CHAPTER ONE

1.0INTRODUCTION

Hospital waste refers to the waste generates by health care Facilities, including
hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. This types of waste can be hazardous,
infectious, or non- hazardous, and requires proper management and disposal to
present environment and health risks.

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Primary Healthcare Takalau is located along in Birnin Kebbi Local Government.

What is Hospital Waste?

Any waste that is general in diagnosis, treatment, immunization of human

being or animal or in research in a hospital. Following other countries wide used to
training incinerator operators and health officers in the year (2003) the
management of hospital waste is now taken a new shape (Mangchsr 2004)
However, treatment techniques for hospital waste are still poor, there are neither
proper method treated waste disposal not written contingently plans (Manyelers,
2004) the that issue is to what is a hospital waste. The term hospital waste
“medical waste” regulated medical waste and in factions waste remains poorly
defined from the literature (Blackman we 1996) no standard universally accepted
definition for those terms exists and man definitions are in use by practitioners and
regulars. Given the diversity of interest and scientific credential if reasons, groups
and agencies (e.g. physicians, health department hospitals environmentalists, trade
unions and state legislation) involved in the medical waste issue those differences
should be expected. However adoption of a definition by a regulatory agency has
serious ramification because it dictates all the terms (Grinfin Rd, 1990).

Infectious waste: to the portion of medical waste that could be transmit on

infection that’s medical waste is a subset of hospital waste and regulated medical
waste which is synonymous with infection waste from regulatory refractive is a
subset of medical waste. As stated infection waste is a waste which is capable of
producing and infectious disease change of his are higher within hospital than
outside (Griffin RD 1990).

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This definition required consideration of the factors necessary for induction of the
presence of pathogen , and most commonly absent factors a portal of country.
Therefore, for waste to be infection, it most contains pathogens with sufficient
virulence and quantity so that exposure to waste by the susceptible host could re -
suit in infecting diseases (Ocherim 2003). Biological or infectious hazard (bacteria,
such as tuberculosis and virus such as HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, which can
be transmitted by contain with infected patient or contaminated body secretion
fluid).

1. Chemical hazard (medical, solution or gasses such as ethylene and formal

deride guttural chide. Waste anesthetic, intones oxide chemo thrapafic agent-
lass smock and aerosolized medication such as pentad medical and physical
hazard colonizing radiation luster noise and electricity).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Pathogen present in medical waste can enter and remain in the air within
hospital vicinity for long period of time in terms of spores or pathogen them
solves. This result into transition of diseases or hospital acquired infection (No
socomial Infection) or occupational health hazard patient and their attendant also
are exposure to health rise. Therefore, having changes of contacting infection
caused by air born disease pathogen or spores and health workers and also at risk
for being expose for health hazard through contract with contaminated sharps.
Equipment (medical) equipment used to penetrate the skin and muscles e.g
needles.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of the study is to final out the health implication of improper
hospital waste management on the occupational health and safety. In Primary
Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi Local Government and to look into sanitary
inspection rote in Primary Healthcare Takalau.

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1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the various ways the environmentalist’s policy makers and

government could help in changing the human behavior and responses to
environmental option that will promote or improve hospital waste management.

2. To evaluate the level of efficiency in the control and management of hospital

waste in Primary Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi local government.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

This study was designed to address the following question:

1. Do the healthcare workers of Primary Healthcare Takalau aware of the

implication waste management?

2. What is the level of Primary Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi local

government waste control and management.

3. What way could environmentalists/policy makers help in changing human

behaviors and response to environmental action that will promote or
improve hospital waste management?

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study is significant in highlighting the health risks associated with improper
hospital waste management and providing recommendations for improvement.
Findings from this research will benefit healthcare institutions, policymakers, and
health workers by offering insights into best practices for hospital waste handling
and the need for regulatory enforcement.

Hospital waste that is not properly managed especially medical waste from
maternity ward, medical laboratory units accident and emergency unit, the X-ray
unit etc. are the serious health hazard can lead to the spread of infectious diseases
un -afforded waste lying around attract flies, rats and other creature that in turn the
spread of diseases. Normally is the wet waste that decomposes and releases bad
orders. This lead to unhygienic condition thereby to risk in health problem.

