008, the Pakistan People's Party and the Muslim League (N) achieved
significant victories and Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani of the PPP was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. On 18
August 2008, the President of Pakistan, General (retd) Pervez Musharraf, resigned and the Chairman of
the Senate, Mian Muhammad Soomro, assumed the office of Acting President. On 9 September 2008,
Asif Ali Zardari was sworn in as the President of Pakistan. On 22 June 2012, after the disqualification of
Yousuf Raza Gilani, Raja Pervez Ashraf assumed the office of the new Prime Minister. The term of this
assembly ended in 2013.

Third term Nawaz Sharif's Government (June 5, 2013 to July 28, 2017)

General elections were held in May 2013, in which the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) won and Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif assumed the office of Prime Minister for the third time. After this, Mamnoon
Hussain was elected President of Pakistan on 9 September 2013. In July 2017, after Nawaz Sharif's
resignation, Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected Prime Minister for the remaining term.

Imran Khan's term (18 August 2018 to 10 April 2022)

General elections were held in July 2018, in which the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf emerged as the majority
party and Imran Khan became the country's Prime Minister. In April 2022, after the success of the no-
confidence motion against Prime Minister Imran Khan, Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif was elected the
country's new Prime Minister. The term of this assembly ended the cabinet.

Summary

By the grace of God, the journey of democracy is underway in our beloved country. To make this journey
a success, it is necessary that the democratic values mentioned in the Resolution on the Maintenance of
Objectives be practically implemented in our beloved country so that the continuity of development in
our beloved country can be maintained.

The Role of Political Parties in Promoting of a Democracy in Pakistan

Definition of Political Party

A political party is an organized group of people with common political goals and opinions who seek to
gain power through elections in order to influence public policy.

The Purpose of a Political Party

The most important and fundamental goal of a political party is to gain power based on popularity
among the people. Political parties formulate a manifesto based on their vision and policies for the
development of the country and the plans designed for the welfare of the people, so that it can be
presented to the public and public opinion can be shaped.

Importance of Political Party

Lowell says that the idea of government by the people without political parties is a mere illusion and a
fantasy. Where the franchise is widespread, political parties will certainly come into existence and the
government will necessarily be in the hands of a party or parties which have the support of the majority
of the people. Political parties shape public opinion.

Lowell writes about the importance of political parties:

"The essential duty of political parties and the purpose of their existence is to organize public opinion
and present solutions to problems for the people's decision."

Success of Democratic System

The existence of political parties is essential for the successful functioning of a democratic system.
Because political parties are the soul of democracy. They nominate their candidates for elections.
Democracy is inactive without political parties. Political parties are the spokespersons of public
sentiments and feelings and are recognized for their ideologies and political manifestos. Political parties
also serve as a means of communication between the state and society on the basis of public
representation.
The Success of Democracy and Political Parties

Political parties are essential for the success of democracy and play an important role in shaping public
opinion. Political parties, through their platforms, media and press, inform the public and announce their
election manifestos and development programs, thus helping the public to form their opinion on various
issues and matters, which they express through their votes in elections. Political parties play a
fundamental role in keeping the democratic system safe from chaos and sectarianism. Political parties
create political awareness among the public. If people consider a government to be corrupt and
dishonest and want to establish an alternative government in its place, then their wish can be fulfilled
only through the opposition in the parliamentary system. To prove the role of political parties, the above
functions are now explained in detail.

Respect for Public Opinion

According to Lord Bryce,

"Political parties create organization in the chaos of ideas and opinions."

Political parties play an important role in creating unity and organization among people, just as the All
India Muslim League played a significant role in the establishment of Pakistan by uniting people across
India.

Awakening of Political Consciousness

Political parties play an important role in creating an understanding of politics among the public. In this
regard, political party workers further strengthen political awareness among the people through
speeches in rallies and statements on various occasions, electronic and print media.

Rejection of Chaos and Sectarianism

To uproot chaos and sectarianism, patriotic political parties are busy promoting national sentiments
among the people on the basis of national interests and national unity.

Expression of Public Opinion

Elections are the most effective means of expressing public opinion. During political campaigns, political
parties connect with the public and try to garner public support for their nominated candidates.

Fulfillment of Promises

The party that wins the majority in the elections makes laws and policies according to its program and
manifesto and tries to fulfill the promises made to the people during the elections.

Conclusion:

For the success of democracy in Pakistan and the integrity of the country, it is essential that political
parties develop a code of conduct based on Islam so that they can implement it and stabilize the country
politically and ideologically.

Important Features of the 1956 Constitution

Background

Unfortunately, Pakistan faced many difficulties since its inception, due to which it took nine years for the
legislative bodies to formulate the country's first constitution. Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
devoted full attention to the task of constitution-making and completed it. The first constitution of
Pakistan was implemented in the country on March 23, 1956.
Features of Constitution

Written Constitution

The 1956 constitution was short and written. The objectives resolution was included in the preamble of
the constitution.

Sovereignty of Allah

The Objectives Resolution was included in the preamble to the Constitution. According to the Objectives
Resolution, the absolute ruler of the entire universe is Allah Almighty and supreme authority belongs
only to Allah Almighty.

Name of the country

According to the 1956 constitution, the country was named the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan".

