GRAMMAR LAB INTR BASICS ‘1 Complete the chart in your notebook. eas Wie usual". diner at 8.00 Present Simple) ‘We? ... having dinner now. (Present Continuous) | ‘Tom hates science-fiction films. (stative verb) | Time expressions Present Simple Present Continuous ‘always never * often at the moment © now usually * every day /week / right now month emma MORE PRACTICE 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous. 1. Simon ... (own) a restaurant. He ... (speak) to the chef right now. 2. Beth and Pete ... (want) to go to the concert. They ... (buy) tickets now. 3. |... (not like) hiking. That's why I... (not join) them today. 4. At the moment, Anne and Luna ... (swim) in the sea. They ... (love) trips to the beach. 5. Mum .... (work) from home today. She ... (not go) to the office on Mondays and Wednesdays. 6. Dr Brooks ... (not teach) on Friday. At the moment, he... (eax) at home. BASICS 3 Complete the chart in your notebook. eeteaee cota The Girls... football yesterday. (Past Simple) | She? ... playing football at 8.00 am. (Past Continuous) We... walking in the park when the storm started ©. Lwas sleeping, | received several messages Tanya * .. singing while Donna was playing the guitar. | MORE PRACTICE 4 Complete the texts with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or Past Continuous. Write the answers in your notebook. Jake '- ... (walk) home late at night when he ® ... (see) two ‘men break into a jewellery shop. He immediately called the police, While Jake ® .. (talk) toa police oficer, he * (hear) police sirens approaching, The police ® (catch) the thieves while they ° ... (try) to escape. It”... (rain) heavily at 9.00 last night. While my dad and | ® (dive) home from the school concert, we ®... (notice) a dog on the pavement. We took it home and gave it some food. Later, while we ® ... (sit) on the sofa and watching TV it"... (climb) up and sat down next to us. BASICS 5 Complete the chart in your notebook. | Brad » ... already lft the house. | ‘My parents. lived in this house for 15 years. | My uncle has driven this car... 2019. | Harry... done his homework yet. | Have you 5 ... flown in a helicopter? Short answers Time expressions Yes, Ihave. /No, If... alteady # recently « yet ever # never « for # since just ¢ always « lately Coa MORE PRACTICE 6 Write sentences in your notebook with the words below. Use the Present Perfect Simple. 1. Rosie / already / see / this film / we / know / lynn /since 2019/ your brother / pass / his driving test /? Alice /just / arrive / the boys / not tidy / their room / yet / Johnny / never / ride /a bike / how long / you / be /in pain /? 1/ not buy / any new clothes / recently /BASICS 7 Complete the chart in your notebook. Affirmative Negative He! sto Sam? ss. use teach English Interrogative your mum | use to listen to pop music? to like broccoli Short answers Yes, she * a. NO, she MORE PRACTICE 8 complete the text with the verbs in brackets and the correct form of used to. Write the answers in your notebook. e What's gone wrong with food? "... people in the past ... (be) healthier than people are today? The answer is probably yes. But what are the reasons? For a start, foods * ... (contain) less sugar and salt. In addition, people * ... (not eat) ‘so much fatty fast food, like chips and hamburgers. ‘What's more, supermarkets * ... (not sell) processed foods. Shoppers ® ... (buy) raw foods and then they *... (make) meals themselves. So they avoided all the harmful additives which are in our food today. BASICS 9 Complete the chart in your notebook. Gite {will help you. (spontaneous decision) You". Jove this film. (prediction) The train leaves at 10.00. (future programmes ‘and timetables) We? ... setting out at 6.30 tomorrow. (definite plan in the near future) Jam ® ... to travel to Peru next year. (plan) They will‘... driving to Manchester at this time tomorrow. (action in progress at a certain point in the future) CUI INTRODUCTION MORE PRACTICE 10 choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Josie and Ben run / are going to run the London marathon next week. 2. The concert starts / is going to start at 7.00 tomorrow. evening 3. Don't worry about Mum's present, | buy / will buy it. 4, How do you travel / are you going to travel to London tomorrow? 5. I'm sure that Chelsea aren't going to beat / won't beat Liverpool in tomorrow's match. 6. What time does Sharon's flight arrive / Sharon's flight arrive? 11 in your notebook, write questions with the verbs below. Then answer the questions about yourself. Use the Future Continuous. have « spend * study * do 1... yOu... for a test this afternoon? 2. What ... you ... tomorrow evening? 3. ... you... dinner with your family tonight? 4, How ... you .. the weekend? EXTENSION ‘T2 choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. —— | In the future, what type of energy ' do people use / did people use / will people use to heat their homes? At the moment, countries ® will ty / are trying / have tried to become ‘greener, so they ® are looking / look / looked for new energy sources. Engineers at one Finnish company, Polar Night Energy, “ already found / were already finding / have already found a simple solution — a sand battery. In 2022, Kankaanpai, a small Finnish town, © was beginning / began / has begun to use sand to heat its swimming pool How ® did the sand battery work / has the sand battery worked / does the sand battery work? Solar panels or wind turbines heat tens of thousands of cubic metres of sand. This sand efficiently * stored / was storing / stores heat for months. Polar Night Energy plan to make a sand system 100 times bigger. The Finnish engineers think it® will help / helps / helped save the planet. What do you think? Ruben, Portugal: Wow! | © am doing / was doing / did my science project last week when | saw this article. It's a wonderful innovation!cet ee Present Perfect Simple. Past Simple | have already bought three | bought a new hoodie | hoodies from thisshop. yesterday. | Time expressions since » yet «already « for always © ever # never just» recently lately yesterday « last week / month / year * in 2019 ‘month ago Qin BASICS 1 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1, Matthew and | watched / have watched the Paris Fashion Show lastnight. 2, Tina hasn't paid / didn’t pay for the jeans yet. 3. What has Lia worn / did Lia wear yesterday? 4, This fashion style became / has become very popular in the 2000s, 5. Did the mini skirt remain / Has the mini skirt remained fashionable since the 1960s? 6. I'ma fashion designer for a big compary. | worked / have worked there for si years. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 1. Sara ... (not buy) anything at the shopping centre yesterday. 2. They ... already ... (deliver) the products. 3. Eva ... (meet) a fashion model last Friday. 