Electromagnetism

Dr. Nirmal Ganguli

Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Centre, Bhopal

Lecture – 22
Tutorial on vector calculus and curvilinear coordinates

Hello, now we are going to start our second tutorial. The second tutorial is about integral
calculus with vectors. And integral calculus is not as straightforward as the differential
calculus with vectors. So, we need far more attention in this tutorial and also solving
subsequent problems after working out this tutorial. Let us see what kind of problems we
handle in the integral calculus with vectors.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:59)

So, we know the Stokes’ theorem, Stokes’ theorem tells us that the curl of a vector quantity,
if we perform a surface integral of that, that is equal to the vector quantity without taking a
curl integrated over a closed line that encloses the surface that is Stokes’ theorem. And we
have been given a vector field v equals xy x cap plus 2 y z y cap plus 3 z x z cap. And we
have been given a shaded region in this picture, we have xyz Cartesian coordinate system
right handed Cartesian coordinate system. And in this we have a triangular region on a one y
z plane, and we are supposed to verify Stokes’ theorem on this surface, so, on this surface, as
well as the lines that we have drawn using arrows. So, the line elements will go along that
arrow.

So, what would be the direction of this surface? If we consider these line elements then a
cross product will tell us that the surface direction will be out of the screen. So, assuming the
direction of this area element out of the screen and the direction of the line elements are as
shown by the arrows, we will try to verify Stokes’ theorem. So, you can pause the video now,
and try verify it yourself and then restart the video. So, what is Stokes’ theorem? A Stokes’
theorem is the surface integral of curl of v dot da that is equal to closed line integral over v
dot dl.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:08)

We are supposed to verify this theorem. And how do we verify this? We first calculate the
curl of this vector field and for the given vector field the curl will be minus 2 y x cap minus 3
z y cap minus x z cap. And now we can see that we can consider an area element like the one
shown here in the picture, so the area element is by shown by these two parallel lines here, it
is a parallelogram that we have. No, it is not a parallelogram, it is a trapezoid that we have
here. And if we move this trapezoid along z axis, we can cover the entire area of this triangle.
The line the slanted line that we have here connecting z and y-axis the equation of that line is
y equals 2 minus z. With that the expression for this area element we can write down as dy dz
x cap, x cap is outside the screen above the screen.

And curl of the vector dot da. So, da is along x cap only x component of the curl will matter
here. So, the curl of the vector dot da would be minus 2 y dy dz. And we are supposed to
integrate over this within appropriate range of y and z. So, what would be the range of y, the
range of y as we can see will be from 0 to 2 minus z that is from 0 to this line this slanted line
that we have. And the range of z would be from 0 to 2. So, for performing this integral, we
will have to first perform an integral over y. So, the argument will be minus 2 y dy and the
limit of this integral will be from 0 to 2 minus z, and then whatever we get after performing
this integral, we perform the z integral on this over the range 0 to 2. And by performing these
two integrals, we will obtain the value minus 8 over 3. Please perform this integral yourself.

(Refer Slide Time: 05:37)

And we have to see the same thing using the line integral as well. So, how do we do that, we
consider the lines that are shown here using the arrows, take the line elements accordingly.
So, the line element along z-axis in the direction given is minus dz z cap, along y-axis it
would be dy y cap. And along the slanted line, we have to find this out it will that line
element we can find out by differentiating the equation of the line we have dy equals minus
dz there. And from that we can find this line element and putting appropriate limits, we can
perform the line integral. Please perform the line integral yourself and try to verify whether
Stokes’ theorem is valid for this system or not. Obviously, the answer would be that the
Stokes’ theorem is valid it is in general valid for any kind of situation. So, here it should also
be valid. Please verify that yourself.

Now, let us consider the second problem of this tutorial. The second problem wants us to
verify the divergence theorem in spherical coordinate. So, we are given a vector field v given
as r cosine theta along the direction r cap that is the r component of the vector the theta
component is r sine theta that is along the direction theta cap plus the phi component is r sine
theta cosine phi that is along the direction phi cap, this is the vector field that we have.

