Sultan Moulay Slimane University

Multidisciplinary Faculty
Béni Mellal

FIELD: ECONOMIC SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM: MANAGEMENT - 2018-2019

FINAL PROJECT
FOR THE OBTAINING OF THE LICENSE IN BASIC STUDIES

Entrepreneurial intention in
young students

Presented by:

Hamza BOUFTIH
Imane MAZNAOUI

Framed by:
Mr. Mohcine BAKHAT

UNIVERSITY YEAR: 2018 / 2019

 Acknowledgments

In the preamble to this thesis, we thank ALLAH who helps us and grants us the
patience and courage during these long years of study.

We would like to sincerely thank our supervisor Mr. BAKHAT MOHCINE, for the
time he dedicated, and for the valuable information, advice, and guidance
that he provided us.

We express our gratitude to the people who contributed to the improvement.

of this work by the relevance of their comments and recommendations.

We also thank the faculty and administrative staff of the Faculty

Multidisciplinary Sultan Moulay Slimane of Béni Mellal, for the richness and quality of
their teaching and who make great efforts to ensure their students a
updated training.

We do not forget our parents for their contribution, their support, and their patience.
Thank you all.
 Summary
Acknowledgments
Summary
List of figures
Introduction 1
Theoretical part................................................................ 3
Chapter 1: The conceptual framework of the research……………………. 4

I. Entrepreneurship and the entrepreneur 4

II. Entrepreneurial intention: a literature review 8
Chapter 2: entrepreneurial dynamics in Morocco………………. 12

I. Entrepreneurial activity in Morocco 12

II. Support for the student entrepreneur 19

Practical part………………………………………………………….... 24
Chapter 1: Presentation of the Multidisciplinary Faculty of Béni Mellal.. 25

Chapter 2: Approach and Presentation of the Survey Results..... 25

I. Presentation of the survey 25
II. Analysis of questionnaire results 26
General Conclusion……………………………………………………..40
42
43

Annex……………………………………………………………………..45
 List of Figures:

Figure Page
Figure 1: The Theory of Planned Behavior 10
Figure 2: modeling of the entrepreneurial ecosystem according to Isenberg 2011 13
Figure 3: distribution of the sample by gender 27
Figure 4: Students' perception of entrepreneurship 27
Figure 5: the creation of a business 28
Figure 6: entrepreneurial intention 28
Figure 7: entrepreneurial motivations 29
Figure 8: Factors that hinder the willingness to undertake 29
Figure 9: the deadline for setting up a business 30
Figure 10: the future professional life of students 30
Figure 11: belonging to associative sutures 31
Figure 12: distribution of students according to associative structures 31
Figure 13: the contributions of associative structures 32
Figure 14: the family environment 32
Figure 15: the entrepreneurs in the surroundings 33
Figure 16: the main obstacles to entrepreneurship 33
Figure 17: the skills acquired in university and entrepreneurship 34
Figure 18: Obtaining credits 34
Figure 19: participation in faculty events 35
Figure 20: The impact of events on intention 35
Figure 21: entrepreneurship training 36
Figure 22: network of contacts with entrepreneurs 36
Figure 23: the SNEE 37
 The general introduction:

The increase in inequalities between nations, the emergence of problems related to the
poverty, unemployment, social exclusion are all phenomena that are generated with
changes induced by the internationalization of economies. In the face of this situation, the
revival of economic activities and the consideration of job promotion are undoubtedly at
center of all national economic and social development programs, in order to
will adapt to an increasingly dynamic, complex, and uncertain globalized world.

Morocco has recently engaged in a project of advanced regionalization, a

a structuring project aimed at building an integrated Morocco where regions contribute greatly by
their human and natural resources to the development of the country, the role of the region is to
find solutions to the problems that hinder its development and especially to
meeting the demands of its youth in terms of employment, knowing that young people make up the
true wealth having the potential to bring about profound changes in the country
In reality, for this wealth to be effectively exploited, efforts in terms of
the development of entrepreneurship is deemed necessary in order to create a generation
motivated by autonomy, initiative, and aware of her role towards her country.