4. ... Matt ... (finish) his project on famous brands yet? 5. | ... (not wear) this dress since my friend's birthday party. MORE PRACTICE 3 In your notebook, write sentences with the words below. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 1. the zip / on my new jacket / just / break / order / new shoes / online / two days ago / you / ever / buy / vintage clothing / ? my new hoodie / not arrive / yet / |/ not see / you / at the fashion show / yesterday / when / ripped jeans / become / fashionable / ? 4 complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. Write the answers in your notebook. Looking Back an the Onesie Many people think the onesie is anew trend for adults and teens, but it... actually..(be) in wardrobes for 200 years. The onesie first... appear)in the 1800s as atype of ladys underwear, called a Union Suit. Then. in the 1930s, designers... (create) glamorous silk ‘onesies for parties and events. Onesies even“... (become)a part of army-wear during World War l, with Winston Churchills green’siren suit, Since then, onesies ®... (continue) to change, and people * (not stop) buying them. In fact, clothing companies all over the world”... (recently / start) selling everyday onesies. This trend is here to stay! EXTENSION 5 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 1. These boots are two years old. 1... ago. 2. This is my first time at a fashion show. Ive never 3. How old is your coat? When ...? 4, Betty started working at the clothing company in 2012. Betty .. since 2012. 5. I'm waiting to wear my new trainers. 1 yet.Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple Assconas they had ished the go, we served inner. After everyone had understood the rules, we began to ply. Had the game started by the time you got tothe stadium? Time expressions Past Perfect Simple Past Simple by the time as soon as before «after © when yesterday «last week / month/year ®in2019 | until aeady yet" a month ago [| —_ ee [IRREGULAR VERB UIST, pages 124-125 J BASICS 6 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Before 2009, Paul had never gone / never went to a sports game. 2. Our basketball team lost/ had lost two games last month. 3. By So‘cock, Mila and her friends finished / hhad finished playing Minecraft. 4, Jake joined / had joined the chess club in 2012 5. Ihad learned /learned the rules of the game by the end of the day, 7 What do you know about the game Battleship? Copy and complete the facts with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple. D in1967, mitton Bradley Battleship, Q Before 1967, Battleship ... not be) a board game - people played it with pencils and paper. © some people say the French .. invent the frst version of Battleship during World War | © According to others, a similar game ... (appear) in New York many years before World War | & 1n1979, Battleship... become! one of the first board games made into a computer game. G 8y 2020, the Battleship board game .... sell more than 100 milion copies. (createl the board game MORE PRACTICE 8 complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple. Write the answers your notebook. The Royal Game of Ur The Royal Game of Uris one of the oldest board games in the world. People in Mesopotamia played it over 4,000 years ago, However, before 1923, no one ‘..(hear)of it. How is this possible? Archeologists only discovered the game around ‘one hundred years ago. In the early 1920s, archeologist Leonard Woolley ®.. (travel) to Iraq to excavate the ancient city of Ur. After Woolley and his team ® ...(explore)the area, © they... (choose)a place to begin their excavation. Before | long, they ° ... (find) 16 Royal Tombs! Inside one of the Royal ~ Tombs was an ancient boardgame. Since therewereno | rules inside, Woolley and his team‘ ..(not know) how to play 4 it. Years later, in 1880, a games expert named Irving Finkel translatedan old Babylonian tablet. The British Museum ®.. (receive) this tablet many years earlier, but no one ® (succeed) in translating it. And what was on the tablet? The rules to the Royal Game of Ur! ‘Thanks to Finkel, we can now play the game ust as the ancient people of Ur®...(do) thousands of years ago. EXTENSION 9 complete the text messages with the verbs below. Use the Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple. Write the answers in your notebook. need « arrive * win play * not come * leave finish * not have HiDanny, I'm sorry that I* ... to your board game party lastnight. My grandmother ® ... my help | with something. By the time I... helping her, it ‘was too late to come! How was the party? Kote It was actually alot of fun, Kate! As soon as everyone “.., we began playing Mansions of Madness. Danny you... next? Kate Scrabble. We wanted to play Catan, but we ° players because Liam and Mia... already That's a great game! What * enough Denny Who was the winner? Kate) Who do you think? € By the end ofthe night, 1... two games! amPei People | The dubbing mixer who / that worked on thi | great |Places ‘This's the university where my brother studied chemistry Things / Animals ‘The scent which / that she made is unusual. Possession My uncle isa chef whose sense of smell is amazing Time Do you remember the day when you started school? a EI BASICS 1 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. | bought a perfume which / when smells lke apples. 2. The chef that / whose cake won first prize works in this bakery. 3. Everyone looked at the boy who / which was yelling, 4, We don't want to sit at the table where / that is next to the rubbish bin 5. | remember the day when / who | tasted caramel for the first time. MORE PRACTICE 2 Complete the text with who, which, whose, when or where. Write the answers in your notebook. Meet the ocean animals * ... special organs give them extra senses. They've got superpowers * .. humans can only dream of! stingray swims along the sand at the bottom of the ‘ocean, looking for a tasty snack. It finds the exact place >... a small fish les, completely invisible. Soon, the stingray is eating this fish, but how did it find it? Every living thing has got electricity * ... comes from its body. Stingrays and sharks can detect this electricity in the same way ° ... an antenna detects radio signals. The animals do this using tiny organs called the ampullae of Lorenzini, named after the doctor *... discovered them. This extra sense helps them find food, and its Useful for other things as well. At times ” ... an enemy is swimming slently behind it, the stingray can feel its electricity and escape before it's too late! 3 In your notebook, match A to B and choose the correct relative pronouns to make sentences. A Raha Kedima is a market which / who | know a restaurant that / where ‘A sommelier is a person which / whose I haven't met the people who / which | enjoyed the day which / when B a. job isto serve wine. b. we went to the flower exhibition. «. they serve delicious indonesian food. 4 e work in the sound production department. is in the city of Marrakech, Morocco. 