Parliamentary System

The constitution of 1966 provided for a parliamentary system with the president as the head of state and
the prime minister as the head of government. The terms of the national and provincial assemblies were
fixed at five years. The national assembly had the power to impeach the president by a two-thirds
majority and to move a vote of no confidence against the prime minister by a simple majority.

President of the State

The 1956 constitution made it mandatory for the president to be a Muslim.

Authority to Rule

God Almighty entrusts the governance of the newspaper to the people of Pakistan, who will use it as a
sacred trust through their elected representatives.

Islamic Way of Life

The Constitution pledged that the people of Pakistan would be enabled to adapt their individual and
collective lives in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah.

Rights of Minorities

The rights of non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed and complete religious freedom was promised.

Unicameral Legislature

According to the constitution, there will be a single-house National Assembly at the center, with a total
number of 300 members, half elected from East Pakistan and half from West Pakistan for a five-year
term, with ten seats for women, five from West Pakistan and five from East Pakistan.

Fundamental rights

The constitution stipulates that citizens will be provided with full civil rights to live a better life and
develop their talents.

Independence of Judiciary

The Constitution guaranteed that the judiciary would be free from all pressure to perform its duties. The
highest court would be the Supreme Court. The children of the higher courts would be provided with job
security.
National languages

Under the 1956 constitution, both Urdu and Bengali were recognized as national languages, but it was
also clarified that English would remain the official language for the next twenty-five years.

Reasons for the Abrogation of the 1956 Constitution

The 1956 Constitution was adopted after nine years of tireless work and efforts, but the specific
circumstances of Pakistan and the infighting among politicians, the unstable role of the army and the
Rohingya in democratic institutions, and the lack of top leadership meant that the Constitution did not
last long. The 1956 Constitution remained in force for only two years and seven months.

The Abrogation of the 1956 Constitution

In October 1958, the commander of the Pakistan Army, General Muhammad Ayub Khan, dismissed the
country's democratic government, established a military government, and assumed all powers. General
Muhammad Ayub Khan repealed the 1956 constitution. He dissolved the federal and all provincial
assemblies and assumed the office of President of Pakistan and the first Chief Martial Law Administrator.

Important features of the 1962 Constitution

Background

On February 17, 1960, a constitutional commission was established under the chairmanship of former
Chief Justice Shahabuddin. This commission was tasked with drafting an Islamic, democratic and federal
constitution. The commission presented its recommendations to the President on May 6, 1961. This was
discussed and debated by all concerned parties, except Cabinet.

Approval and Implementation of the Constitution

The recommendations of the 1962 Constitution were approved by the Governors' Conference. The 1962
Constitution came into force in the country on 8 June 1962 by Presidential Decree.
Features of Constitution

Written Constitution

The 1962 constitution was written and consisted of 250 articles, 5 amendments to the Constitution, and
31 martial law regulations.

Sovereignty of Allah

Like the 1956 Constitution, the Objectives Resolution was included in the preamble of the Constitution.
According to the Objectives Resolution, Allah Almighty is the absolute ruler of the entire universe and
supreme power belongs to Allah Almighty alone.

Federal Nature

The 1962 constitution was federal in nature and the federation of Pakistan consisted of two provinces.
The constitution gave equal representation to both parts of Pakistan. The total number of members of
the Federal Assembly will be 156. Half of the members will be from West Pakistan and half from East
Pakistan. Out of the 156 members, 6 will be women, three from West Pakistan and three from East
Pakistan.

Indirect Democracy

The 1962 constitution abolished the direct and indirect election system and introduced a new system of
indirect elections called "fundamental democracy". Under the presidential system of government, the
president was both the head of state and the head of government. The president, the federal assembly,
and the two provincial assemblies would be elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting
of members of the fundamental democracies. The number of members would be 120,000. Half would
come from West Pakistan and half from East Pakistan.
Country Name

The name of the country was proposed in the constitution as the Republic of Pakistan. Later, through an
amendment, the country was renamed the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Authority rule

Allah Almighty delegates these powers to the people of Pakistan, who will exercise them as a sacred
trust through their elected representatives.

Islamic Way of Life

The constitution pledged that the people of Pakistan would be enabled to adapt their individual and
collective lives to the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.

Protection of Minority Rights

The rights of non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed and they were also promised complete freedom.

Independent Judiciary

The Supreme Court will be independent and will include the Supreme Court and the High Court. The
President of Pakistan will decide on the number of judges. The retirement age for the Supreme Court
bench will be 65 years and for the High Court bench, the retirement age will be 62 years.

Fundamental Rights

The rights that are given to the people to lead a better life and express their abilities are called
fundamental rights of citizens. Initially, the 1962 Constitution did not contain any mention of
fundamental human rights. Later, through the First Amendment, fundamental human rights were made
a regular part of the Constitution and their protection was also guaranteed, which was the responsibility
of the judiciary. The most important rights included freedom of speech and writing, assembly and
association, freedom of religion, and protection of life and property.

National languages

Like the 1956 constitution, this constitution also gave Urdu and Bengali the status of national languages,
but it was clarified that English would remain the official language until the national languages achieved
official status.

Strong Constitution

The 1962 Constitution was of a constructive nature, requiring the approval of the President of Pakistan
for amendments.