Although to boost youth entrepreneurship, it is appropriate at the beginning to put

the emphasis on entrepreneurial intention which is often inseparable from the entrepreneurial act,
Indeed, this intention is used to predict the act, it also represents the first step.
decisive in the entrepreneurial process, it is considered an important component
of this process so that it reflects the real will of the individual to create their own
business, this desire to undertake is influenced by many economic factors,
social and environmental and others that are mainly related to the individual (to their traits of
personality).

In order to promote student entrepreneurship in Morocco, the program

The national student entrepreneur status (SNEE) has just been made official by the ministry of
higher education and scientific research which aims to support,
to train and help students wishing to embark on an entrepreneurial adventure, this
The status device presents itself as a tool that allows students to create connections with
the different actors of the company through the role that the university now plays
Aims to train entrepreneurs rather than employees.

1
 The choice of this present work was not random but rather motivated by the interest that
we address this issue of student entrepreneurship and the importance
scientific and academic attention given to this subject which remains at the center of concerns of
Every country, regarding the objectives of our project, can be translated as follows:

▪ Contribute to the analysis and understanding of the entrepreneurial intention of students.

▪ Highlight the current state and the incentive measures for a conducive ecosystem
to entrepreneurship in general and to student entrepreneurship in particular.

▪ Study how the university environment can promote entrepreneurship.

To address the main issue and the questions that arise from it, we...
let us propose in the first part to address in a first chapter the issues
that pose entrepreneurship through its definitions according to the authors as well as its different
forms with a study on the entrepreneur profile, then a theoretical study on intention
entrepreneurial, to study in a second chapter the entrepreneurial activity in Morocco
notably the state of play of the measures taken to promote youth entrepreneurship.
Then our work concludes in the second part with a survey on intention.
entrepreneurial among young students of the multidisciplinary faculty of Béni Mellal and its
contributions to entrepreneurship.

The research questions:

❖ What is entrepreneurial intention? And its main determinants

among students?

❖ What are the obstacles that hinder the development of entrepreneurship?

student?

❖ How the university can develop an entrepreneurial culture among the

young students?
The hypotheses:

✓ Students prefer to be entrepreneurs rather than employees.

✓ The university and social norms have an influence on intention
entrepreneurial.

2
 Theoretical part:

The general approach to intention

entrepreneurial.

3
Chapter 1:
The conceptual framework of the research

Introduction:
Entrepreneurship is a concept that is currently in the news due to its importance.
essential, today companies have an interest in increasingly orienting themselves towards the path of
entrepreneurship as the engine of the economy. Before going further in the analysis of
the entrepreneurship of young students, it is deemed useful to emphasize the concepts
fundamentals that frame the issue: What is entrepreneurship? What is
What is an entrepreneur? What should be understood by entrepreneurial intention?

I. Entrepreneurship and the entrepreneur:

1. The theoretical approach to entrepreneurship:

1.1. Definitions:
The literature dealing with the notion of entrepreneurship presents several definitions, as
Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that encompasses several situations, entrepreneurship
has existed for a long time but it remains very difficult to provide a definition that will
unanimity. The complexity of this phenomenon does not allow it to be reduced to a simple
definition, each author explains the concept and how they do it in a different way
perceives this phenomenon.

Entrepreneurship means the action of undertaking, that is, in the business world.
To undertake refers to creating an economic activity with the aim of achieving a goal, fulfilling a
need, and the main actor of the process is the project leader or the entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurship is a process of scanning the environment to detect,
study and implement business opportunities.

Entrepreneurship refers to the act of engaging in an activity that one leads oneself.
the initiator, as shown by its etymological meaning. The dictionary indicates synonyms

4
like to start, to try, to commit to the verb undertake. Three action verbs that
perfectly define the meaning conveyed by the term1

Entrepreneurship is human action supported by the surrounding environment, generating

adding value to the market through the creation or development of an economic activity,
evolving with this value to ultimately impact the economy, with the aim of better
respond to the individual and collective needs of a territory2Pierre-André Julien and Louise
Cadieux, 2010)

Based on this definition, entrepreneurship can be defined as an action

humane, supported by the surrounding environment to create value through creation or the
development of an economic activity, this action promotes growth,
to improve competitiveness and generate job opportunities.