And we are supposed to verify the divergence theorem. And the divergence of a vector field v
in spherical coordinate system, this is the expression for that we have obtained this earlier we
have written this down earlier is 1 over r squared del del r r squared the r component of the
vector plus 1 over r sine theta del del theta sine theta times the theta component of the vector
plus 1 over r sine theta del del phi of the phi component of the vector.

Now, this problem asks you to check the divergence theorem for this the given vector field
here. And you have a inverted hemispherical bowl of radius capital R resting on xy plane and
cantered at the origin like the picture here. So, it is you can consider is it as a northern
hemisphere only that thing we have. So, the surface here is a curved surface and a flat surface
for the surface integral part of the divergence theorem, and the volume is that of a hemisphere
only the northern hemisphere in this case.

So, what how do we obtain northern hemisphere in terms of spherical coordinate? We can
have r small r going from 0 to capital R that gives us the range of r; theta will range from 0 to
pi by 2. If we go to pi that will give us the entire sphere for the northern hemisphere, we will
have it from 0 to pi by 2; for southern hemisphere it will be pi by 2 to pi. So, this is a northern
hemisphere we will have from 0 to pi by 2, and phi will span the entire region that is 0 to 2 pi.
Now, you can pause the video and verify the theorem, try to verify the theorem yourself the
divergence theorem. After doing that you can replay the video and see how we can actually do
it ok.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:55)

So, if we perform if we calculate the divergence of the given vector, the expression would be
1 over r square del del r of r cubed cosine of theta plus 1 over r sine theta del del theta of r
sine square theta plus 1 over r sine theta del del phi of r sine theta cos phi. So, the vector the
divergence of the vector turns out to be 5 cosine theta minus sine phi. And if we perform a
volume integral over this divergence, so we will have to multiply it with the volume element.
And the volume element in this context is r square sine theta drd theta d phi. We have already
talked about the ranges of r theta and phi.

So, if we put the appropriate ranges r integral over r the range is from 0 to capital R integral
over theta the ranges from 0 to pi by 2, the integral over phi the ranges from 0 to 2 pi, the
integrand is 5 cosine theta minus sine phi multiplied by the volume element r squared sine
theta drd theta d phi. If we perform this integral, please perform this integral yourself, you
will find 5 pi capital R cubed over 3. So, this is the volume integral of the divergence.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:20)

Now, we have to perform the surface integral v dot da over the surface that encloses this
volume. So, which surface encloses this volume according to this picture, the curved surface
of the spherical curved surface plus the flat surface that is lying on the xy plane here. So, we
will have to consider both surfaces. How do we do that? Over the hemispherical surface we
can take the surface element da vector that is given as arc that is along r cap direction
perpendicular to the surface, and the magnitude of that element is r squared sine theta d theta
d phi that is something we are already familiar with.
So, over that hemispherical surface curved surface, the surface integral v dot da becomes the
range of phi is from 0 to 2 pi range of theta is from 0 to pi by 2, we have v dot r cap capital R
squared sine theta d theta d phi. So, we will only have the r component of the vector relevant
here, everything will everything else will go to 0, because we are taking a dot product along
with the r cap direction. So, we will have integration over capital r cosine theta capital R
because at this surface on this surface the value of small r will become capital R times r
square sine theta d theta d phi and if you perform this integral you will find pi times capital R
cubed as the value of this integral and we are left with the flat surface now.

On the flat surface d a will be along theta cap direction, theta cap direction means
perpendicularly below minus the direction on that xy plane. Theta cap direction changes its
direction depending on what value of theta you are considering. For theta equals pi by two the
direction is minus z direction, and that is the direction of this surface. We always consider
outward direction as the direction of the surface. So, its theta cap r sine theta d phi d r that is
the surface element. Now, remember that r is a variable in this case small r is a variable that
has range from 0 to capital R theta is fixed that is pi by 2 and phi has a range from 0 to 2 pi.
So, we will perform this integral for over this surface theta is pi by 2. So, we have a fixed
value of sine theta that sine pi by 2. So, the second integral over the flat surface v dot da
becomes integration over phi from 0 to pi by 2 integration over r from 0 to capital R v dot
theta cap r sine pi by 2 d rd phi.