4 In your notebook, write the words in the correct order to make sentences with defining relative clauses. 1. unique / which / you can get here / the ice cream flavours / are ‘The ice cream flavours which you can get here are unique. that / is / the pattern / unusual / you / chose 3. are grown / where / a farm / flowers / visited / we 4, was / Leonid Afremov / paintings / very colourful / whose /an artist / are 5. is blind / Stevie Wonder /is/ who / a singer, songwriter and musician 6. the time / 'll/ experienced / never forget / when / my fist fight /1 EXTENSION 5 Copy and complete the sentences in a logical way. Use defining relative clauses. 1. Allibrary is a place A library isa place where people borrow books. 2. Rap isa type of music 3. The summer is a time 4, A dubbing mixer is a person 5. A rubbish bin is an itemfener ARR Tolkien created his fist conlang inthe early 1900s, when hhe was only a teenager. David J Peterson, who invented the conlangs for Game of Thrones, isa linguist. BASICS 6 Copy the sentences. Then underline the non-defining relative clauses and circle the nouns they refer to. Add one or two commas where necessary. 1. | couldn’t read the menu which was written entirely in French, 2. Ludwik Zamenhof who invented Esperanto studied several foreign languages. 3. My mum saw The Lord of the Rings in 2001 when it first came out. 4. I've got a lot in common with Lee whose background is similar to mine. 5. English which has a very rich vocabulary is a combination of French and German. 6. We visited Weles where they speak English and a language called Welsh. 7 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Noam Chomsky, who ..., gave a lecture yesterday. ‘a, has written books about language b. books are about language 2. | spent last summer in Spain, where a. Iwas 13 years old b. I studied at a language school 3. My friend Sam, whose ... , speaks fluent Italian a. was born in Rome b. mother was born in Rome 4, Duolingo, which ... , has got over 300 million users. a. isa language-learning app b. people can learn languages 5, The European Day of Languages is an annual ‘event on 26th September, when a. organise activities related to languages b. people celebrate all of Europe's languages | | a GRAMMARLAB2 MORE PRACTICE 8 Complete the article with the non-defining relative clauses below. Write the answers in your notebook. where they speak Barsoomian when the books became a Disney film who is @ linguistics professor which is a real language whose books contained 400 Barsoomian words EXTENSION 9 Choose one of the words in bold. Then copy and complete the sentences in a logical way. Use non-defining relative clauses. 1. Id like to learn French / German, which 2. My family and | had fun last Christmas / Easter, when 3. My neighbour / cousin, who languages. 4. | usually meet my friends at a café / the park, where 5. I'd love to meet my favourite singer / author, whose ., knows many 183Pe ae People: someone / anyone / no one They hoped that no one would see them. |Things / Animals: something / anything I nothing They didn’t have anything with them to eat. | Places: somewhere / anywhere / nowhere The famiies were hiding somewhere near the city. BASICS ‘1 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook 1. 'm bored. I've got nothing / nowhere to do. 2. | don’t know something / anyone else with such amazing accomplishments. 3. there anywhere / anything special that you'd like to go during your visit? 4, | spoke to anyone / someone who has got lot of knowledge about British history 5. The bus ride lasted for an hour, and there was anywhere / nowhere for me to sit 6. Trade is something / anything that helps ‘our country’s economic development. 2 in your notebook, match A to B to form sentences. A Come here. There’ Good morning. Is there | don't want to visit Aunt Judy. There's This place is too noisy. Let's go Let’ leave. There's B no one there my age. somewhere quiet. something that I'd like to show you. nothing here that | want to buy. anything | can do for you? MORE PRACTICE 3 Copy and complete the sentences with someone, anyone, somewhere, nowhere, anywhere or anything. 1. I've never seen ... like it! 2. I can't find my history book 3. There's ... to have fun in this boring town. 4. Jean hasn't told ... about her idea. 5. Imet ... really nice yesterday 6. I'm sure | left my phone ... in the classroom. 184 al activites in your notebook 4 The compounds in bold are in the wrong sentences. Write the sentences in your notebook with the correct compounds. 1. Freedom is anyone that all people want. 2. Ihaven't been someone as crowed as this city 3, Somewhere in the government must soon make a decision 4, Ina democracy, something actually rules the country 5. The plane came down no one in the desert 6. Does anywhere want to do the history project with Sam? EXTENSION 5 Complete the text with the correct some / any / no compounds. Write the answers in your notebook. The Teen who Designed the American Flag In 1958, 17-year-old Robert Heft designed a new, 50-star ‘American flag fora school project... nthe class understood his flag, because the United States had only 48 states. His teacher (gave him a low mark, saying, “Robert, you don't know... about ‘our country!” But Heft had heard that soon there would be two more states: Alaska, near the Arctic Circle, and Hawaii, a group of islands ® .. in the Pacific Ocean. He sent hs fag to his state government and heard... until a year later, hen * ... called him. twas the President ofthe United States! Heft had been right about Alaska and Hawai, and they had chosen his design forthe new American flag. The President invited him to Washington, DC to attend a ceremony presenting the new flag. Immediately after the ceremony, Heft returned home. There was ® .. important for Heft to do. He went back to his old teacher, who changed his mark toan AlGerunds Visiting Stonehenge is an amazing experience. subject) | really enjoy using virtual reality (after verbs lke enjoy, ‘avoid, imagine, keep, finish, recommend, end up) | hope you have fun touring Athens. (After expressions like feel lite, don't mind, look forward to, i's no use, can't stand, have fun, have no problem) | The soldiers rested aftr fighting for three days (ater 2 preposition like in, on, after) Infinitives She offered to help me with my history homework (after verbs like went, decide, expect, learn, offer, hope, promise, refuse, attempt) It impossible to learn all these names and dates! (after an adjective) GRAMMAR APPEND, popes 200-207, BASICS 6 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use gerunds. travel « pick up « read « try * win 1. I'll return the book when | finish ... it. 2, ...is very important in sport. 