1.2. The entrepreneurial duality:

No one can deny that entrepreneurship has a positive impact on growth.
, it should be specified that this impact differs depending on the type of entrepreneurship. Indeed, it is
There are two types: necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship.

Necessity entrepreneurship or forced entrepreneurship, this type of entrepreneurship is

often attached to self-employment, meaning that the individual has no other alternatives but to
create your own structure to find a job, forced entrepreneurship is therefore a solution
foreseeable and possible to fight against unemployment since entrepreneurs are found
forced to undertake, even if sometimes they have neither the desire nor the necessary resources to
to succeed in this field and to ensure the sustainability of their businesses, which seems much more complicated.

On the other hand, opportunity entrepreneurship or formal entrepreneurship arises from a

genuine intention and personal conviction and also a positive perception towards
entrepreneurship, in reality opportunity-driven entrepreneurs create their own businesses because
they manage to identify and seize a need in the market (an opportunity) and attempt to
translate an innovative idea likely to turn into a business idea.

1Unable to access external content or URLs.

2Pierre-AndréJulien and Louise Cadieux. (2010). SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION The measurement of
Entrepreneurship Study Report.

5
 Research in the field of entrepreneurship shows that entrepreneurs
opportunities are focused on innovation, growth, and their choices are motivated by a
set of variables: autonomy, independence, personal fulfillment, spirit of
challenges and challenges or the desire to achieve significant financial gains, while
necessity entrepreneurs are only engaged to meet the constraints of unemployment,
job loss or job dissatisfaction or meeting family demands by a
sufficient revenue.

The entrepreneur at the heart of the entrepreneurial process:

[Link] of the entrepreneur:

Since entrepreneurship is a human action, there is no entrepreneurship.
without a man, this man is the entrepreneur, he presents himself as an active player and
determinant in the entrepreneurial process, it plays a crucial role in development and
the evolution of countries, it contributes to job creation and the distribution of wealth, it
propose innovative ideas capable of solving problems that occasionally arise
difficult for the State, it is the source of innovation and the renewal of the economic fabric
of the country.

The entrepreneur as an innovator who has a taste for risk-taking, the entrepreneur
is a man who revolutionizes production processes, whose role is to produce
new productive combinations. The entrepreneur is an innovator and he is a driving force of
economic evolution. (Schumpeter, 1935)3

The entrepreneur gradually develops, first influenced emotionally by their family,

then symbolically through the workplace and its entrepreneurial models, and finally
sociologically by its gradual involvement in an environment, its rooting and its
integration into this last one" (Schmitt, n.d.)4

The entrepreneur is the product of their environment, in other words, the sociocultural environment,
political and economic framework, the personal and professional network, as well as the family context,

3Schumpeter, J. (1935). Theory of Economic Development IV-VI. (1911).

4Schmitt, C. (2008). Insights on the evolution of entrepreneurial practices. University Press

from Quebec, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Collection, 329 pages.

6
constitute an arsenal of explanatory factors for entrepreneurial behavior. These definitions
leads us to understand that the entrepreneur is an optimistic person who sees
opportunities to seize, where others find problems. The entrepreneur is an individual who
take the risk of bringing together capital and human beings to mobilize them in order to generate
benefits and other personal goals such as: autonomy and prestige or even the
leadership.

2.2. The profile of the entrepreneur:

Some research in the literature has focused on the entrepreneur and his
entrepreneurial behavior, this behavior includes a number of attitudes and
necessary skills to be a true entrepreneur, one has an ability to identify
and the capture of existing opportunities in its environment, he believes that behind
Every problem hides the perspectives of the emergence of new innovative solutions.
susceptible to meet a need in the market, the entrepreneur is in principle equipped by a
set of qualities and skills needed to succeed in one's entrepreneurial project. It
is characterized by personality traits and specific characteristics that distinguish it
of other individuals

Indeed, it is a set of qualities, motivations, and entrepreneurial interests.

more often found among entrepreneurs: (Pelletier, 2012)5

• Innovation, critical thinking, and strong scientific and technical skills.