The study would be utilized the state government. Through various ministries of
health environmental education and promotion/information, it will be useful for
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those ministries in the area of educational public in the school and out of assist
them when working laws that improve human health and protect the environment.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited form the problem of the waste management in Primary
Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi local government, the study hospital to
investigate the contributing factor or improper hospital waste management, in
Primary Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi local government the study is covers
some known department or unit that generating medical waste in Primary
Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi which include maternally ward, female surgery
ward.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Waster: refers to any used product whether liquid or solid that have no economic
value (US federal 1995).

2. Public health: is the control of all those factors in human physical environment
that exercise or may exercise deleterious effect on their physical fitness, health or
survival (Griffin 1990).

3. Environmental health: is refers to implication of the interaction between

individuals and their natural and built environment or Environmental health
comprises the aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are
determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in
the environment (W.H.O. 1990).

4. Hospital Waste: Any waste generated in healthcare facilities, including

infectious, hazardous, and non-hazardous materials.

5. Occupational Health and Safety: Measures and policies implemented to protect

workers from hazards in their work environment.

6. Waste Segregation: The process of separating different types of waste based on

their risk level and disposal method.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 WASTE

Waste management any substance or object which the holder discard or

intend to or required to discard (Frame work 2008).

Types of Waste

1. Municipal waste (include household and commercial)

2. Industrial waste (include manufacturing)

3. Hazardous waste

4. Construction and demolition waste

5. Mining waste

6. Agricultural waste

7. End of life vehicle (ELVs) and tires

2.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTES

Industrial waste is the waste produced by the industrial activities which includes
any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of
factories, industries mills and missing operation. It has existed since start of the
industrial revolution (Maczxulak, 2010).Hospital Waste (Or solid waste) are refers
to all waste, biological or non-biological that is discarded and net intended for
further use. Medical waste refers to material general as a result of patient diagnosis
treatment, or the immunization of human being or animal. Hierarchy of Control
Healthcare workers exposure to health hazard can be prevented of reduced. The
occupational hygiene hierarchy of control is a recognized method for primary
prevention or occupational injury and diseases.

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2.3 ENFORCEMENT OF MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
REDUCTIONS

There must be clearly stipulated rules that apply to all persons who
generates, collect, receive store transport, treat disposed of or handle medical waste
in any form. This will help to maintain occupational and public health. These who
generate medical waste must be legally responsible.

2.4 IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE ON HEALTH

The group of risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste include the
population in areas where is no proper waste disposal method, especially the pre-
school children waste workers and workers in facilities producing toxic and
infection materials other high risk group include population living close to a waste
dump and these whose water supply has become contaminated either to waste
dumping or leakage from the landrail sited un-collected solid waste also increase
risk injury and infection (Black man WC 1996).

2.5 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE

HANDLING

Infection

Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and
infliction wound. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposits to
infection dust especially during landfall operations.

Different diseases that results from the bites of an animal feeding on the
waste. Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.
Chronic Diseases

Incineration operators are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases. Including

concerns from exposure to dust and hazards compounds.

Accident

1. Bone and muscles disorders resulting from the handling of healthy

containers.

2. Infecting wounds regulating from contact with sharp subjects.

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 3. Burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste
disposal sites or from methane gas explosion at land fill site (UNEP 1990).

2.6 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study is made of all health personal, laborers of Primary
Healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi local government. This is because both health
personal and laborers for exposure for various medical waste.

2.7 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The researcher administered 40 copies of the questionnaires, however 30

questionnaires retrieved and all retrieved questionnaires were found to be use able.
This represents 90% of the questionnaire distributed as this was found to be
adequate analysis.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The Primary Healthcare Takalau is located along to Birnin Kebbi Local

Government Takalau Road.

3.2 STUDY DESIGN

Descriptive research design method was used for the study. According to Isaac
and Macheal (1978) the method is used for described systematically a situation or
area of interest factually and accurately they further stated the design could be
public opinion survey fact: finding survey status studies and so on.