3. I'm thinking of ... to England this summer. 4. Children have no problem ... new languages. 5. If you don't succeed at frst, you should keep 7 In your notebook, write the words in the correct order to form sentences. Use infinitives. 1. Rome / we / at 10.00 / reach / expect 2. hopes / the election / win / the politician 3. L/in five minutes leave / ready / will be 4, promised / Jack / at the station / meet / me 5. a good seat / were / lucky /you / get MORE PRACTICE 8 Match the sentences in each pair to the correct continuation. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Does he mind ... ? 2. Does he agree ... ? a. writing the first part of the project b. to write the frst part of the project 3. Tina refused 4, Tina didn’t fee! lke a. deaning her room b. to clean her room 5. Please stop 6. Please don't stop a, to buy fruit at the local shop. It's too expensive! b. buying fruit at the local shop. It’s too expensive! 7. Its not easy 8. | have no problem a, to learn historical facts b. learning historical facts 9 copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets to learn about the Romans in Britain. Use gerunds or infinitives. Tick (V) the sentence that can take both a gerund and an infinitive. 1. The Romans first attempted ... (conquer) Britain in AD 43. 12. They ended up ... (rule) Britain for 350 years. 3. ... (build) roads and cities was something that the Romans did very well. 4. They were also good at ... (create) beautiful art. 5. During the Roman period, people in Britain started (eat) new foods that the Romans introduced. 6. It interesting ... (think) about what life was like under the Romans. EXTENSION 10 complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use gerunds or infinitives. Write the answers in your notebook. IDGERTON IN BATH *... (watch) historical dramas on TV can bring history alive. However, i's even more interesting =. (visit) the locations where the fiming takes place! Our favourite is Bridgerton, a fictional series about an aristocratic English family from the early 1800s. That's why we decided *... (take) a tour of Bridgerton filming sites when we visited Bath, England. Bath is the perfec place for“... (lm) Bridgerton, because it has preserved its beautiful 18th-century buildings. Its a town ‘where you can travel back in time just by 5 .. (walk) down the street! On the tour, it was amazing * .. find out) all about the grand homes, shops and hotels that we remembered "... (see) on the show. After the tour, our uide 23 recommended ©... (have) an elegant afternoon tea. That was the perfect way to end the day, Bridgerton syle. wheats heed ata ms 185) aeee Negatis I'm not taken You aren't taken He/She /It isn't taken We/ You / They aren't taken Interrogative ‘Am | taken? ‘Are you taken? Ishe/ she /it taken? ‘Are we /you/ they taken? ‘am taken You are taken He / She /Itis taken We/ You /They are taken Short answers Yes, he is. No, he isn’t Yes, they are, / No, they aren't Poeun! Affirmative Negative Interrogative was taken wasn't taken ‘Was | taken? You were taken You weren't taken Were you taken? He /She/it was He/She /Itwasnt Wash /she/it taken taken taken? We/You/They We/ You/ They ‘Were we / you / } were taken weren't taken they taken? | short answers | Yes, he was. /No, he wasn’t Yes, they were. / No, they weren't. | BASICS ‘1 Copy and complete the information about London's public transport with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive. Then choose the correct answers. 1, About 115 million rides ... (take) on the London Underground each month / year. Underground service ... generally ... (not offer) between midnight / 11.00 pm and 5.00 am. How often ... Underground train windows (Clean)? daily / about twice a week The London transport travel card ... (call) the Metro Card / Oyster Card. More than 40/55 old stations in the Underground network ... (not use) any longer. Around 5,000 / 100,000 items ... (leave) on London's trains and buses every year. ‘What name ... the London =) 2 3 Underground .. (know) by? ‘the Tube / the U 186 actives in your notebook, 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive. 1. The first modern electric car. (produce) by Nissan in 2010. ‘The world’ first car which ran on petrol (make) in 1885 by German inventor Karl Benz. 3. The first-ever automobile from 1769 ... (not power) by petrol, but by steam, 4. In 1867, two motorcycles... (invent) by a Frenchman and an American who didn’t know. ‘each other. Britain’ first motorway was 13 km long and it (open) in 1958. The frst bicycle (not equip) with pedals, so people moved it by walking, MORE PRACTICE 3 In your notebook, write sentences with the words below. Use the Present Simple Passive or Past ‘Simple Passive. 1. the old buses / replace / by electric buses / ‘two years ago / e-scooter riders / require / to wear / helmets / ? trains / not cancel / during yesterday's storm / ‘when / London's Underground map / first / design / ? Cycle the City tours / not give / in the winter months / ‘more public transport / need / in our area / wpwn 6 4 complete the post with the verbs in brackets. Use ‘the Present Simple Passive or Past Simple Passive. Write the answers in your notebook. Moving on Wheels | ‘These days, when the topic of urban transport * ... (discuss), ‘oller skating is rarely mentioned. | think this is a mistake, The first practical four-wheeled roller skates * ... (invent) by James Plimpton in 1863. Since then, roller skating as a sport has gone in and out of fashion. Now, it's time to add it to the eco-friendly ‘options for getting around cities. Some roller skates today * even ... (design) for this purpose, including electric skates, which ‘un on batteries. However, in many places, i's impossible to reach ‘many destinations on roller skates because skating * | (not permit) on pavements, in cycle lanes or in the road. In the past, ‘not many cities had cycle lanes. Why * ... they finally ... (create)? ‘They ® ... (build) because the public demanded them. So, skaters — ‘write to your local town council so they” ... (make) aware of the issue!EXTENSION 5 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the Present Simple Passive or Past Simple Passive. We require our students to design a model town, Our students The city posted its plans for new cycle lanes last week Plans for new qycle lanes People built the first pavernents in 2000 BC. The first pavements We don't permit smoking in this area. Smoking 5. How did they create a park on the old train tracks? How... ? OS ater Affirmative | will be taken You will be taken He/She /It be taken We /You /They will be taken Negative’ Iwon'tbe taken Will be taken? You won't be taken. Will you be taken? He/She/itwon't Will he /she /it be be taken taken? We You/They Will we /you / they won't be taken _be taken? Interrogative Short answers Yes, he will./No, he won't, [IRREGULAR VERB LIST, pages 134-135 BASICS Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the affirmative or negative form of the Future Simple Passive according to your predictions for the future of food. 1 2 3 4 5. 