Public Protest Movement

President General Muhammad Ayub Khan ruled for nearly 10 years. During his tenure, many reforms
were implemented and the country made considerable progress in the industrial field. After the 1965
Indo-Pakistani War, the Tashkent Agreement , due to growing differences between Foreign Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Ayub Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founded the People's
Party and began protesting against President Ayub Khan's government and the 1962 constitution and in
favor of parliamentary democracy. Over time, the protest turned into a popular movement and the
situation began to spiral out of control.

Conclusion

Due to the movement against Alab Khan, martial law was once again imposed in the country due to the
state of emergency. On 25 March 1969, General Muhammad Yahya Khan took over the government and
abrogated the 1962 constitution and issued the Legal Framework Order (LFO) for the 1970 elections.
Causes and Effects of the Separation of East Pakistan

Events

Tragedy at a Glance

Pakistan's first general elections were held in 1970, and in these elections, Mujeeb-ur-Rahman's Awami
League in East Pakistan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party won a landslide victory. The lust
for power, the mutual animosities of politicians, and the desire to keep General Yahya Khan out of power
further fueled the discontent among the people of East Pakistan, which eventually led to the secession
of East Pakistan in December 1971 and the establishment of a new country called Bangladesh.

Initial difficulties

Pakistan faced numerous problems from the day of its independence. One of the major problems was
that Pakistan consisted of two parts, namely East Pakistan and West Pakistan, and there was no direct
land connection between the two. The second was that West Pakistan consisted of four provinces while
East Pakistan consisted of only one province. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was in the majority in terms of
population. The languages spoken in both the parts were also different. Apart from this, in other matters
of life, the public opinion of the people living in both the parts was quite different from each other.

First General Election Results

When General Muhammad Yahya Khan took power in 1969, he announced that general elections would
be held in the country and the majority party would form the government. The country's first general
elections were held on 7 December 1970. As a result of these elections, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rahman's
Awami League won a landslide victory in East Pakistan but could not get any seats in West Pakistan. The
same situation was faced by the political parties of West Pakistan. The Pakistan People's Party won a
significant victory in West Pakistan but had no representation in East Pakistan.

Lust for power

After the elections, the power struggle took a new form. Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman announced the
formation of a government based on his manifesto based on the points. The situation worsened due to
the lust for power of General Muhammad Yahya Khan. In the meantime, Sahih Habib ur Rehman
announced a non-cooperation movement in state affairs. Killings, non-cooperation, refusal to pay taxes,
strikes, boycott of courts and non-attendance of employees at work were the order of the day. It became
normal.

Non-cooperation of Sheikh Mujeeb

To control the situation, General Aga Khan was appointed as the new governor of East Pakistan, but the
situation did not improve. In the meantime, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman established a parallel
government. Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rahman, looking at the election results and the atmosphere of public
support, refused to cooperate without the approval of the points. With the full support and assistance of
India, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman announced more stringent conditions in his points.

Negative role of India

On 23 March 1971, Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman hoisted the Bangladesh flag at his house. In these
circumstances, the arrest of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman further worsened the situation. The civil war
reached its peak. India was fully supporting the Awami League and was sending its khandas to East
Pakistan who, along with the workers of the East Pakistan Army, were killing Pakistani soldiers and
ordinary patriotic citizens.

Establishment of Bangladesh

Due to the loss of land communication and the lack of cooperation of the local people, immediate and
motorized movement could not be achieved in East Pakistan and our forces were forced to surrender.
India finally succeeded in its objective and on December 16, 1971, East Pakistan appeared on the world
map as a separate country called Bangladesh.

Causes

The causes for this great calamity can be examined from the following factors.
Country's Leadership

So, after the death of Quaid-e-Azam (RA), a leadership crisis arose in the country. The Muslim League
leaders only claimed their right to rule over the people. This was the reason why the leadership of the
Muslim League failed to gain the trust of the people after the establishment of Pakistan. Their contact
with the people of East Pakistan was not maintained. They were not aware of the public's concerns,
which resulted in the Muslim League losing the 1954 provincial elections in East Pakistan. The feeling of
deprivation and disappointment of the people of East Pakistan with the country's leadership is the main
reason for the secession.

Influence of Hindus

In East Pakistan, there were a large number of Hindus in business and government jobs. They were
stirring up feelings of separatism among the people under a special plan. The education sector in East
Pakistan was completely under the control of Hindus. They completely prepared the Bengalis against
Pakistan and extinguished their feelings. On the contrary, after the establishment of Pakistan, the feeling
of nationalism among the Pakistani people was not included in the priorities of the federal or provincial
governments.

Economic Backwardness

East Pakistan was an economically backward region. No government took adequate steps to address the
economic backwardness of this region. Thus, the feeling of deprivation among the Bengalis increased.
Fortunately, this densely populated province was part of Pakistan due to its specific geographical
conditions and even later failed to achieve the effects of economic development.

Language Conflict

After Pakistan's formation , the Bengalis started a movement in favor of the Bengali language, which was
temporarily suppressed due to the influence of Quaid-e-Azam (may Allah have mercy on him). As time
passed, the feeling of deprivation regarding the language among the people of East Pakistan increased.
Although the language issue was resolved in the constitutions of 1956 and 1962, the lack of enthusiasm
by the government of Pakistan in making Urdu and Pashto official languages further weakened national
unity.
Indian Interference

The fact is that if India had not interfered in East Pakistan, East Pakistan would never have become
Bangladesh. India's undue interference in East Pakistan's affairs worsened the situation. The attitude of
the bureaucracy and the ruling class provided ample opportunity for India to interfere. Mistakes are
made on the lam, which made India's job easier. Apart from training and assisting the Mukti Bahini
workers, India used its resources to spread a sense of nationalism and incite rebellion among the people
of East Pakistan.