More, descriptive research method was adopted to determine magnitude of the

health hazard that is associated bio-medical waste.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study is made of all health personnel, laborers of primary
healthcare takalau birnin kebbi local Government Kebbi State, this is because both
health personal and laborers for exposure for various medical waste.

3.4 INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The study utilizes a questionnaire as its research instrument the questionnaire was
divided into two sections A and B.

3.5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The researcher administered 40 copies of the questionnaires however, 30

questionnaires retrieved and all retrieved questionnaires were found to be use able
this found to be adequate analysis.

3.6 PRATES/PILOT STUDY

A pilot survey was conducted by section of 25 peoples from the health personal
and laborers of primary healthcare Takalau to test reality and the instrument yield
the desired result.

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3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

Method used for data analysis involved using tables in which percentage are
presented in form of charts and graphs.

3.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Limitation of the study area takes place at primary healthcare Takalau which is
located at Birnin Kebbi Local Government, Kebbi State.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The presentation and analysis of data on questionnaire for method valid

information on the effect of improper hospital waste management on occupational
health and safety through answers that individual gave on each question as
contained in the questionnaires in real sense the (100) copies of questionnaires as
contained in the questionnaires returned to the research with satisfaction response
by the individual.
Item No of respondent Percentage
10-20 10 10%
15-30 40 40%
20 to above 10 10%
Total 100 100%
Table 1: Age Distribution
The above table or table above shows that 10-20 year of age Were 10 percent while
15-30 were 40 percent then 20 to above were 10 percent, therefore, ages
distribution of respondent were the majority.

Table 2: Sex Distribution

Item No of respondent Percentage

Single 20 20%
Marriage 50 50%
Widow/widower 10 10%
Total 90 90%

The tables above shows that single were 20 percent while marriage were 50
percent then window/widower 10 percent.

Therefore, married in this distribution of respondent were the majority.

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Table 3: Marital Status

Item No of respondent Percentage

Single 30 30%
Marriage 60 60%
Widow/widower 10 10%
Total 100 100%

The tables above shows that single were 30 percent while married were 60 percent
then widow/widowers were 10 percent.

Therefore, married in this distribution of respondent were the majority.

Table 4: Educational Status

Item No of respondent Percentage

Primary 10 10%
Secondary 20 20%
Tertiary 50 50%
Other 20 20%
Total 100 100%

The table above shows that primary school were 10 percent while secondary were
20 percent them tertiary were 50 percent and others where 20% . Therefore tertiary
distributions of respondents were the majority.

Table 5: Occupational Status

Item No of respondent Percentage

Student 20 20%
Famer 50 50%
Civil Servant 20 20%
Other 10 10%
Total 100 100%

The table above shows that student were 20% while famer were 50% then civil
servant were 20% and other were 10%. Therefore, farmer distribution
respondents were the majority.

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Table 6: Awareness about the health implication of the improper hospital waste
management on occupational health and safety.

Item No of respondent Percentage

Yes 80 80%
No 20 20%
Total 100 100%

The table above show that yes were 80 percent while No were 20 percent.
Therefore, Yes distribution of respond were the majority.

Table 7: Sources of Awareness

Item No of respondent Percentage

Mass media 50 50%
Friend 20 20%
Public 30 30%
Total 100 100%

The above table shows that Mass media were 50% while Friend 20% then Public
30%. Therefore, mass media distribution of respondent was the majority.

Table 8: Awareness about the environment

Item No of respondent Percentage

Yes 65 65%
No 35 35%
Total 100 100%

The table shows the distribution of respondents of awareness about the

environment impact on the effect of improper hospital waste management and
occupational health and safety, Yes ware 65% while no were 35% Therefore, Yes
distribution of respondents were the majority.

Table 9: Category of hazard relation to occupational places

Item No of respondent Percentage

Accident 30 30%
Infection 20 20%

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Pollution 40 40%
Other 10 10%
Total 100 100%

The table above shows that accident were 30% while infections were 20% then
pollution were 30% and other were 20% . Therefore, pollution distribution
respondents were the majority.