6 Beans and nuts... (eat) instead of meat Conventional meat .. (swap) for lab-grown meat. Insects... (farm) as a source of protein. Food ... (replace) by tablets. Animal-farming... (eliminate). Industrial buildings .. (transform) into indoor farms. MORE PRACTICE 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Future Simple Passive. not present + need « ask + pick + kill + not serve 1 2 3 4. 5, 6 Nuts ... to make this cake. the tomato crop ... by the cold temperatures? Meat ... at the new restaurant. Everyone ... to bring food to the party ‘The students’ projects ... tomorrow. When ... the berries... ? 8 complete the text with the verbs in brackets, Use the Present, Past or Future Simple Passive, Write the answers in your notebook. ia mY Going “Green” Every year, millions of cats and dogs "... (adopt). ‘And, of course, they all require food. In the past, the origin of these foods ®... (not question) by most pet owners, But times are changing. Today, a ‘greater variety of organic pet foods *... (produce) than in the past. In the coming years, pet food companies * ... (expect) to produce “green” pet food, without real meat. A few companies are already doing this. One is Wild Earth in the US, which > ... (establish) in 2017. Its vegetarian dog food € ... (make) with ingredients that include berries, spinach and a fungus called koji. Cats need meat to be healthy. That's why insects ” ... (use) by the British company LoveBug when it began producing alternative cat food. It's possible that today’s meat-based pet foods * (not sel) in the future EXTENSION 9 In your notebook, write sentences about the pictures below. Use the words above each picture and the Present, Past or Future Simple Passive. pick/ten minutes ago —_water / once a week > deliver / tomorrow cut down / yesterday| We may not come to the party on Friday. (possiblity) tcan be there by 10.00. (possibility) I can’t delete this post. (inability) an | sit here? (permission) could Your idea could work. (possibility) | couldn't take a screenshot. (inability) Could | use your phone? (permission) may | may change my profile. (possibilty) You may not talk on the phone here. (permission) May | borrow your tablet? (permission) might We might upload this video. (possibilty) It might not be possible, (possibilty) be able to |1am able to change the settings. (possibilty) Was he able to cope with the problem? (abilty) won't be able to doit myself. (inability) CEE) BASICS ‘1 Copy and complete the sentences with can, can’t, could or couldn't. There may be more than one correct answer. 1. I've changed my privacy settings. Now only friends see my posts 2. You ... join this WhatsApp group because it's got too many members. 3. [tried to sign into my account yesterday, but | remember my password 4. ... you please tell me how many views you got? 5. I think that ths... be the updated version of the game. 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the modal-verb phrases below. may not have * may copy * might subscribe may release * might not change 1. This guy's channel is really funny. I... to it. 2. ...1.... this document in your office? 3. I've got a new girlfriend, but | don’t want everyone to know. | ... my profile. 4, They're making a new film. They 5. She's closing her Instagram account. She ... many followers. it this summer. 3 Choose the correct answers, Write the answers in your notebook. 1. People aren't able to /are able to / won't be able to block someone on Instagram. There are different ways to do this 2, She was able to / Will she be able to / Was she able to come up with any ideas at yesterday’ meeting? 3. Sorry, but | won't be able to / wasn't able to / will be able to post the photos before next week 4, When we will be able to / will we be able to / are we able to connect to Wi-Fi? Soon, | hope! 5. Before mobile phones, people aren't able to / will be able to / weren't able to make phone «alls from their cars. MORE PRACTICE 4 copy and complete the sentences with the modals below. Use each modal once. can * couldn't * might not + might » may won't be able to 1. I'm going to block Tom. That way he :.. send me messages, 2, The tickets were very expensive, so we ... buy them 3. | know how to play this video game, so... show. you 4. | forgot to charge my phone... | use your charger? 5. The video you uploaded is too long} tt... get many views. 6. Let's read this note from the teacher. It... be important. 5 Copy and complete the sentences in A with suitable modals according to the information in brackets. There may be more than one correct answer. Then in your notebook, match the sentences to the responses in B. A 1... YOU... help me make a TikTok video tomorrow? (ebilty) 2. My battery is dead, (permission) 3. .. I block someone on WhatsApp? (possibilty) 4... buy a virtual realty headset. (possibility) 5. My e-mail attachment was too large, so I... send it to you. (inability) 8 a. Yes. Go to Settings, Privacy and Blocked. b. Try using Werransfer. Its a free online service . Sure. ve made some popular ones. d e | use your phone, please? Aren't they very expensive? Of course. Here you are.EXTENSION 6 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. How ! were your parents able to/ your parents were able to / can your parents earn money when they were teens? They ean / may / could babysit, or maybe wash their neighbours’ cars. But they > might / couldn't / may not make money while sitting in their rooms. Things have changed, and today, teens * are able to / could / ‘were able to earn money online in many different ways. You * could / might /can want to try some of these: © Its possible to make money taking online surveys. Many surveys are for adults, so you © may not / may / can find teen surveys easily. Just keep trying! © Your opinion is important! You” were able to / can't / could test new products for companies before they send them to the shops. © * You are able to / Can you / May you influence people and convince them to buy things? Then you © couldn't / may not / might make lots of money selling clothes or other products online must You must be here at 8.00. (necessity) | must pa for this treatment. (obligation have to, need to She has to /eeds to think long and hard. (neces) You don’t have to/ don't need to ake up your mind yet. | Gack of obigaton) | Dot have to/Do | need todo this work today? (necessity) mustn't You mustn't tlk on the phone here. (prohibition) should You should try ths treatment. (advice) You shouldn't take these tablets. (advice) Should | turn to a psychologist for help? (advice) BASICS 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the modals below. hhas to « must + don’t have to + mustn't + doesn’t need to 1. The train leaves in 10 minutes, so we ... go to the station now. 2. Mike's got plenty of time. He ... hury 3. You... cheat, even if you don't know the answer. 