1970 General Elections

The elections held in 1990 were the first and last general elections of the united Pakistan. They were free
and fair. There was no interference from any government agency. These elections gave a new twist to the
situation and after the complete victory of the Awami League in East Pakistan, the Whigs started thinking
in a new way.

Provincial Imbalances

The population of East Pakistan was fifty-six percent (100) of the total population of Pakistan, but it was
only one of the five provinces of the Federation of Pakistan. This situation made representation in
parliament a serious issue. On this basis, politicians from Kal and Anbal fueled the market of provincial
prejudices among the people. This situation led to the division of the country into two parts.

Negative Politics

Politicians began making every effort to come to power and used various tactics to unite the people.

Long Time Crisis

General Ayub Khan's ten-year rule was imposed on Pakistan. The permanent "state of emergency"
protected the bureaucracy, which adopted a policy of suppressing the people. There was a strong
reaction among the people of East Pakistan against these authoritarian policies. They could not tolerate
this painful situation and were forced to secede.
Effects

Reacting to the war of December 16, 1971, Indira Gandhi said:

"Today we have ruined a thousand years of history and drowned the two-nation theory in the waters of
the Bay of Bengal."

Moral Effects

The secession of East Pakistan proved to be a severe blow to the nation. The morale of the government,
the army and the people was low and clouds of despair began to descend upon them. National unity and
solidarity suffered irreparable damage.

Political Effects

After the East Pakistan tragedy, power in West Pakistan was handed over to the Pakistan People's Party
leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who had won a majority in the 1970 elections. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took office as
Pakistan's first civil martial law administrator.

Economic Effects

The separation of East Pakistan weakened the economic condition of Pakistan. The shortage of
hardworking manpower, raw materials such as rice, fish and jute had a negative impact on the industry
of West Pakistan.

Global Effects

In 1971, the cold shoulder of major powers, including the United States, proved that in world politics
there are no permanent friends or enemies and that all countries prioritize their own interests. Pakistan
made significant changes in its foreign policy and launched a nuclear program for its own security.
Formation of Interim Constitution

An interim constitution was created in 1972 to govern the country, and a committee of 25 members of
the newly elected National Assembly was formed for the future constitution, which included
representatives of all political parties represented in the National Assembly.

Conclusion

The committee formed to draft the constitution presented the draft constitution in the National
Assembly on 11 September 1972. The National Assembly adopted it on 10 April. The unanimous
constitution of Pakistan was adopted by the people and came into effect on August 14, 1973.

Important Features of the 1973 Constitution

Approval and Implementation of the Constitution

The Constitution of the Republic of India was enacted on 14 August 1973, which is still in force in the
country with various amendments and amendments. The main features of the 1973 Constitution are as
follows.

Features / Characteristics of the Constitution

Introduction
The first two constitutions also began with the Objectives Resolution. The 1973 Constitution also
included the Objectives Resolution as a preamble to the Constitution. Under the Eighth Amendment in
1985, it was included as a regular part of the Constitution.

Written constitution

Like Pakistan's previous constitutions, the 1973 Constitution is also written in nature, consisting of 280
articles, 12 schedules , and 6 testimonies.

Country Name

Like the two constitutions of 1956 and 1962, this constitution also named the country the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan.

Official religion

Islam was declared the official religion of Pakistan under Article 2 of the 1973 Constitution. Islam has
been protected as an official religion in the Constitution for the first time.

Muslim President and Prime Minister

The 1973 Constitution recognizes that both the President and the Prime Minister shall be Muslims who
believe in Allah as the only God and the last Messenger of Allah. Furthermore, their ideology must have
a firm belief in Pakistan, contrary to the belief that security is with Allah and its protection is essential.

Definition of Muslims

The second amendment to the Constitution was made on September 7, 1974, in which the definition of
Muslim was included in Part "A" of Clause 3 of Article 260, while in Part "B" the Qadiani group or the
Lahori group who call themselves Ahmadis or by any other name were declared non-Muslims.
Federal Constitution

Pakistan was declared a federal state under the 1973 Constitution. Under the Constitution, Pakistan
consists of four provinces, a federal capital, and adjacent territories.

Parliamentary system

Under the parliamentary system, the head of state is the president and the head of government is the
prime minister. The president has nominal powers and the prime minister holds all executive powers.
The term of the national and provincial assemblies is set at five years. The Majlis-e-Shura can impeach
the president by a two-thirds majority, while the National Assembly has the power to move a vote of no
confidence against the prime minister by a simple majority.

Bicameral Legislature

Under the 1973 constitution, the central legislative body is called the Majlis-e-Shoora. The two houses
are composed of the following: The lower house is called the National Assembly and the upper house is
called the Senate. The total number of members of the National Assembly is 342, who are elected on the
basis of the population of each province. Out of these, 60 seats are reserved for women and 10 for non-
Muslims. The total number of members of the Senate is 104, of which 17 seats are reserved for women
and 4 for non-Muslims. The provinces are given equal representation in the Senate, in which 22
members are elected from each province, 8 from FATA and 4 from the federal capital.