• Self-confidence: feeling capable of taking action.
• Leadership: the ability to influence others to guide them towards a determined goal.
• Motivation: the desire to do something.
• Responsibility: doing what needs to be done.
• The initiative: to take action.
• Perseverance: having the ability to complete the action until obtaining a result
satisfactory.
• Autonomy: entrepreneurs are driven by a desire for independence, they desire
create their own job and make their own decisions.
• The taste for risk: the entrepreneur is a bold individual throughout their career.
entrepreneurial.

5Pelletier, D. (2012). Invitation to culture Invitation to culture.

7
 • Creativity: The ability to discover a new solution to a given problem, or
the ability to imagine in order to create something new.

II. Entrepreneurial intention: a review of

literature
After discussing the concept of entrepreneurship and its various theoretical foundations,
It is necessary to address the pre-creation phase of the business, given that the entrepreneurial act is
a process that starts with an intention, which is considered the first element
fundamental and constitutive of the entrepreneurial process, therefore it is necessary to establish
highlight the definition of entrepreneurial intention.

1. Entrepreneurial intention: a concept to define:

The word intention originates from the Latin verb "intendere" which means to stretch towards,
it is the act of setting a certain goal for oneself according to the Le Robert dictionary, it is characterized by

will and determination, intention refers to a mental state oriented towards action by the
determination of a goal, it represents a real motivation for action, the concept of intention
entrepreneurial is considered one of the key components of the process
entrepreneurial and it has been defined by several researchers in the field of entrepreneurship
among which are found:

(Bird, 1988) considers it as a mindset that guides and directs the experience and
the action towards a goal of starting a business and that intention is a process that is born with
the needs, values, habits, and beliefs of the individual.6

The entrepreneurial intention is a major phase of the creation process.

company divided into four stages: propensity, intention, decision, and action. It
is an individual will that is part of a cognitive process conditioned by the
"sociocultural, political and economic context." (Tounés, 2006)7

Emin (2005) considers that "The intention to create a business in an individual is

supposed to depend on three elements: the perceived appeal of entrepreneurship, the degree

6Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review,
13(3), 442–453. [Link]
7Tounés,
A. (2006). The entrepreneurial intention of students: the French case. The Review of Sciences
Management(3), 57. [Link]

8
incentive to undertake perceived in his social environment, the trust he has in his
ability to successfully carry out the entrepreneurial process.8

For (Ajzen, 1991)9the intention represents the willingness to try and the effort that an individual
is ready to consent to behave in a certain way. It is a state of mind that guides the
behaviors of individuals.

Indeed, it can be noted that there are different definitions of intention, some
authors believe that intention is a will or state of mind, others explain what it is
constitute, the concept of intention has been used to predict behavior and
understanding the process of forming intention, ultimately the entrepreneurial intention
constitutes an indicator of personal will and conviction to achieve a determined goal
In this case, it is the entrepreneurial initiative considering a set of variables.
contextual.

2. The modeling of entrepreneurial intention:

The literature on entrepreneurial intention has developed through two main
theoretical models derived from Ajzen's work (1991) (theory of planned behavior, TPB)
and from Shapero and Sokol (1982) (entrepreneurial event theory), the choice of these models
is justified through the interest shown by researchers in the field for these two theories.
which provide an explanation regarding the formation of entrepreneurial intention and thus a
a coherent and simple framework to achieve a better understanding of the process
entrepreneurial.

We briefly present these two theories to address the theoretical framework chosen for
our research, as this theoretical framework will allow us to highlight the main points
determinants and factors that shape entrepreneurial intention.

2.1. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (1991):

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the theory that
more commonly used to understand and predict individual behaviors, it has been developed
by Ajzen (1991; 2002) who posits that entrepreneurial intention is the result of three
distinct but related variables namely attitude towards behavior, the norm

8Emin, S. (2005). The low appeal of students for entrepreneurship - elements of analysis for action.
Research.
9Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,

50(2), 179–211. [Link]

9
perceived social and perceived behavioral control, according to this theory there are three
determinants that condition entrepreneurial intention:

The attitude towards behavior: it is the attitude associated with behavior

corresponding to the degree of positive or negative appreciation that the person has regarding the
desired behavior, this variable reflects the attractiveness of the behavior. In the context of
Entrepreneurship, the attitude towards behavior refers to the perception regarding
entrepreneurship.

