Model Curriculum for Three/Four Year Degree Course (With

Multiple Entry /Exit Option)

Based on NEP-2020

PHYSICS

KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

2024-25
 Semester –I
Core Course – I / Minor Course - I

MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I: Credit-3

CO1: Basic understanding of Differential equations and their solutions, conceptual understanding of calculus.
CO2: Basic understanding of vector calculus and its differentiation.
CO3: Use of vector calculus to understand vector integration. Dirac delta function and its properties.
CO4: Understanding of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and its application in vector differentiation.
CO5: To Understand the basic algorithm in application to functional algebra and error analysis.

UNIT-I

Calculus -I: Plotting of functions, Intuitive ideas of continuous, differentiable functions and plotting of
curves, Approximation: Taylor and binomial series (statements only), First Order Differential Equations
and Integrating Factor, Second Order Differential equations: Homogeneous Equations with constant
coefficients, Wronskian and general solution, Statement of existence and Uniqueness Theorem for Initial
Value Problems, Particular Integral.

Calculus- II: Calculus of functions of more than one variable: Partial derivatives, exact and inexact
differentials. Integrating factor with simple illustration, Constrained Maximization using Lagrange
Multipliers,

UNIT-II

Vector algebra: Recapitulation of vectors: Properties of vectors under rotations. Scalar product and its
invariance under rotations, Vector product, Scalar triple product and their interpretation in terms of area
and volume respectively, Scalar and Vector fields.
Vector Differentiation: Directional derivatives and normal derivative, Gradient of a scalar field and its
geometrical interpretation, Divergence and curl of a vector field, Del and Laplacian operators, Vector
identities.

UNIT-III

Vector Integration: Ordinary Integrals of Vectors, Multiple integrals, Jacobian, Notion of infitesimal line,
surface and volume elements, Line, surface and volume integrals of Vector fields, Flux of a vector field,
Gauss ’ divergence theorem, Green’s and Stokes Theorems and their applications (no rigorous proofs)
Dirac Delta function and its properties: Definition of Dirac delta function. Representation as limit of a
Gaussian function and rectangular function, Properties of Dirac delta function.

UNIT- IV

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates: Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates, Derivation of Gradient,

Divergence, Curl and Laplacian in Cartesian, Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems, Comparison
of velocity and acceleration in cylindrical and spherical coordinate system.

2 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

Text Books:

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G. B. Arfken, H. J. Weber, F. E. Harris ( 2013, 7th Edn.,Elsevier)

2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig (Wiley India)

Reference books:

1. Mathematical Physics C. Harper (Prentice Hall India)

2. Complex Variable: Schaum’s Outlines Series M. Spiegel (2nd Edition, Mc- Graw Hill Education)

3. Complex variables and applications, J. W. Brown and [Link]

4. Mathematical Physics, Satya Prakash (SultanChand)
5. Mathematical Physics, B. D. Gupta (4th edition, Vikas Publication)
6. Mathematical Physics and Special Relativity, M. Das, P.K. Jena and [Link] (Srikrishna Prakashan)
7. Mathematical Physics –[Link], Dr. Rama Verma (S. ChandPublishing)
8. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput,(Pragati Prakashana

CORE –I: PAPER-I

LAB: Credit-1
The aim of this Lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.

 Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems

 Evaluation d•one not on the programming but on the basis of formulating the problem
 Aim at teaching students to construct the computational problem to be solved
 Students can use any one operating system Linux or Microsoft Windows

Introduction and Overview: Computer architecture and organization, memory and Input/output devices.
Basics of scientific computing: Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers, algorithms,
Sequence, Selection and Repetition, single and double precision arithmetic, underflow and overflow
emphasize the importance of making equations in terms of dimensionless variables, Iterative methods.
Algorithm Errors and error Analysis: Truncation and round off errors, Absolute and relative errors,
Floating point computations. Systematic and Random Errors, Propagation of Errors, Normal Law of Errors,
Standard and Probable Error.

Review of C and C++ Programming: Introduction to Programming, constants, Variables andFundamentals

data types, operators and Expressions, I/O statements, scanf and printf, c in and c out, Manipulators for
data format- ting, Control statements (decision making and looping statements) (If Statement, Ifelse
Statement, NestedIfstructure, ElseIfStatement, Ternaryoperator, Goto Statement. Switch Statement.
Unconditional and Conditional Looping. While Loop. Do-While Loop. FOR Loop. Break and Continue
Statements. Nested Loops), Arrays (1D and 2D) and strings, user defined functions, Structures and Unions,
Idea of classes and objects.
3 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA
Programs: Sum and average of a list of numbers, largest of a given list of numbers and its location in the
list, sorting of numbers in ascending descending order, Binary search.