So, only the theta component of the vector will be relevant here and that will after performing
this integral, you will find this equals twice pi r cubed over 3. Now, if you add the first and
the second integral, you will find the total is 5 pi r cubed over 3 and that is what we found
from the divergence by performing the volume integral over the divergence. So, the
divergence theorem is verified for the given vector in spherical coordinate system.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:02)

Now, let us consider a third problem in this tutorial. You are given a vector v in spherical
coordinate system, it is given as r cos squared theta along r cap direction minus r cos theta
sine theta along theta cap direction plus 3 r along phi cap direction. Now, you are asked to
compute the line integral of this vector along the path shown in the figure. So, in this figure,
we have a triangular part in the y z plane and a quadrant of a circle in the xy plane. This is the
path that the direction is given here. You are supposed to use spherical coordinate system
although the path is shown in Cartesian coordinate system, and the coordinates that are given
for different points in this diagram are also in Cartesian coordinate system.

Because the vector field is given in spherical coordinate system, it will be much easier to
convert these coordinates given in Cartesian coordinate system into spherical coordinate
system and perform the line integral over the shown direction. And then check your answer
against Stokes’ theorem. What does Stokes’ theorem tell us, Stokes’ theorem tells us that this
line integral that makes that encloses a surface a part of the surface is lying on a xy plane and
another part is lying on y z plane.

So, this surface is enclosed by this line that is shown here, and the line integral of the vector
along this line that is shown here would be equal to the surface integral on the shaded surface
of the curl of this vector that is something we are supposed to verify. Now, please pause the
video and try doing it yourself, and then restart the video later ok.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:15)

So, if we want to perform the line integral, we can start at the origin, and the first thing we
note is that r on the first line segment is ranges from 0 to 1, theta is fixed that is pi by 2, and
phi is 0. So, dl the line element is r cap d r. On the second that is the arc that we have on xy
plane there r is fixed that is 1, theta is pi by 2 that is also fixed, and phi ranges from 0 to pi by
2 there. So, dl the line element is phi cap r sine theta d phi. And then on y z plane, the third
line segment that is along the z-direction, we can have theta fixed at pi by 2, and r sine theta
will be y that is 1. So, r will be 1 over sine theta and dr that is something interesting it will be
minus 1 over sine square theta cos theta d theta.

Please find out how it becomes that this is if we have r given as 1 over sine theta then this
would be the expression for d r theta would be pi by 2, 2 theta naught that would be the range
of theta, theta naught is the value of theta at the top of that line. So, theta naught will be given
as tan inverse of 1 over 2. And dl the line element along this line the vertically upwards lying
that is a line along z direction would be given as r cap dr plus theta cap rd theta.

And finally, along the fourth line that is the slanted line coming back to the origin along that
line theta equals theta naught the fixed value of theta that we have obtained earlier that is tan
inverse of 1 over 2 phi equals fixed pi by 2 here and r that ranges from 1 over sine theta
naught to 0.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:39)

And well we have to find the dl the line element that is along r cap direction and dr, r cap dr is
the line element along the slanted line. So, please perform this line integral and then we are
supposed to perform this surface integral of the curl of this vector v. So, please calculate the
curl of this vector.

After evaluating the curl of the vector v in spherical coordinate system, we need to perform
this integral over two surfaces one surface is on y z plane. So, da would be minus phi cap that
is above the screen that is the direction above the screen times rd rd phi. And the other
surface is on xy plane and here the direction is along z-axis, so it is minus theta cap minus
theta cap for xy plane points along z axis times r sine theta dr d phi these are the two surfaces,
where we are supposed to perform the integral, surface integral of the curl of the vector. And
please perform these integrals and verify the Stokes’ theorem yourself that is the end of
tutorial 2.