Independent Judiciary

The independence of the judiciary has been fully guaranteed under the Constitution. The judiciary has
been kept free from the control of the administration to the extent possible so that the judges can
perform their duties freely without any undue influence. For the appointment and removal of judges , a
constitutional procedure is set.

Equality Under Law

The constitution made it clear that all citizens are equal before the law and everyone will be treated
equally according to the law. Every person will be paid according to his work.
Fundamental Rights

The Constitution provides full protection to the fundamental rights of citizens. The Shura Council and
provincial assemblies are not allowed to make any law that is against fundamental rights. The judiciary
has the power to declare laws against fundamental rights null and void.

National Language

Urdu has been declared the national language of Pakistan. Provincial governments have the right to
promote their regional development and education.

Supremacy of the Constitution

In order to make the 1973 Constitution permanent, all persons who subvert the Constitution and aid in
doing so shall be considered as equal partners in the crime of high treason under Article 6 of the
Constitution. The Parliament has prescribed the punishment for this grave rebellion as life imprisonment
or death.

Constitutional Institutions

Several institutions have also been formed under the constitution to promote central and provincial
interests and to manage affairs. For example, the Council of Common Interests, the National Economic
Council, the National Finance Commission, the Election Commission, and the Federal Ombudsman, etc.
These institutions perform their duties within constitutional limits and prioritize national interests.

The number of Hayat members will be less than 104 in 2024. It will continue to operate. After Nana Ke
Gheyur Ba Tu Tu Me Tum Hoye, its members will be gone.

Conclusion

The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973, while making appropriate provisions for the protection, propagation,
and implementation of Islamic ideology, provides the foundations for a strong parliamentary system of
government.

Federal Structure Under the 1973 Constitution

The second most important pillar of the state is called the administration or government. In a
parliamentary system of government, the administration consists of public representatives and the
bureaucracy. Public representatives are elected by majority vote of the people for a term of five years,
while members of the bureaucracy are elected on the basis of their ability and merit. The main function
of this department is to implement and enforce laws. The responsibility of running the business of the
government is entrusted to the administration.

Federal Public Representatives

President of Pakistan

The head of state is the President of Pakistan, who is elected by the members of both houses of
parliament and the provincial assemblies for a five-year term. The President of Pakistan acts on the
advice of the Prime Minister, approves or returns bills passed by parliament, and can issue ordinances.
The President appoints Pakistani ambassadors and receives nominations from ambassadors from foreign
countries. He can also declare a state of emergency if there is an internal or external threat to the
country.

The Prime Minister

The Prime Minister is the head of the federal government. He is elected by a majority vote by the
National Assembly and can hold office as long as he has a majority in the Assembly. The Prime Minister is
assisted by the Federal Cabinet, whose members are chosen by the Prime Minister from among the
members of Parliament. The Prime Minister and his Cabinet are accountable to Parliament for all their
actions. The Prime Minister has all executive powers. He has powers in legislative and defense matters.

Federal Cabinet

The federal cabinet consists of the prime minister and ministers, who run all the affairs of the federal
government. There are two types of ministers in the federal cabinet: federal ministers and ministers of
state, who hold office at the consent of the prime minister.

Federal Minister

A federal minister is the political head of a ministry who acts as a liaison between the ministry and the
Prime Minister and represents his ministry in the House and answers questions raised on his ministry.

Minister of State

There are one or two divisions within the Cabinet. The Minister of State is the political head of the
division and acts as a liaison between his division and the Prime Minister. He represents his division in
Parliament and answers questions raised on it.

Federal Bureaucracy

Secretary

The administrative head of the ministry is the Secretary, who is a Grade 22 employee of the federal
government. He assists the two federal ministers in making policies and running other government
business. He sends his proposals to the Prime Minister through his minister, which he publishes after
approval. The Secretary not only formulates policies but also coordinates them. He also supervises the
divisions, departmental departments, subordinate offices and autonomous and semi-autonomous
institutions.

Additional Secretary
The administrative head of the division is the Additional Secretary, who is a Grade 21 federal government
employee. He assists the Minister of State in formulating policy and taking other decisions. He sends his
proposals to the Prime Minister through his Minister of State or the Minister concerned, who publishes
them after approval. He performs the same duties in his division as a Secretary does in his ministry.
When the Additional Secretary works under the Secretary, he performs the two-fold work as directed by
the Secretary and sends his proposals to the Minister through the Secretary.

Joint Secretary

The Assistant Secretary is a Grade 20 officer of the Federal Government and is junior to the Additional
Secretary. He comes in third place in the Ministry and second place in the Division. He assists the
Additional Secretary, and receives his orders and sends them down. In this way, he receives reports from
below and sends them up. He is in charge of his wing and is responsible for all its work.

Deputy Secretary

A deputy secretary is a grade 19 officer of the federal government, usually in charge of his branch. He
receives every order from above and gives it to the section officer and receives the report from the
section officer and sends it to the top. He helps in implementing the decisions and supervises other
employees of his branch.

Section Officer

A Section Officer is a Federal Government officer of Grade 17 or 18 and is in-charge of his section. He
handles the day-to-day operations of his section, implements orders from higher authorities and
supervises other employees of his section.