Random number generation: Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere, value ofτ.

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

2. Schaum’s Outline of Programming with C++.[Link], 2000, Mc Graw– HillPub.

3. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, [Link], 3rd Edn. 2007, Cambridge

UniversityPress.

4. A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning.

5. Elementary Numerical Analysis, K. E. Atkinson, 3 rd Edn. , 2007 , Wiley India Edition.

6. Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, R.W. Hamming, 1973, Courier Dover Pub.

7. An Introduction to computational Physics, [Link],2ndEdn., 2006,Cam- bridge [Link].

CORE –I: PAPER-II MECHANICS: Credit-3

CO-1: To Learn the basic concepts of Rigid body dynamics, Radius of Gyration, Moment of Inertia,
Non- Inertial Systems
CO-2: To Understand the concept of Elasticity, Fluid motion and Types of Vibration
CO-3: To understand the concept of Newtonian theory through Gravitation, Central force motion,
Keplar’s laws, GPS
CO-4: To learn the concept of Special theory of Relativity, Michelson- Morley experiment, Lorentz
transformation, Relativistic Doppler effect.
CO-5: Apply the basic concepts of Mechanics in experiments.

UNIT-I

Rotational Dynamics: Centre of Mass, Motion of CoM, Centre of Mass and Laboratory frames, Angular
momentum of a particle and system of particles, Principle of conservation of angular momentum, Rotation
about a fixed axis, Moment of Inertia, Perpendicular and Parallel Axis Theorems, Routh Rule, Calculation of
moment of inertia for cylindrical and spherical bodies, Kinetic energy of rotation, Euler’s Equations of Rigid
Body motion, Motion involving both translation and rotation. Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.

Non-Inertial Systems: Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces, uniformly rotating frame, Laws of Physics in
rotating coordinate systems, Centrifugal force, Coriolis force.

4 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

UNIT-II

Oscillations: Damped oscillation. Equation of motion and solution (cases of oscillatory, critically damped
and overdamped) Forced oscillations: Transient and steady states; Resonance, sharpness of resonance;
power dissipation and Quality Factor, Bar Pendulum, Katers Pendulum

Elasticity: Relation between Elastic constants, Twisting torque on a Cylinder or Wire, Bending of beams,
External bending moment, Flexural rigidity, Single and double cantilever

Fluid Motion: Kinematics of Moving Fluids: Poiseuilles Equation for Flow of a Liquid through a
Capillary Tube, Surface tension, Gravity waves and ripple

Viscosity: Poiseuilles Equation for Flow of a Liquid with corrections.

UNIT-III
Gravitation and Central Force Motion: Law of gravitation, Gravitational potential energy,
Inertial and gravitational mass, Potential and field due to spherical shell and solid sphere, Motion of a
particle under a central force field, Two-body problem and its reduction to one-body problem and its
solution, Differential Equation of motion with central force and its solution, The first Integrals (two),
Concept of power Law Potentials, Kepler’s Laws of Planetary motion, Satellites. Geosynchronous orbits,
Weightlessness, Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).

UNIT-IV
Special Theory of Relativity: Michelson-Morley Experiment and its out-come, Postulates of Special
Theory of Relativity, Lorentz Transformations, Simultaneity and order of events, Lorentz contraction,
Time dilation, Relativistic transformation of velocity, Frequency and wave number, Relativistic addition of
velocities, Variation of mass with velocity, Massless Particles, Mass- energy Equivalence, Relativistic
Doppler effect, Relativistic Kinematics, Transformation of Energy and Momentum.
Text Books:

1. Mechanics, D. S. Mathur ( S. Chand Publishing )

2. Introduction to Special Relativity, R. Resnick (John Wiley)

Reference Books:

1. Introduc tion to Mechanics Daniel Klapnner and Robert Kolenkow, McgrawHill.

2. Mechanics by K.R Simon
3. Mechanics, Berkeley Physics, vol. 1, [Link], W. Knight, etal (Tata McGraw- Hill)
4. Physics, Resnick, Halliday and Walker (8/e.2008,Wiley)
5. Theoretical Mechanics-M.R. Spiegel (Tata McGrawHill).
6. Feynman Lectures, Vol. I, [Link], [Link], [Link] (Pearson)
7. [Link], [Link] and R.N. Mishra (SrikrishnaPublications)