Subjective norms: also called social norms, are the influence of

pressure exerted by the social environment or the individual's close circle (parents, family,
friends), regarding what the individual intends to undertake and their opinion on the
the behavior in question can modify or influence the decision to act, thereby
the more the social norm is favorable, the stronger the individual's intention to adopt the behavior is
raised.

The perceived control of behavior: it is reflected in the perception or control that one has
the individual of their own abilities as well as the required skills and resources
necessary to achieve the intended behavior, in other words the perceived control of the
behavior refers to the effectiveness and personal feasibility of the behavior
concerning the entrepreneurial process, perceived control refers to the ease or difficulty
perceived to carry out the entrepreneurial act.

Figure 1: the theory of planned behavior

Adapted from Ajzen 1991

10
The theory of planned behavior implies that behavior must be planned and
intentional for it to be real, Ajzen grants a primary place to intention in meaning
where it allows predicting behavior through three antecedents: attitude towards the
behavior, social norms, and perceived control of behavior, thus the greater the intention
The stronger the probability that the individual will adopt the intended behavior is high.

2.2. The theory of entrepreneurial event:10

Shapero and Sokol were pioneers of the intentional approach in entrepreneurship
their theory of the entrepreneurial event is considered one of the reference points
and one of the most well-known and oldest models in entrepreneurship, it is about
of a model that seeks to analyze the explanatory factors of choosing a career
entrepreneurial to the detriment of another professional path indeed this model considers
that the commitment to entrepreneurial action is the result of the combination of three
factors :

The factors of displacement (situation variables): which explain that the act
entrepreneurial is triggered by a set of situations or events translated into three
categories, positive movements: such as the existence of a market, or investors or
potential partners etc..., negative movements: which refer to emigration or
divorce or loss of employment etc..., intermediate situations: for example, leaving the army
from school or from prison.

The factors of desirability: they indicate the degree of appeal of the act of undertaking,
the desirability of entrepreneurial action stems from an individual's value system that governs
his aspirations and his choices, and likewise this system is the result of a set of principles
and beliefs, and cultural and social factors such as family, parents, friends, and
the colleagues or even the school and professional environment.

The factors of feasibility: the feasibility of the entrepreneurial act comes down to
the perceived accessibility to the financial, technical, and human resources necessary and also to
the presence of support and guidance for starting the business.

Shapero, Albert and Sokol, Lisa, The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship (1982). Encyclopedia
10

of Entrepreneurship, Vol. , p. 72-90 1982

11
Conclusion:
Alone, we can see that the theoretical framework of entrepreneurship consists of
define the different concepts related to it, starting with entrepreneurship as
being a human action that requires an entrepreneur influenced by many factors and whose
certain qualities and skills are required to successfully make the transition from intention to action
entrepreneurial, knowing that the latter is shaped by a set of determinants.

Chapter 2:
The entrepreneurial dynamics in Morocco
Introduction :

Morocco today places great importance on entrepreneurship, and a large

attention to the various measures and reforms that could positively influence the
business climate, certainly entrepreneurship has become a vector of growth but for
for it to develop, the meeting of a set of factors is essential to build a
favorable entrepreneurial ecosystem allowing entrepreneurs to overcome the various
obstacles. What is an entrepreneurial ecosystem? What measures are taken for it?
develop? And what are the obstacles to entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurial activity in Morocco:

1. The entrepreneurial ecosystem in Morocco:

1.1. Definition of the entrepreneurial ecosystem according to

ISENBERG11:

The characteristics of an entrepreneur profile are essential but insufficient, because the
environmental variables are also crucial whether in terms of opportunities
or in terms of more or less favorable conditions, indeed encouraging the intention
Entrepreneurial activity mainly requires the establishment of a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem.
In entrepreneurial initiative, the concept of the entrepreneurial ecosystem has been defined by

11Isenberg, D. J. (2011). The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm for Economic Policy:
Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurship. The Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, 1(781), 1–13.