Conclusion

Pakistan is on the path to becoming an Islamic welfare state and is striving for a good system of
governance. There is a need to adopt the administrative strategy of Hazrat Umar Zaman al-Musleh which
is based on principles like honesty, dedication, excellent performance, strict and prompt accountability,
redressal of the beggar, merit and proper spending of public funds.
Structure of Provincial Governments

The structure and functioning of the provincial government are similar to that of the federal
government. At the provincial level, there are provincial secretariats, attached offices, subordinate
offices and other autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions. Their working methods are almost the
same as those of the federal government. Provincial governments have powers over education, health,
agriculture, industry, provincial tax, means of transportation and many other functions. The details of the
organization of the provincial government are as follows:

Organization of Provincial Government

Provincial Governor

The Governor is the constitutional head of the province, nominated by the President. The Governor can
hold office as long as the President wishes. The Governor summons the session of the Provincial
Assembly, addresses it and can dissolve the Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Governor
manages all administration and law and order on the advice of the Chief Minister. He can issue
ordinances in view of the urgent requirements of the situation.

Chief Minister

The administrative head of the province is the Chief Minister, who is elected by the relevant provincial
assembly by majority vote and can remain in office as long as the majority in the relevant provincial
assembly is maintained. The Chief Minister is assisted by the Chief Secretary. The Chief Minister controls
the administration of the province through the Chief Secretary and greatly improves its performance. He
is also the head of his cabinet, which he can reduce or eliminate at will. He is responsible for the law and
order of the province. Being the leader of the house, he has complete control over the provincial
assembly and can easily pass legislation.

Provincial Cabinet
In a province, there is a provincial council whose members are selected by the Chief Minister as per his
wish. Each minister is the head of his own department. The minister informs the chief minister about the
policies and functioning of the department. Being the political head of the department, he is
accountable to the Chief Minister and answers questions asked about his ministry in the provincial
assembly.

Provincial Bureaucracy

Chief Secretary

The Chief Secretary is the administrative head of the province and the highest ranking bureaucrat, a
Grade 22 officer. The Chief Secretary is appointed by the Prime Minister. He is the secretary of the
provincial and provincial cabinet and is responsible for implementing its decisions. The Chief Secretary is
also the chairman of the committee of all secretaries, who reviews the performance of all secretaries
and reviews them from time to time.

The Chief Secretary keeps abreast of all the activities of a department and is authorized to receive any
information and take action on any specific matter. The Chief Secretary of each department is directly
subordinate to the Chief Secretary and is accountable for the performance of his department .

Secretary

The nominal head of the Ministry of Education is the Secretary, who is a Grade 20 officer. The Secretary
acts as a special assistant to the Minister of his department and advises him on policy and provides him
with information on the functioning of the department. The Secretary governs his department, ensuring
the implementation of the policies and programmes of the government. The Secretary has several
assistants to carry out his duties.

Additional Secretary

Additional Secretary is the assistant to the Secretary and is responsible for the functioning of his Wing.
He is a Grade 19 officer. He usually receives the orders from the Secretary and sends them down, thus
receiving reports from the subordinates and submitting them to the Secretary. He supervises the
employees of his department and carries out every work that the Secretary orders. He is not usually
involved in the decision-making process.

Deputy secretary

The Deputy Secretary is the head of his branch. He is an officer of grade 18 or 19 who belongs to the
employees of the federal government or the provincial government. He does not interfere in the
decisions regarding the locality but only receives orders from above and sends them to the section
officer for implementation.

Section Officer

The Section Officer is a federal or provincial government employee of grade 17 or 18 and is the head of
his section. He implements the orders of the Secretary or Additional Secretary. He reports to his Deputy
Secretary in all matters of the section.

Conclusion

Pakistan is on the path to becoming an Islamic welfare state and is striving for a good system of
governance. There is a need to adopt high administrative wisdom. The bureaucracy should be subjected
to a strict accountability process so that an Islamic welfare society can be established.

The role of the judiciary in Pakistan under the 1973 Constitution

The third important branch of government in Pakistan's federal parliamentary system is the judiciary. The
pursuit of justice is the most important need and natural desire of man, for the fulfillment of which a
system of courts is established at the state level. An independent judiciary is not subject to any pressure
from the government or the administration and it is the guarantor and protector of the fundamental
rights of citizens.

Supreme Court

It is the highest court in the country, which oversees the entire judicial system of the country. Its
headquarters are in Islamabad, and its branches and offices are also established in other provinces. The
Supreme Court is subordinate to the provincial courts, which are called the High Courts. The High Court
consists of a Chief Justice and other judges. The district courts are supervised by the High Court. The
courts established for the trial of initial criminal, civil and other cases are called local or primary courts.

The role of the judiciary in Pakistan

The role of the judiciary in Pakistan is explained by the following points:

Provision of justice

The most important duty of the judiciary is to establish a system of justice in the country and provide
justice and fairness to the people. After thoroughly examining the cases, the courts are authorized to
punish the criminals according to the law and free the innocent. They hear cases without any pressure
and make decisions according to the law. This provides redress to the oppressed.

Interpretation of law

Sometimes cases are presented before the judiciary regarding which the law is vague and unclear. In
such cases, the judiciary provides justice and fairness by interpreting the law. In this way, the judiciary
not only sets precedents in the law but also formulates new laws. Using this power of the judiciary,
judges establish such examples (Precedents) which remain before the judges while deciding subsequent
cases and start to be considered as the law of the country.