4, He's got a hearing disability so he ... use sign language to communicate. 5. You ... make a decision right now. Keep your options open. MORE PRACTICE 8 choose the correct answers. Write ‘the answers in your notebook. * Girls have to / Do girls need to / Girls need to ‘wear make-up to participate in beauty contests? Melisa Raouf doesn't think so When ste participated in the Miss England contest in 2022, she wore no make-up atall. Why? Well, many young women believe that they ° don't have to / mustn't / must wear make-up in order to look good. In Raout's opinion, this is wrong. She says that women ? need to / must / don’t have to listen to what other people say. They ‘have to / shouldn't / must fe! that they aren't beautiful without make-up. Instead, they * should / must / Ihave to aocept their own natural looks. 9 Copy and complete the second sentence using ‘the correct form of the modal in brackets. Do not change the meaning of the first sentence. A ‘Are you able to cope with the outcome? (can) you ...? It not a good idea for us to upset him now. (should) We Maybe I'l turn to the Teen Centre for help. (might) I It not necessary for students to pay for treatment here. (have to) Students Visitor aren't allowed to take pictues in the museum. (must) Visitors He couldn't face his problems, (able to) He Isit OK if use this equipment? (may) 1.7 Its sometimes necessary for young people to get advice from adults. (need to) Young people sometimes EXTENSION 10 in your notebook, write sentences about the following topics. 1 2 3 4. 5. 6 7. 8 something you can do well something you weren't able to do five years ago something you might do this weekend What the weather may be lke tomorrow social media challenges people shouldn't do something you don’t have to do every day something you should do more often what you mustn't wear to school 189AMMAR LAB 6. Ifyou use American English, you say elevator instead of lift. ‘The robot doesn’t work unless it gets 2 command. First Conditional (probable situation) If we want to create 2 school garden, we will need permission. The mayor won't change his decision if the inhabitants don't persuade him. You won't understand how to build the model unless you read the instructions BASICS ‘1 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Zero Conditional. 1. People ... (spend) more money if they live near a shopping centre. 2. Ifa building has a roof garden, it the summer. 3. Sam ... (not use) the lift unless he goes up to the fourth floor. 4. If property is in a good neighbourhood, it usually. (cost) more. 5. Ifyou lve in a block of fats, you usually (not own) a private garden. (stay) cooler in 2 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. You don't enter / won't enter the competition Unless you send / will send your photos by Friday. 2. Unless you use / will use this glue, your model doesn't stick / won't stick together 3, If we create / will create an urban farm, we grow / will grow our own vegetables, 4, They pull down / will pull down all these homes if the inhabitants don’t act / won't act. 5, The school buys / will buy a 3D printer ifthe students raise / will raise enough money. MORE PRACTICE 3 in your notebook, match A to B to make sentences. Then copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Zero or First Conditional. A 1. It’s easy to build with Lego 2. tf you buy some paper and glue, 3, If we don’t succeed in the project, 4, Bridges aren't strong 5. Jenny can't go into the museum B we ... (be) disappointed. if she ... (not pay) the entrance fee. 1... (help) you build the model Unless the builders .. (use) steel and concrete. (follow) the instructions. if you EXTENSION 4 complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the Zero or First Conditional. Write the answers in your notebook. If people *... (want) to make things, they 2... usually _ (not go) to a museum. However, the Museum of ‘Making in Derby, England is different. it ®... (have) all the facilities you need if you * .. (decide) to build something, | know, because I'm doing it myself! If you® ... (walk) around this brick building and look at the exhibits, you ©... (learn) how things are created in justry, from its beginnings to modern times. If you 7. (lke) being active, you ® ... (enjoy) the many hands-on activities. But to me, the best part is the makerspace area, where do-it-yourself builders can use 2 huge selection of tools and materials. t's reat because an expert... (be) always there if you" ... (need) help. Right now, I'm making a table out of wood, and if | (like) the result, 1 ... (build) some chairs to go with it. The Museum of Making definitely the best museum ever! Derbys Museum of Making‘Second Conditional veces ene ae Wo) \Wild animals wouldn't catch arge prey if they didn't work together. If you asked him, he might help you. If | were you, | would adopt a small dog jonal (unreal situation) The lion cub would have died if the vet hadn't helped it. CT BASICS 5 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. Lwouldn’t be / wasn't afraid of bees if they wouldn't sting / didn’t sting. 2. if cheetahs wouldn't see / didn’t see wel at night, they hunted / would hunt during the day. 3. We would get / got a dog if we had / would have time to look after it. 4, Snakes defended / couldn't defend themselves against predators if their bites weren't / wouldn't be deadly 5. If cockroaches look / looked less repulsive, people wouldn't run away / won't run away from them. 6 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Third Conditional. 1. tf you had looked up, you ... (ee) a large flock of birds. 2. The Earth would have stayed cooler if people (not pollute) it 3. If hadn't slept so late |... (walk) the dog, 4. ff governments... (pass) laws against hunting, it would have saved many animals. 