8. Classical Mechanics , Gupta Kumar & Sharama,(Pragati Prakashan)

9. Classical Mechanics, [Link], (Himalaya Publishing Home)

5 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 CORE –I: PAPER-II
LAB: Credit-1

(Minimum 4 experiments are to be done):

1. To study surface tension by capillary rise method.

2. To determine the height of a building using a Sextant.

3. To study the Motion of Spring and calculate (a) Spring constant, (b) g and (c) Modulus of rigidity.
4. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
5. To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuilles method).
6. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.
7. To determine the value of g using Bar Pendulum.
8. To determine the value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.

Reference Books:

1. Advance• d Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing House.

2. Advanced level Physics Practical’s, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted 1985,

Heinemann Educational Publishers.

3. A Text ook of Practical Physics, I. Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11thEdn, 2011, Kitab Mahal.

CORE –I: PAPER-III

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: Credit-3

CO-1: To understand the basic concepts of Electricity and Magnetism

CO-2: To Understand the various phenomena in Electricity and Magnetism CO-3: To Understand Circuit
analysis and network theorems
CO-4: To Explain the Dynamics of Charged Particles CO-5: To Apply the acquired knowledge in
Experiment.

UNIT-1

Electric Field and Electric Potential

Electric field: Electric field lines, Electric flux, Gauss Law with applications to charge distributions with
spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry, Conservative nature of Electrostatic Field. Electrostatic
Potential, Potential and Electric Field of a dipole, Force and Torque on a dipole, Potential calculation in
different simple cases, Laplace and Poisson equations, The Uniqueness Theorem, Method of Images and
its application to (1) Plane Infinite Sheet and (2) Sphere.

6 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

Electrostatic energy of system of charges, Electrostatic energy of a charged sphere, Conductors in an
electrostatic Field, Surface charge and force on a conductor.

UNIT-II

Magnetic Field: Magnetic Force, Lorentz Force, Biot Savarts Law, Cur- rent Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
and its Dipole Moment (analogy with Electric Dipole), Amperes Circuital Law and its application to (1)
Solenoid (2) Toroid ( 3) Helmhotz coil, Properties of curl and divergence, Vector Potential, Ballistic
Galvanometer: Torque on a current Loop, Current and Charge Sensitivity, Electromagnetic damping,
Logarithmic damping, CDR.

UNIT-III

Dielectric Properties of Matter: Electric Field in matter, Polarization, Polarization Charges, Electrical
Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant, Capacitor (parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical) filled with
dielectric, Displacement vector D, Relations between E, P and D, Gauss Law in dielectrics. Magnetic
Properties of Matter: Magnetization vector (M), Magnetic Intensity (H), Magnetic Susceptibility and
permeability, Relation between B, H, M, Ferromagnetism, B-H curve and [Link]
Induction: Faradays Law, Lenz’s Law, Self -Inductance and Mutual Inductance, Reciprocity Theorem,
Energy stored in a Magnetic Field, Introduction to Maxwell’s Equations.

UNIT-IV

Electrical Circuits: AC Circuits: Kirchhoffs laws for AC circuits, Complex Reactance and Impedance,
Series LCR Circuit: (1) Resonance (2) Power Dissipation (3) Quality Factor, (4) Band Width, Parallel LCR
Circuit.

Network theorems: Kirchoff’s law for electrical circuits, Ideal Constant-voltage and Constant-current
Sources.
Network Theorems: Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem, Reciprocity theorem,
Maximum Power Transfer theorem, Applications to DC circuits. Transient Currents Growth and decay of
current in RC and LR circuits.

Text Books:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics – D.J. Griffiths (Pearson, 4th edition, 2015) 2. Foundations of
Electromagnetic Theory-Ritz and Milford (Pearson)

Reference Books:
1. Classical Electrodynamics, J. D. Jackson (Wiley).
2. Electricity and Magnetism D. C. Tayal (Himalaya Publishing house)
3. Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetic Theory- S. Mahajan and Choudhury (Tata McGraw Hill)

4. F eynman Lectures Vol. 2, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands ( Pearson)

5. Electricity and Magnetism, J. H. Fewkes and J. Yarwood. Vol. I (Oxford Univ. Press)

6. Classical Electromagnetism, [Link], Bharati Bhawan

7 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 CORE –I: PAPER-III
LAB: Credit- 1
(Minimum of 6 experiments are to be done)
Use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, c) DC Current, (d) Capacitances,
and (e) Checking electrical fuses.