12
several authors, such as ISENBERG, who suggest defining it as a composed set
of six interacting elements or domains (politics, finance, markets, culture, capital
human, supports), each including sub-elements, which are within an area
geographical, which have an impact on the formation and trajectory of entrepreneurs and
businesses (Isenberg, 2011).

Figure 2: modeling of the entrepreneurial ecosystem according to ISENBERG 2011

Source: ISENBERG 2011

The figure above visualizes the main elements that can make an ecosystem
performant entrepreneurial, it is indeed a set of mechanisms that allows to bring together
a range of favorable conditions for entrepreneurship, it is essentially:

▪ The role of public authorities, particularly in terms of promoting entrepreneurship and

the entrepreneur is also involved in setting up institutions related to
entrepreneurship, the encouragement of research and development, the establishment of a
appropriate and incentive tax system, as well as consolidating infrastructure, transport
and communication.
▪ To favor access to initial capital in particular and to financing in general.

13
 ▪ An educational system (universities, schools) that aims to teach
entrepreneurship, to train, support, and accompany entrepreneurs.
▪ Non-governmental organizations whose main mission is to engage in
conferences aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and creating a network of contacts
among entrepreneurs.
▪ To support experienced professionals in the leadership and consulting that surrounds
the companies (technicians, accountants, legal experts, and market specialists).
▪ Clients ready to test and provide their feedback on new products or services.
▪ Success stories that can serve as a role model for young people.
▪ From the promotion of a culture that tolerates failure, the error that accepts the way of
entrepreneurship as a respectable life choice that values risk-taking.

It is evident that entrepreneurship today can generate positive effects on the

economic growth of a country particularly in job creation and recovery of
Economic activity, for it to flourish, entrepreneurship requires an environment.
favorable called 'entrepreneurial ecosystem' which is composed of many variables:
infrastructures, resources, education, entrepreneurial culture, etc. The ecosystem
entrepreneurial serves as a major determinant of entrepreneurial intention of a
potential entrepreneur. In this context, we highlight the various measures
reforms undertaken to adapt several areas to a conducive business environment for
respond to the demands of developing the entrepreneurial environment.

[Link] measures of a favorable ecosystem:

Today, entrepreneurship is considered a major challenge for most
countries, and Morocco is no exception in that the State and all socio-actors
economists are aware of the importance of the company, and that promoting culture
entrepreneurial has become a necessity, however, it is not enough to materialize the
positive impacts of entrepreneurship, as this is also linked to the existence of a
a conducive environment for entrepreneurship and that facilitates entrepreneurial action. It is in
this logic that Morocco has multiplied its efforts lately especially in activation
measures aimed at diversifying the economic fabric through major structural projects, and
Several reforms have been implemented to improve the business climate; this is a set.
of measures.

1.2.1. The modernization of institutions:

14
 ❖ Advanced regionalization:12
In accordance with the High Royal Will that aims to equip Morocco with a
advanced regionalization, a project that represents a profound change in structures
of the State and which is part of a democratic and decentralized state, with a view to a
sustainable and integrated development.

Advanced regionalization today represents a strategic choice for Morocco.

as a model of territorial governance, which relies on the principle of involvement of
citizens in decision-making and granting regions prerogatives
decision-making and executive roles expanded so that they can best exercise their
missions, in this context the region will make a concrete contribution to development
socio-economic, cultural, political, environmental of the country but this cannot be done without
the mobilization of resources and the enhancement of human resources in each region, and
a financial support fund allocation aimed at alleviating territorial disparities.