Table 10: Target group by the effect improper hospital waste

Item No of respondent Percentage

Children 10 10%
Young age 50 50%
Adult 40 40%
Total 100 100%

The table above shows that the children were 10% while young age were 50% then
adult were 40%. Therefore, young age distributions of respondents were the
majority.

Table 11: Respondent of measures of reducing the impact

Item No of respondent Percentage

Sanitation 60 60%
Mobilization 30 30%
Others 10 10%
Total 100 100%

The table above shows that sanitation were 60 percent while mobilization were 30
percent then other 10 percent. Therefore sanitation distributions of respondents
were the majority.

Table 12: What rule does environmental health officers play to reduce the risk of
the effect of improper Hospital waste management?

Item No of respondent Percentage

Health Education 50 50%
Public health law 30 30%
None 20 20%
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Total 100 100%

The table above shows that the health education were 50 percent while public
health law were 30% then none were 20 percent. Therefore, the distributions of
respondent health education were the majority.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY

It is highly imperative pertinent to not that, improper hospital waste

management implies a combination of improper handle of waste during generation,
collection, storage transport and treatment. Improper handle comprises several
unsafe actions such as handling without personal protective equipment (PPE),poor
storage, manual transport for longer distances, used uncovered containers, instead
of closed plastic bags etc.

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 In primary healthcare Takalau waste was largely mismanaged in the past
mainly because the sector did not know what to do with the waster the procedure
for safe waste handling were not adhered to; for example, there were deficiencies
designation and identification of the infectious waste segregation packaging and
storage as well as transport procedure, it is basic that infection waste is capable of
this research it suggest that proper waste management and health education
program should be adopted as solution to the menace of the improper hospital
waste management.

5.1 CONCLUSION

Safe guarding the healthcare work face against occupational health risk arising
from hospital waste management call for waste control measures, medical
surveillance program must be design to accomplish that workers are fit to perform
this jobs safely and reliably to provide ongoing control limit work exposure and to
comply with occupational health regulation. A comprehensive medical surveillance
program should be designed and implemented by an experience and qualified
occupational health physician or examiners with implies provide by workers
industrialist. Hygienist as well as health and safety professionalism.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Effect of improper waste management is serious issue in a country and at global

stage which comprises of Federal State and local [Link],a serious
measure must be taken to provide solution enact how with regard to occur optional
health and safety.

The following recommendation and suggestion should be seen as a challenges that

most be face rigorously;

 Health education or enlightenment campaign should be intensified by

relevant agencies to create awareness on the effect of improper hospital
waste management on occur optional health and safety.

 Law enforcement agencies should be empowered I to arrest anybody, with

poor refuse near people, habitation or where people going by law
enforcement agencies.

 Provision of waste collection storage and transportations in every

department especially where bulky refuse are generated.
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  Government should employ the services of qualified environmental health
officers to manage the waste generated in the hospital effectively. For final
disposal of waste contracting is the best option for the hospital setu p where
private organization or individuals are given the contract for the disposal of
waste generated in the primary healthcare takalau Birnin Kebbi local
government in Kebbi State.

 Awareness should be created among hospital staffs on the importance of

proper waste management and effective ways disposal.

Figure 1: pie chart showing types of waste generated in primary healthcare

Takalau.

Figure ii: a bar chart showing facilities of waste collection and disposal in primary
healthcare Takalau Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State.

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Figure iii: pie chart showing method of waste disposal in primary healthcare
Takalau open dumping 37.5% = 1360

Burning/incineration 50% = 1800

Septic tank 12.5% = 440

Figure iv: bar chart showing bodies responsible waste disposal in primary
healthcare Takalau.

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 Figure v: showing the effect of improper hospital waste management in primary
healthcare Takalau.

Figure vi:

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19
 APPENDIX

Professional school of health science and technology Kebbi State

environmental health department.

Birnin Kebbi
Kebbi State
Nigeria
May, 2025

Dear Respondent,

I am a student of the above named school that I am carry out a research

work on effect of improper hospital waste management on occupational health and
safety.

The research is pursuing a National Diploma (ND) in environmental health,

you are therefore, please and kindly requested to respond to each question honestly
the response will be treated with obsolete confidentially and will be used for an
academic purpose, your maximum cooperation is highly needed.

