• Rate of change of function at an instant is the derivative of the
function at that instant
𝒅
→ rate of change w. 𝐫. 𝐭 𝐱
𝒅𝒙
Find the rate of change of f(x) = x w.r.t x at x = 2.
fixe by2
3G =
1
Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect
to its radius r when
(a) r = 3 cm nr2
A =
(b) r = 4 cm
si ant/
&AdtrED
~
2 3 2 an
2
- .
-
The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of
3 cm/s. Find the rate at which the area of the circle is
increasing when the radius is 10 cm .
= A = n v2
~
don
u
& .
2 10 3
:
.
= zr -
Lar d-
=
at
Gov
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in
circles at the speed of 5 cm/s. At the instant when the
radius of the circular wave is 8 cm , how fast is the
enclosed area increasing?
an
5 and
a
& A &ur= B -
zV- an
-
d dt
-
de
-
my 2 8. 5
- .
socits
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of
3 cm/s. How fast is the volume of the cube increasing when
the edge is 10 cm long?
sands
& -
a 27
-
ve = 3 ad
d
2
v = a
3
310x3 z
comials
Lo
two
-
78
fue
> & &
Increasing function Decreasing function
·
meoffs zo
-
⑨
M=
fly -
o
Neither increasing nor decreasing function
Geometrical meaning of derivative
erfe
2
y = u
↓:
sa
·
D
-
~
fast wh
2x3 =
flis a 2w =
Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Then
(a) f is increasing in [a, b] if f (x) > 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)
(b) f is decreasing in [a, b] if f (x) < 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)
(c) f is a constant function in [a, b] if f (x) = 0 for each x ∈ (a, b)
➲ To prove the given function is increasing or decreasing
in the given interval
➲ Find the intervals in which the function is increasing or
decreasing
Show that the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 17 is
increasing on 𝐑.
T
~
= 3 7 0
A is incray
.
Show that the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 is increasing
on 𝐑.
~ e2270 2020218--- -M
zu
fis Miny
. ex
en 2
1
=
Show that the function given by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is
(a) increasing in 0,
(b) decreasing in , π E inn
(c) Neither increasing nor decreasing in (0,π)
~
Sy a
cosX Cosn <o
coX >0 in (0, T
E5]
in1) f ↓cy in]
f is
try
is
Show that the function f given by f(x) = x − 3x + 4x, x ∈ 𝐑
is increasing on 𝐑.
I >0
- 2
-
: Su on + 2
1
Pay
f is .
5n2 -
sn + 3 +
3 (n2 2n+ 1+ 1
3- 170
Find the intervals in which the function f given by
f(x) = x − 4x + 6 is
(a) increasing - ↓
(b) decreasing -S
-
A In
a - 2n-u
a)n) ,
f o
5) En 2),
21- 450
* =
=
Find the intervals in which the function f given by
f(x) = 2x − 3x − 36x + 7 is
(a) increasing
(b) decreasing
↓ +
i
=
~
-
Gn2 on 36 [1
-
-sa
-
-
y
Su2-Gn-360
9) Er -2) Sm)
[u"-n-5)
.
o
6
6 (n 2) + 3)0
-
-E2
s ,
y = za3
-
-
2 is bot f max
2 12x3-G
630
-
36 -
Mis
Set
-
34
5
(f) 12 (2)
-
=
-
-
- =
Mati
2
- is fot
the 3
I
-
e
e
au
Let 𝑓 be a real valued function and let 𝑐 be an interior point in the
domain of 𝑓. Then
a) 𝑐 is called a point of local maxima if there is an ℎ > 0 such that
𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥 in (𝑐 − ℎ, 𝑐 + ℎ), 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐
The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called the local maximum value of 𝑓.
b) 𝑐 is called a point of local minima if there is an ℎ > 0 such that
𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥 in (𝑐 − ℎ, 𝑐 + ℎ)
The value 𝑓(c) is called the local minimum value of 𝑓.
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval I. Let 𝑓 be continuous
at a critical point 𝑐 in I. Then
i. If 𝑓 (𝑥) changes sign from positive to negative as 𝑥 increases through c ,
i.e., if 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of 𝑐, and
𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of 𝑐, then 𝑐 is
a point of local maxima.
ii. If 𝑓 (𝑥) changes sign from negative to positive as 𝑥 increases through 𝑐,
i.e., if 𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of 𝑐, and
𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of 𝑐, then 𝑐 is
a point of local minima.
iii. If 𝑓 (𝑥) does not change sign as 𝑥 increases through 𝑐, then 𝑐 is neither a
point of local maxima nor a point of local minima. Infact, such a point is
called point of inflection
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an interval I and 𝑐 ∈ I. Let 𝑓 be twice
differentiable at 𝑐. Then
i. x = 𝑐 is a point of local maxima if 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 𝑐 <0
The value 𝑓(𝑐) is local maximum value of 𝑓.
ii. x = 𝑐 is a point of local minima if 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 𝑐 >0
In this case, 𝑓(𝑐) is local minimum value of 𝑓.
iii. The test fails if 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0.
In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether 𝑐 is a
point of local maxima, local minima or a point of inflexion.
Find local maximum and local minimum Values of the
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 15
su : 12n + 9 n = Lar
~to o fa bu-12
9
fe6(12-12
= 12n +
= 0 o
3
3(n2 3)4x + 0
=
I is pot Max
3 (v 3)7)
↑ "(3726x3- 12)
= 0 P
-
bot ai
:
S is
fuzen ?-
our gu + 15
loc MrX
92)
+ 157 e val
13 b()2
f()
.
-
+
=
+ 15
9(3)
-
((37 = 33 -
6(3)2 +
b Mis
15-
27 -
En + 27 + 15
=
ral ,
Find 2 positive numbers X and Y whose sum is 24, and the
product is max
fai : 2ux-42
n+
y =
24
Max fimi . 24 - Zo
Xy
>
-
zu-2xv
Ye2h X -
zu = 2X
u(2u x) -
X = 12
xy =
2uX-Xh fil-2
4
12 pAqMax 12
=
X =
How
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of
whose cubes is minimum.
Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given
T
volume of 100 cubic centimetres, find the dimensions of
the can which has the minimum surface area?
SG]
I
Va with
=
100 - Const =
200 + ztr2
In
↓
mus
<Ach zar-
Su
>
Se + -200 sur
+
%
#
10
siry
-
#22 = 0
zur2
Se 9hw/ + -
204
ret
-
hiv = @
GAVz 2u0
-
re
-fis not 200
-
v3
>8
= we
[5 ↑78 Mus
h= 100
-
#vz
ha
[]
loc
2
~
= 2/a
15 en
2
I els nu rim-m
+ N - 2
-
un
43
13
2x50 -
#
Y