1. To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.

2. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer.

3. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Carey Fosters Bridge.

4. To compare capacitances using DeSauty’s bridge.

5. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a solenoid (determine dB/dx)

6. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.

7. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Andersons bridge.

8. To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Reso- nant frequency, (b) Impedance
at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
9. To study the response curve of a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a)
10. Anti-resonance frequency and (b) Quality factor Q.

Reference Books:

1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing House

2. A Text Book of Practical Physics, [Link] and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal

3. Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted 1985,

Heinemann Educational Publishers

4. A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, [Link], 1985, Vani Pub.

8 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 CORE –I: PAPER-IV
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-II: Credit-3

The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists. Students are to
be examined on the basis of problems, seen and unseen.

CO-1: Conceptual understanding of Fourier series and its application in periodic function.
CO-2: Understanding the various special functions and its properties.
CO-3: Understanding various polynomials and special integrations.
CO-4: To learn the applications of partial differential equation.
CO-5: To apply the acquired knowledge to solve problems.

UNIT-I
Fourier Series-I: Periodic functions, Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Dirichlet Conditions
(Statement only), Expansion of periodic functions in a series of sine and cosine functions and determination of
Fourier coefficients, Complex representation of Fourier series, Expansion of functions with arbitrary period,
Expansion of non-periodic functions over an interval, Even and odd functions and their Fourier expansions and
Application, Summing of Infinite Series, Term-by-Term differentiation and integration of Fourier Series,
Parseval Identity.

UNIT-II
Frobenius Method and Special Functions: Singular Points of Second Order Linear
Differential Equations and their importance, Singularities of Bessel’s and Laguerre
Equations, Frobenius method and its applications to differential equations: Bessel,
Legendre and Hermite Differential Equations, Legendre and Hermite Polynomials: Rodrigues Formula,
G enerating Function, Orthogonality.

UNIT-III

Polynomials: Simple recurrence relations of Legendre and Hermite Polynomials, Expansion of function in a
series of Legendre Polynomials, Associated Legendre Differential Equation, Associated Legendre polynomials,
Spherical Harmonics. Spherical Bessel’s Function (1st and 2nd kind).
Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and relation between them, Expression of Integrals in
terms of Gamma Functions, Error Function (Probability Integral).

UNIT-IV

Partial Differential Equations: Solutions to partial differential equations using separation of variables:
Laplace’s Equation in problems of rectangular, cylindrical and spherical symmetry. Conducting and dielectric
sphere in an external uniform electric field. Wave equation and its solution for vibrational modes of a stretched
string.

Text Books:

9 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists, [Link], [Link], [Link].(2013, 7th Edn.,Elsevier)
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig ( Wiley India)

Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Physics and Special Relativity, M. Das, P.K. Jena and B.K. Dash (Srikrishna Prakashan)

2. Mathematical Physics–H. K. Dass, Dr. Rama Verma (S. Chand Publishing)

3. Mathematical Physics C. Harper (Prentice Hall India)

4. Complex Variable: Schaum’ s Outlines Series M. Spiegel (2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Education)

5. Complex variables and applications [Link] and [Link]

6. Mathematical Physics, Satya Prakash (Sultan Chand)

7. Mathematical Physics B. D. Gupta (4th edition, Vikas Publication)
8. Mathematical Physics, [Link], Pragati Prakashan

CORE –I: PAPER-IV

LAB: Credit-1

The aim of this Lab is to use the computational methods to solve physical problems. Course will consist of
lectures (both theory and practical) in the Lab. Evaluation done not on the programming but on the basis of
formulating the problem.

Topics
Introduction to Numerical computation software Scilab: Introduction to Scilab, Advantages and
disadvantages, Scilab computation software Scilab environment, Command window, Figure window, Edit
window, Variables and arrays, Initialising variables in Scilab, Multidimensional arrays, Subarray, Special
values, Displaying output data, data file, Scalar and array operations, Hierarchy of operations, Built in Scilab
functions, Introduction to plotting, 2D and 3D plotting (2),

Branching Statements and program design, Relational and logical operators, the while loop, for loop,
details of loop operations, break and continue statements, nested loops, logical arrays and vectorization
(2) User defined functions, Introduction to Scilab functions, Variable passing in Scilab, optional
arguments, preserving data between calls to a function, Complex and Character data, string function,
Multidimensional arrays (2) an introduction to Scilab file processing, file opening and closing, Binary I/o
functions, comparing binary and formatted functions, Numerical methods and developing the skills of
writing a program(2).

