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GRADUATE SCHOOL
CONTENT OUTLINE IN EDUC. 102
Advanced Statistics
A. Review on Basic Statistics
Basic statistics lays the foundation for further studies in statistics. It includes lots of
ways to classify and sort variables and data so that they can be studied with tools
you'll be introduced to later. For example, correlation and hypothesis testing
Source: https://www.statisticshowto.com/statistics-basics
a. Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of central tendency help you find the middle, or the average, of a dataset.
The 3 most common measures of central tendency are the mode, median, and mean.
Mode: the most frequent value.
Median: the middle number in an ordered dataset.
Mean: the sum of all values divided by the total number of values.
In addition to central tendency, the variability and distribution of your dataset are
important to understand when performing descriptive statistics
Source: https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/central-tendency/
Explanation: The measure of central tendency is an important aspect of quantitative
data, which can eventually lead us in knowing more of its three common measures of
central tendency which are the mean, median, and the mode.
b. Measures of Variability
Measures of Variability: Range, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation. A
measure of variability is a summary statistic that represents the amount of dispersion in
a dataset. How spread out are the values? While a measure of central tendency
describes the typical value, measures of variability define how far away the data points
tend to fall from the center. We talk about variability in the context of a distribution of
values. A low dispersion indicates that the data points tend to be clustered tightly around
the center. High dispersion signifies that they tend to fall further away.
Source: https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/variability-range-interquartile-variance-
standard-deviation/
Explanation: The Measures of Variability, namely the four components that it consists of:
range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation.
c. Types of Data, Skewness, Kurtosis, Normality, etc.
Skewness and kurtosis are two commonly listed values when you run a software’s
descriptive statistics function. Many books say that these two statistics give you insights
into the shape of the distribution.
Skewness is a measure of the symmetry in a distribution. A symmetrical dataset will
have a skewness equal to 0. So, a normal distribution will have a skewness of 0.
Skewness essentially measures the relative size of the two tails.
Kurtosis is a measure of the combined sizes of the two tails. It measures the
amount of probability in the tails. The value is often compared to the
kurtosis of the normal distribution, which is equal to 3. If the kurtosis is
greater than 3, then the dataset has heavier tails than a normal distribution
(more in the tails). If the kurtosis is less than 3, then the dataset has lighter
tails than a normal distribution (less in the tails). Careful here. Kurtosis is
sometimes reported as “excess kurtosis.” Excess kurtosis is determined by
subtracting 3 form the kurtosis. This makes the normal distribution kurtosis
equal 0. Kurtosis originally was thought to measure the peakedness of a
distribution. Though you will still see this as part of the definition in many
places, this is a misconception.
Source: https://www.spcforexcel.com/knowledge/basic-statistics/are-skewness-and-
kurtosis-useful-statistics
Explanation:
d. Data Sampling (Slovin’s Formula, Sampling Calculator, Raosoft, etc.)
Slovin's formula
- is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of
error (e).
- it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size
-It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
If 50% of all the people in a population of 20000 people drink coffee in the morning, and
if you were repeat the survey of 377 people ("Did you drink coffee this morning?") many
times, then 95% of the time, your survey would find that between 45% and 55% of the
people in your sample answered "Yes".
The remaining 5% of the time, or for 1 in 20 survey questions, you would expect the
survey response to more than the margin of error away from the true answer.
When you survey a sample of the population, you don't know that you've found the
correct answer, but you do know that there's a 95% chance that you're within the
margin of error of the correct answer.
Try changing your sample size and watch what happens to the alternate scenarios. That
tells you what happens if you don't use the recommended sample size, and how M.O.E
and confidence level (that 95%) are related.
To learn more if you're a beginner, read Basic Statistics: A Modern
Approach and The Cartoon Guide to Statistics. Otherwise, look at the more
advanced books.
In terms of the numbers you selected above, the sample size n and margin of error E are
given by
x = Z(c/100)2r(100-r)
n = Nx
/((N-1)E2 + x)
E = Sqrt[(N - n)x/n(N-1)]
where N is the population size, r is the fraction of responses that you are interested in,
and Z(c/100) is the critical value for the confidence level c.
e. SPSS/ Minitab/ Microsoft Excel
Data Entry
Data Processing and Cleaning
A. Review on Probability
B. Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests
(Guide for choosing Statistical Tests)
MIDTERM
C. Testing Hypothesis
a. Differences between two independent groups (T-test)
b. Differences three or more groups (Analysis of Variance)
Post-hoc tests i.e. Scheffe and Tukey’s tests
c. Repeated Measures (Paired T-test)
d. Relationship between Variables (Pearson r and Spearman rho)
e. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
D. Linear Regression and Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
FINAL
E. Internal and External Validity
a. Reliability Analysis (Chronbach’s Alpha)
b. Construct/Content Validity
Panel of Expert Validation
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for construct validation
Course Output (Ed 102 Advanced Statistics and Ed 101 Research Methods): Publishable
Paper (Individual or Group Output)
I. Title
II. Abstract (200 – 300 words)
III. Introduction/Argumentation
IV. Research Objectives
V. Research Methods
VI. Results and Discussions
VII. Conclusion and Recommendations
VIII. References (APA format)
IX. Appendices
NAME: SOFIA M. BUHIAN
MAED-II ENGLISH