Protection of the Constitution

In the federal government, the judiciary is considered the guardian of the constitution. In this regard, the
role of the Supreme Court is of great importance. Under the federal system of government, since two
types of autonomous governments are established in the country, differences often arise between the
central and provincial governments on their administrative jurisdiction or for any other reason. Although
the powers of the central and provincial governments are clearly indicated in the country's constitution,
in case of a difference between them, the highest court of the country has the authority to decide, which
is considered final.

Consultative Functions

Sometimes the head of state has to seek advice from the Supreme Court to clarify an important legal
point and then he takes necessary steps in the light of that advice. Although the administration is not
bound by the advice of the judiciary, the general public does not ignore its advice.

Judicial review

In states with written constitutions, the Supreme Court has the power to review laws passed by the
legislature. If the Supreme Court is notified that a law passed by the legislature is unconstitutional, it
reviews the law. If it finds the law unconstitutional, it can declare it null and void. This process is called
judicial review. The apex in the United States and many other countries have this power.

Protection of fundamental rights

Due to an independent judiciary, no government can violate the law of the land. The judiciary is the
guarantor and protector of the fundamental rights of the people. If the fundamental rights of the citizens
are being violated, they can approach the Supreme Court/High Court and seek justice. The Supreme
Court issues writs and injunctions to achieve these rights. The High Court has the power to hear cases in
five stages to protect fundamental rights.

Hearing of the appellants

The country's highest courts also hear appeals against the decisions of their subordinate courts, thus
reviewing their decisions and issuing their final verdict.
Supervision of Subordinate Courts

The superior courts also supervise the work of subordinate courts and appoint their subordinate staff.

Other Duties

Many times, the judiciary has to handle matters that are not usually of a judicial nature, such as issuing
licenses for certain items, granting citizenship rights to foreign citizens, arranging for recovery from
debtors and bankrupts, enforcing and executing wills, and taking care of young orphans, etc.

Conclusion

The purpose of the establishment of Pakistan was to establish the rule of law and a uniform judicial
system in society so that a free and independent judiciary could provide prompt and complete justice.

Fundamental rights in the 1973 Constitution

Definition of rights

The demands that citizens make to the government for their own good and welfare , and the
government recognizes them are called the rights of citizens.

Basis of rights

The concept of human rights was first given by our Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
fourteen hundred years ago. It was a basic charter of human rights. It laid the foundation of fundamental
human rights. In the modern era too, human rights have been given great importance. Every country
moved towards democracy and started adopting constitutions.
Fundamental Rights in the Constitutions of Pakistan

Fundamental human rights are generally granted by the constitution of the country. In view of this
feature, the chapter on fundamental rights has been included in all the constitutions of Pakistan. The
Constitution of Pakistan, 1973, has given all the fundamental rights to the citizens. No government can
legislate against fundamental rights. The rights given to the citizens in Pakistan are as follows:

No citizen can be deprived of life.

A citizen cannot be arrested without being given reasons or being brought before a magistrate within 24
hours of arrest.

No citizen can be punished for a previous crime.

A person cannot be punished twice for the same crime.

Every citizen has complete freedom of movement in Pakistan.

Every citizen is allowed to assemble peacefully.

Every citizen has the right to form an association or union.

Every individual is fully permitted to engage in trade, business, or any profession.

Every citizen has freedom of speech and expression.

Every citizen has the right to follow a particular religion.

Everyone has complete freedom to purchase property.

No citizen can be deprived of the right to own property and inheritance.

All citizens, without distinction of religion, color, race, or sex, are equal before the law and have the same
social status.

Conclusion

For any state to be democratic and welfare-oriented, it is essential that it provides all the social and
political rights mentioned above to its citizens consistently, without any discrimination.

Islamic provisions of the 1973 Constitution

Sovereignty of Allah

The Charter of Objectives was included in the preamble to the Constitution. According to the Charter of
Objectives, the absolute ruler of the entire universe is Allah Almighty and supreme authority belongs
only to Allah Almighty.

Authority rule

Allah Almighty delegates these powers to Muslims who will exercise them as a sacred trust through their
elected representatives.

Country Name
Like the two constitutions of 1956 and 1962, this constitution also named the country the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan.

The official religion

Islam was declared the official religion of Pakistan under the 1973 Constitution. Islam has been protected
as an official religion in the Constitution for the first time.

Muslim President and Prime Minister

The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan has stipulated that both the President and the Prime Minister shall be
Muslims who believe in Allah as the only God and that Muhammad is the last Messenger of Allah and
that he is the chosen one. Furthermore, it has been made mandatory for them to have a firm belief in
the ideology of Pakistan and to protect it. The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)

Definition of Muslim

The 1973 constitution included the definition of a Muslim for the first time, according to which a Muslim
is someone who believes in monotheism, prophethood, the Day of Judgment, and the books of Allah, in
addition to believing in the Prophet Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, as the last prophet. May Allah
bless him and grant him peace.

Implementation of Islamic Law

Existing laws will be adapted to Islamic principles and no law will be made that contradicts Islamic
teachings.