Curve fitting, Least square fit Goodness of fit, standard constant Deviation:Ohms law to calculate R,
Hookes law to calculate spring constant
Solution of Linear system of equations by Gauss elimination Solution method and Gauss Seidal method.
Diagonalization matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Eigen vectors, problems: Solution of mesh equations of

10 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 electric circuits (3meshes), Solution of coupled spring mass systems (3meshes).
Solution of ODE First order Differential equation Euler, modiftedEuler Runge-Kutta second methods
Second order differential equation. Fixed difference method:

First order diferential equation

• Radioactivedecay
• Current in RC, LC circuits with DCsource
• Newtons law ofcooling
• Classical equations of motion

Second order Differential Equation

• Harmonic oscillator (no friction)
• Damped Harmonic oscillator
• Overdamped
• Critical damped
• Oscillatory
• Forced Harmonic oscillator
• Transient and Steady state solution
• Apply above to LCR circuits also

Reference Books:
1. Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, [Link], M. P. Hobson and S.

J.20 Bence, 3rd ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press.

2. Complex Variables, A.S. Fokas and M.J. Ablowitz, 8th Ed., 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press.

3. Firstcourseincomplexanalysiswithapplications,[Link]-han, 1940, Jones and Bartlett.

4. Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and Engineering
Applications: A.V. Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fern- ndez. 2014 Springer.

5. Scilab by example: M. Affouf 2012, ISBN: 978-1479203444

6. Scilab (Afreesoftwareto Matlab):[Link],[Link] andCompany

7. Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Beta script Publishing

11 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 Multidisciplinary

Introduction to Spectroscopy

12 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

 Introduction to Spectroscopy: Theory: 3 credits

Course outcome:
 Basic understanding of atomic models and its spectroscopy nature
 Conceptual understanding of Spectra of Alkali elements
 Understating the basic of X-ray and its applications
 Understating molecular spectroscopy

UNIT 1:
Vector Atomic Model: Inadequacies of Bohr and Bohr- Sommerfeld atomic models w.r.t. spectrum of
Hydrogen atom (fine structure of H-alpha line). Modification is due to the finite mass of the nucleus and
the Deuteron spectrum. Vector atomic model (Stern-Gerlach experiment included) and physical &
geometrical interpretations of various quantum numbers for single & many valence electron systems. LS
& JJ couplings, spectroscopic notation for energy states, selection rules for transition of electrons and
intensity rules for spectral lines. Fine structure of H- alpha line based on vector atomic model. (10
lectures)

UNIT 2:
Spectra of Alkali & Alkaline Elements: Spectra of alkali elements: Screening constants for s, p, d & amp; f
orbitals; sharp, principle, diffuse & amp; fundamental Series; doublet structure of spectra and fine
structure of Sodium D line. Spectra of alkaline elements: Singlet and triplet structure of spectra. (6
lectures)

UNIT 3:
X-rays & X-Ray Spectra: Nature & production, Continuous X-ray spectrum & Duane- Hunt's law,
Characteristic X-ray spectrum & Mosley's law, Fine structure of Characteristic X-ray spectrum, and X-ray
absorption spectrum.

(7 lectures)

UNIT 4:
Molecular Spectra: Discrete set of a molecule's electronic, vibrational and rotational energies.
Quantization of vibrational energies, transition rules and pure vibrational spectra. Quantization of
rotational energies, transition rules, pure rotational spectra and determination of inter nuclear distance.
Basics of UV Visible & photoluminescence spectroscopy (7 lectures)

13 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA

Reference Books:
1. H.E. White, "Introduction to Atomic Spectra", McGraw Hill, 1934 8.
2. C.N. Banwell, E.M. McCash, "Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy", McGraw Hill, 2017, 4e 9.
3. R Murugeshan, Kiruthiga Sivaprasath, "Modern Physics", S. Chand Publishing, 2019, 18e 10.
4. S.L. Gupta, V. Kumar, R.C. Sharma, "Elements of Spectroscopy", Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2015, 27

14 KARANJIA AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, KARANJIA