5. If the boy's mother hadn't pulled him away, the tiger (injure) him MORE PRACTICE 7 Copy and complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets, Use the Second or Third Conditional. Then choose a suitable animal part below for each sentence. (NED tusks * whiskers + fur * claws ¢ tail 1, People ... (not be) afraid of rats if they didn’t have such sharp teeth and © 2. If the patrol .. (not catch) the hunters last night, they would have killed the elephant for its © 3. Polar bears would freeze in the cold winters if their (not keep) them warm. 4, tFour cat hadn't used her © for balance, she herself when she fell off the roof. 5. Animals would feel confused if you ... (cut) their ™ , because they need them for navigation. (injure) GRAMMAR LAB 6 8 choose the correct answers, Write the answers in your notebook. In his wonderful documentary My Octopus Teacher, diver Craig Foster spent a year filming an octopus in the ocean, At first, he had to prove to the octopus that he wasn't ‘a predator If Craig," hadn't waited / didn’t wait so patiently, the octopus? wouldn't come out / wouldn't have come out. After a whole month of hiding, she finally ame out and put a tentacle round his hand! From that moment on, they were friends During the film, a shark bit off one of the octopus’ tentacles. However, she soon grew a new one! Few ‘octopuses * would survive / would have survived if they * didn’t have / hadn't had this amazing ability. But sadly, lke all octopus mothers, she died before her young came out of their eggs. Wy is this? One theory says that ifthe mothers * hadn't died / idn’t die, they ate / would eat their young! Your comments: Kap11: If there ’ would have been / were more fantastic ils ike these, people * would learn / had learned to care about protecting the ocean. immo: Ninety minutes watching an octopus was abit too much. [° had enjoyed / would have enjoyed it more if had been / would have been shorter. ‘477 1342 Comment [Like | E-mail EXTENSION 9 Read the first sentence and then copy and complete the second. Use the words in brackets and the Second or Third Condi 1. Melinda always keeps her birds in a cage (fly away) 1 Melinda didn’t 2. Tara is thinking of adopting a cat. (have / a good home) If Tara adopted 3. The Nelsons didn't train their dog. (learn to behave better) The Nelsons’ dog would have 4, People stopped hunting bears. (population / not increase) If people hadn't 5. We never give our dog chocolate. (get il) Our dog would 6. The gorilla attacked the man. (fee! threatened) The gorilla wouldn't have jonal. 191192 bo al sctvites in your raabock MMAR LAB 7 Time Clauses (future events and general Beeue) {After / As soon as /Once it stops raining, we'll go for a walk Clouds form when there isa lot of water in the ai cme BASICS 1 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. People contribute / will contribute to global warming when they fi in planes. 2. After Beth installs / will install the water recycling system, she will save alot of money. 3. By the time our children grow up, the Earth is / will be warmer. 4. Once the oil company will realise / realises that driling destroys animal habitats, wll they stop? 5. Acar emits / will emit carbon dioxide the moment you start the motor. 6. This atea looks / will look beautiful when we bring the plants back to life. MORE PRACTICE 2 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. We always ... (check) our air conditioners before it... (Get) hot. 2. 1... Give) you the details as soon as. {find out) where the ol sil is. 3. Once the school year .. (start), we ... (organise) “green day” 4, The wind turbines ... (not provide) eneray when. the wind ... (not blow). 5. ... global warming (ban) fossil fuels? (slow down) after we 3 Copy and complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Then find the correct word below to make each sentence logical. bags * sun + project « air * meeting 1. I never ... (use) plastic @ when I go to the supermarket. 2. Once they close the factory, the @ and the river (be) a lot cleaner. 3. The moment Zoe finishes her @ on global warming, she ... (present) it to the class. 4, Solar panels provide eneray even when the @ (ot shine). 5. By the time Matt... (arrive), the environment club @ will be over. EXTENSION 4 copy and complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use time clauses and ‘the words in brackets. 1. I'll finish my homework and we'll leave after that. (as soon as) ‘We'll 2. Fish eat plastic, and then it gets into our food. (after) Plastic 3. Alot of carbon dioxide in the air makes greenhouse ‘gases increase. (there is) ‘When 4, Ill get home and then I'll call immediately. (the moment) "0 5. Before the end of the day, the park will have 100 new trees. (ends) By the time eee Meee Wildfires often start if people don't put out theic campfires. (Zero Conditional) Hf global warming continues, we'll have more extreme | weather. (First Conditional) Plants wouldn't survive if the sun didn’t shine, (Second Conditional) If | had looked out the window this morning, | would have seen a rainbow. (Third Conditional) ‘As soon as / When / Once the dry season starts, the soil will dry up. (Time Clause) CE BASICS 5 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. If we only used renewable energy, global warming ‘would slow down /slows down 2. As soon as the autumn season will begin / begins, the leaves change colour. 3. Ifyou didn’t make / hadn't made a noise, the fox wouldn't have run away. 4. You wouldn't fee! so ill if you drink / drank more in this heatwave. 5. If the hurricane approaches our town, the municipality will order / would order us to evacuate. 6. They wouldn't have built / wouldn't build this hotel ‘on the beach if we had fought harder against it. AAMORE PRACTICE 6 Look at the photos and write sentences in your notebook about the situations. Use the words and structures given in brackets. hibernate in caves / winter come (Time Clause) not leave their homes / there / not be /a flood (Third Conditional) They wouldn't have lett their homes if there hadnt been aflood, ‘not walk on the ice / not fall (Third Conditional) dy up / not water it (Second Conditional) snow tomorrow / 90 skiing (Zero Conditional) (First Conditional) ‘not swim /it/ rain 7 Complete the mini-dialogues with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use conditionals or time clauses. Write the answers in your notebook. 1. As Jim, have you decided how to get to the party? B: If my mum ... (not take) me, Ill ride my bike. 2. A: Have they rescued the children that were lost in the forest? es, last night. f the rescuers hadn't found them, they .. (die) 3. A: These mushrooms weren't here yesterday! es, they grow very quickly after it. (ran) 4, Az The view isn't very good from up here today. B: You're right. We ... (see) farther fit weren't so foggy. 