Compulsory Islamic Education

The teaching of the Quran and Islamic studies will be mandatory in schools and colleges, and the
government will strive to promote Islamic ethics among Muslims.
Teaching Arabic

Arabic will be compulsory in schools from grades six (1) to eight (8).

Printing of the Holy Quran

The printing of the Holy Quran will be free from errors.

Islamic values

The constitution specifies that Islamic values of democracy, justice, tolerance, freedom, and equality will
be part of the constitution, as well as establishing an Islamic system based on social justice.

Islamic way of life

Conditions will be provided so that Muslims, individually or collectively, can adapt their lives to Islam.

Zakat and Ushar System

According to the 1973 constitution, the government will establish a system of Zakat and Ushr and Zakat
will also be distributed among generations. The staff of the Zakat Department will collect Zakat and
spend it on the welfare of the country and the people. The maintenance of buildings reflecting Islamic
culture and mosques will be the responsibility of the Auqaf Department.

Abolition of interest

The government will abolish the interest system and the country's economy will be free of interest.
Council of Islamic Ideology

An Islamic Ideological Council will be established, which will guide the president and legislative bodies in
making laws in accordance with Islamic teachings and will also adapt existing laws in accordance with
Islam.

Protection of Islamic ideology

When taking the oath for all positions in Pakistan, one has to pledge that they will make every effort to
protect the Islamic ideology, which is the foundation of the establishment of Pakistan.

Eradication of social evils

Prostitution, gambling , and the publication and sale of immoral literature will be banned. In addition,
non-Muslims will be prohibited from drinking alcohol even on religious occasions, using medical
purposes.

The unity of the Islamic world

Pakistan will establish good relations with the Muslim world on the basis of Islamic brotherhood,
because Pakistan itself came into existence on the basis of Islamic ideology. International disputes will be
encouraged to be resolved through peaceful means. Efforts will be made for international peace and
security.

Religious rights of minorities

The constitution promised full protection and high social status to minorities, and also allowed them the
freedom to live according to their religion.

Conclusion
The 1973 constitution provides for the protection, dissemination, and enforcement of Islamic ideology,
but to this day, its implementation faces difficulties.

Important constitutional amendments

Procedure for amending the Constitution

The 1973 Constitution is a constitutional amendment. Both the houses of the Majlis-e-Shura can
introduce a bill to amend the constitution. While making an amendment, the approval of two-thirds of
the total number of members of both the houses is mandatory. Both the houses can also approve a
constitutional amendment in a joint session. Five amendments have been made to the 1973
Constitution, some of the important amendments are mentioned below:

1st Constitutional Amendment: Determination of Provincial Boundaries

The amendment was made on May 4, 1974, recognizing Bangladesh. In addition to determining the
boundaries of the four provinces, Qana was declared a part of Pakistan.

2nd Constitutional Amendment: Definition of Muslim

The second amendment was made on September 17, 1974, which defined a Muslim and declared
Ahmadis as non-Muslims.

5th Constitutional Amendment: Supreme Court/High Court

The fifth amendment was enacted in 1976, which fixed the term of office of the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court to 5 years and the term of office of the Chief Justice of the High Court to 4 years. High
Court judges will be able to be exchanged.

8th Constitutional Amendment: Powers of the President of Pakistan

The Eighth Amendment was enacted on November 11, 1985, giving the President of Pakistan the power
to dissolve the National Assembly and the government, and also giving the President the power to
appoint the heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The term of office of the members of the Senate was
fixed at six years.

13th Constitutional Amendment: Return of powers to the President of Pakistan

The Thirteenth Amendment was passed on April 4, 1997, which removed the power of the President to
dissolve the National Assembly and the Government. The President shall appoint the Chiefs of the Army,
Navy, and Air Force on the advice of the Prime Minister.

14th Constitutional Amendment: Prohibition on changing party

The Fourteenth Amendment was enacted on July 3, 1997, which added the Defection Clause (Article 2-
63). It prohibited members of the assembly from changing parties. (Floor Crossing)

17th Constitutional Amendment: Powers of the President of Pakistan

The Seventeenth Amendment was made on December 31, 2003, which again gave the President the
power to dissolve the National Assembly and the government, but within 15 days the President would
be obliged to send a reference to the Supreme Court.

18th Constitutional Amendment: Return of powers to the President of Pakistan

The Eighteenth Amendment was passed on April 8, 2010, which removed the power of the President of
Pakistan to dissolve the National Assembly and the government, made the President bound to consult
the Prime Minister for appointments to high positions, and renamed the Frontier Province "Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa".
20th Constitutional Amendment: Appointment of Interim Prime Minister

The twentieth amendment was enacted on February 14, 2012, in which the interim prime minister will
be appointed jointly by the current prime minister and the opposition leaders.

22nd Constitutional Amendment: Powers of the Chief Election Commissioner

The Twenty-second Amendment was enacted on June 8, 2016, which defined the powers of the Chief
Election Commissioner.

24th Constitutional Amendment: Number of members of the National Assembly

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment was enacted on December 22, 2017, reducing the total number of
members of the National Assembly from 342 to 336, as per the census.

25th Constitutional Amendment: Merging of FATA

The fifth amendment was made on May 31, 2018, in which FATA was merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
According to this amendment, the number of members of the Senate will be reduced from 104 to 96 in
2024 as 8 members of the Senate from FATA will retire after completing their constitutional term.