Thanks

You’re faithfully,

Nafiu Almustapha

20
 SEC TION ‘A’ (RESPONDENT’S BIO-D ATA)

This questionnaire contain is two parts; the respondent particular and what
respondent are expected to answer by choosing the appropriate response. Please
indicate your option by ticking in the appropriate column provided your option
should be tick only.

1. Sex

Male I ( ) Female ( )

2. Age

70-20 ( ) 21-30 ( ) 31-above ( )

3. Marital Status

Single ( ) Married ( ) Widow ( )

4. Religion

Islam ( ) Christianity ( ) Traditional ( )

5. Occupation

Famer ( ) Student ( ) Civil Servant ( )

6. Education Status

Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary ( )

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 SECTION ‘B’

 What did you understand by the term Biomedical waste?

 What do you understand by the term waste management?

 Can proper waste management disease transmission?

Yes ( ) No ( )

 What are the types of waste being generated in primary healthcare Takalau?

 Are you aware of disease course due to improper hospital waste

management? Yes ( ) No ( )

 If yes what are the diseases associated with improper hospital waste
management?

 Are you aware of the health implication of improper hospital waste

management? Yes ( ) No ( )

 If yes what is the source of your’ awareness?

a. Mass media ( )

b. Friends ( )

C. Public ( )

 What are the categories of hazard related to your occupation?

a. Accident ( )

b. Infection ( )

C. Pollution ( )

d. Others ( )

 Does the laborers doctors, nurse know the health implication of improper
hospital management?

Yes ( ) No ( )

 If yes what are the measure do they adopt in reducing the incidence?
Sanitation ( ) Mobilization ( ) Others ( )
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  Is the implication of improper hospital waste management course the higher
risk of health in the hospital?

Yes ( ) No ( )

 What are the categories of health workers are more prone to health risk of
improper hospital waste management?

 Do the health workers know about the environmental impact of the

implication of improper hospital waste management?

Yes ( ) No ( )

 What are the roles plays by environmental health officer in reducing the risk
of improper hospital waste management?

a. Promoting of the health education ( )

b. Enforcement of public health ( )

c. Personal hygiene ( )

d. None ( )

 What roles does media play in reducing the menace of the improper hospital
waste management?

Public lecture ( ) Mass Education ( )

 could lack of public awareness being a major depositing of effect of

Improper hospital waste management?

Yes ( ) No ( )

 If yes what step do they take in reducing the menace?

Mass Campaign ( )
Mobilization ( )
Education ( )
 What roles does the health workers union pay in cubing our menace of
improper hospital I waste management?

 Can the Government alone solve the problem of the improper hospital waste
management?
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 Yes ( ) No ( )

 What are the steps be taken by the government in the reducing the menace
of improper hospital waste management?

24
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management in Africa, University of Adelaide Africa-Studies association of
Australia and the Pacifil (2003)conferences proceeding Africa on a global stage
pp12

b. Adetoge Fanifan (1999) solid waste management fild and metal (eds) Ibadan,
Religion, Rex chales Ibadan.

c. Black man we “Basic Hazardous waste management” lewis publishers inc,

Michigan U.S.A Adition (1996).

d. Black man we “Basic hazardous waste management” Lewis publishers, inc

Michgan U.S.A and edition.

e. Boniface G. Nworgh (1991) education research basic issue and methodology by

university of Nigeria Ibadan.

f. Barode, David N and David E. Bloom (1995) the economics of municipal solid
waste the world bank research absence 10-13.

g. Bawers John (1997)sustainability and environmental economic and alterative

text.

h. Characbarts and P Sarkhd (2003) economics of solid waste management, a

survey of existing uterrature econon. Resunit and step in at pp ii-58.

i. Contrail S.J (1982) the environmental management of urban solid waste in

development countries project guide the world bank, Washington D.C pp812.

j. Griffin R.D Principals of hazardous material management, Lewis Publishers, inc

Michigan , USA 2nd edition (1996).

k. Egunjobi T.O (1986) problems of solid waste management in Nigeria urban

countries. In Adeniyi and Beko Imam (eds) Niger Ibad

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