5. A: What happens when the flood reaches people's homes? B: We send a rescue team if someone ... (need) help. ‘A: Good thing you brought that coat B: Yes, but | would feel a lot warmer ifthe zip (work)! EXTENSION 8 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use conditionals or time clauses. Write the answers in your notebook. DONT LOOK UP £>"= The 2021 film Don't Look Ups a satire about two scientists. They discover that a comet will it in six months if people"... (not do) anything to stop When the scientists tell people, no one ® .. (seem) to believe them or care. f someone >... (iste) to they would show them a way to avoid the disaster, but even the President doesn't want to hel. In the end, the scientists’ prediction comes true and the Earth is destroyed. It's clear from the film that this would not have, happened if people... (take) action. The plot seems ‘simple, but if you read between the lines, you ® ... (see) that this film isn't realy about a comet. It's about global warming, and i's got a message for us all, We aren't doing enough to save our planet. If people took action ‘now, we... (stil/ have) a chance to slow down global F warming, but it seems like too many people don't care.eee ears Present Simple —+ Past Simple “L keep in touch with my cousins,” said Noah. Noah said that he kept in touch with his cousins. Present Continuous —+ Past Continuous “You are bothering me now," complained Hl Holly complained that | was bothering her then. Present Perfect Simple —>» Past Perfect Simple “ve decided to give up,” said Jude. Jude said that he had decided to give up. Past Simple —+ Past Perfect Simple “spoke with my siblings yesterday,” said Erin Erin said that she had spoken with her siblings he day before will would “| will erganise the food, sid Megan ‘Megan said that she would organise the food. can —+ could “You can leave your bags here” said the teacher ‘The teacher said that we could leave our bags there. ‘must —+ had to “You must take responsibilty for your actions,” Dad sad Dad told us that we had to take responsibilty for our actions now —* then today —> that day tonight — that night yesterday —> the day before, the previous day ‘tomorrow —> the next day, the folowing day, the day after last week / year —> the week / year before, the previous week / year next week / year —> the following week / year, the week /year after Other changes I—+ she/he our —+ their this —> that these —> those _here —> there Reported speech: questions "Do you get along with your sister?” asked Ela Ela asked if / whether | got along with my sister “Why did you leave early yesterday?" asked Jamie. Jamie asked why | had left early the previous day. 1194 Deal activo in your netbook. BASICS 1 Choose the correct answers. Write the answers in your notebook. 1, “We have brought up our children to be independent.” The parents said that they brought up / hhad brought up their children to be independent. 2. "Most students are learning two foreign languages.” The head teacher explained that most students learned / were learning two foreign languages. 3. "I blame mysetf for this situation.” Jess told me that she blames / blamed herself for this / that situation, 4, “We must deal with the problem now." He said they had to / must deal with the problem today / then 5. “Ican't get along with my parents.” Rob said that he can’t / couldn't get along with his / our parents. 6. “Ill get in touch with you tomorrow.” Pam promised that she will / would get in touch with ime the following day / previous day. 2 Copy and complete the reported questions with the words below. could * my * were * would * had 1. "Do you envy your sister?” Mia asked. Mia wondered if | envied ... sister. 2. "Has Clara forgiven you?” Bradley asked. Bradley asked whether Clara... forgiven me. 3. “When will you arrive?” Gwen asked. Gwen wanted to know when | ... arrive. 4. “Can teens volunteer here?” we asked. We asked whether teens ... volunteer there. 5. "Where are we having the party?” he asked. He wanted to know where they ... having the party. MORE PRACTICE 3 Copy and complete the statements in reported speech. 1. “Igot a strange message yesterday.” Kim said that she ... a strange message 2. “I can't find my keys.” Russell told his mum that he ... find ... keys. 3. “I'll miss all of you next year.”” Maya said that she ... all of us 4. “Your son must get extra help with maths.” The teacher told Pete's parents that son ... get extra help with maths. 5. "My siblings and | are planning a party for my parents now." ‘Mike said that he and his siblings .. 8 party for their parents4 The questions below were asked in response to the statements in Exercise 3. In your notebook, match each question to a statement. Then copy and complete the questions in reported speech. 1, “What are you celebrating?" | asked. | asked what 2. "Do you promise to keep in touch?” we asked We asked whether 3. "Who sent it to you?” we wondered. We wondered who 4, “Have you looked in your jacket pocket?” she wanted to know. She wanted to know if 5. “Can you recommend a tutor?” they wondered. They wondered whether EXTENSION 5 Copy and complete the sentences (1-5) in reported speech. Use the correct quotes (a-e). Ceasar) @ We can order hamburgers. €) where did you buy it? Your daughter has done ) an excellent project. 1. Lucy didn’t want pizza, so said that 2. When | showed Jim my new phone, he asked 3. My teacher told my parents that 4, Yes, 'm upset. You promised that .. 5. The reporter wondered if the actor Ae you thinking of directing a film Reported speech: orders, requests, offers, Se * the photographer sad, ‘The photographer told them to smile. Requests “Pleas tell me about your siblings,” said Mia Mia asked me to tell her about my siblings. Offers “rl take responsibilty for the games,” said Owen. Owen offered to take responsibilty for the games. Suggestions "You should focus on your strenaths,” said Dad Dad suggested focusing /that we focus on our strenaths. CIMT GRAMMAR LAB 8 i BASICS 6 Copy and complete the sentences in reported speech. 1. "Let's take a sailing lesson.” (suggestion) Sean suggested ..a sailing lesson. 2. "Use your common sense!” (order) My dad told me ... my common sense. 3. "Can you please stop talking?” (request) | asked two men in the cinema .. talking. 4, “Let me give you some valuable advice.” (offer) IMy sister offered ... me some valuable advice. 5. “People should try one new thing every month.” (suggestion) The coach suggested that people ... one new thing every month. MORE PRACTICE 7 Choose the correct reporting verb. Then copy and complete the sentences. 1. Dan: Let get in touch with Owen Dan told / suggested ... in touch with Owen. 2. Lily: ican give you a ride, Lily offered / suggested ... me a ride 3, Sue: Don’t blame others for your mistakes. Sue told / asked me ... others for my mistakes. 4, Joe: Can you give me some advice? Joe told / asked me ... him some advice. 5. Carl: Maybe Ms Taylor should deal with this. Carl offered / suggested that Ms Taylor .. that. EXTENSION 8 Copy and complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the words in brackets, and the reporting verbs told, asked, offered or suggested. 1. "Would you please deal with this problem?” Becky said. (me) Becky 2. “Show me your student ID card,"the librarian said to John. (her) The librarian 3. “You should sign up for an after-school activity,” Dave's mum said. (that) Dave's mum. 4. “I'll show you some outstanding projects,” the teacher said. (to) The teacher 5. “Don't give up!” the coach said to Megan. (not) The coach 6. “Could you please repeat your phone number?” the secretary said. (my) The secretary