This project requires the involvement of several stakeholders in the area: elected officials, the university,

entrepreneurs, the media... to discuss avenues for territorial development,

the region should be able to have an appropriate vision that takes into account the
concerns of its population, and to invest in the resources it has especially
its human resources, in order to unleash the creative energies of its youth, by raising their awareness
the importance of commitment to citizenship, and encouraging them to take action
the initiative to create wealth and added value in its territory, hence the necessity for
the region to stimulate a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation by providing information
related to entrepreneurial activity, to various state support programs for entrepreneurs,
more accessible opportunities for its population, particularly the youth, and also of
respond to the requirements of developing the entrepreneurial environment, and to play the
role of facilitator and stimulator to develop the added value created by local actors, because
the competitiveness of a region can be realized through the strengthening of human capital and

12Reporton advanced regionalization, state of affairs, perspectives, and vision of

Popular Movement, P 1-19

15
entrepreneurial, and an effective exploitation and enhancement of local assets and potentialities
from each region.

❖ The creation of regional investment centers:

The CRI in Morocco was established following the recommendations of His Majesty in the
2002 throne speech, in order to continue its policy of regionalization of project creation
of the company and investment. This entity is responsible for supporting the
investors and entrepreneurs, it provides them with advice as well as support, it is a
partner for every project holder, the establishment of this network essentially consists of
decentralize and simplify the administrative process of starting businesses.

Each CRI consists of two counters, the first is reserved for entrepreneurs or
project holders, with a simple meeting the entrepreneur is advised, guided, oriented and taken care of
in hand by a whole professional team that facilitates administrative procedures for him
creation of a business. Indeed, the CRI is an intermediary between the entrepreneur and the Office
Moroccan Industrial and Commercial Property Office (OMPIC), the National Fund of
Social Security, the Commercial Court and the Regional Tax Center.

The second mission of the CRI is ensured by the investor support desk, which surrounds
and supports investors in the region. Indeed, the center intervenes to demand the
different authorizations with the administrations, he also plays the role of mediator
when a conflict breaks out between the administrations and the investors.

Following their role, the CRI is considered a hub for the promotion of entrepreneurship.
because he has an in-depth knowledge of the region's potential, which leads him to direct the
investors towards promising sectors. His intervention is considered positive in the
diversification of the regional economy.

❖ Morocco SME:
SMEs today contribute significantly to job creation as well
that in regional development, they form the basis of the economic fabric with more than 90%
of national productive fabric, a figure that deserves attention from stakeholders
decisions seen from the vulnerability of these small organizations that find themselves confronted with
several problems, in this regard several structures have been put in place, dedicated to assistance
and the guidance of young entrepreneurs, this concerns the National Agency for
Promotion of SMEs (ANPME) created in 2002 also called Maroc PME, a tool
operational public authorities that aim to:
16
 • Work on the state's policy regarding the promotion and support of SMEs in
collaboration with the relevant ministerial departments.

• Technical and administrative assistance to facilitate entry into public procurement.

• Guide, support, and assist newly created or existing SMEs.

To accomplish these missions, the government has established a significant number of

programs such as: IMTIAZ, INMAE, ISTITMAR…

[Link] measures:
The tax system in Morocco has undergone significant reforms in recent years aimed at
mainly to positively influence the decisions of entrepreneurs in terms of
business creation and the encouragement of private investment, in correlation with this
The Moroccan legislator has put in place a range of exemptions and reductions that
are updated each year in the finance laws according to the economic needs of
countries, aimed at reducing the tax burden on taxpayers, however there is little
incentive tax measures in favor of young entrepreneurs starting businesses
In this regard, we can mention the status of the self-employed entrepreneur.

❖ The self-employed regime:13

This regime was established in the 2014 finance law; it is a simplified status.
allowing any individual person engaging in an industrial activity on their own account,
commercial, artisan or service provider to create their own micro-enterprise, this status
allows young entrepreneurs to conduct their activities from home without the obligation to keep
an accounting or to register in the commercial register, this present statute also presents
certain tax advantages that the self-employed entrepreneur benefits from.

He is subject to income tax based on the collected revenue, namely:

• 0.5% for the amount not exceeding 500,000 dirhams for industrial activities,
commercial and artisanal.
• 1% for amounts not exceeding 200,000 dirhams for service provision.

13Tax Regime of the Self-Employed. (2019).

17
 He is also exempt from Value Added Tax as his turnover
does not exceed 500,000 dirhams, it is subject to the business tax after the expiration of a
5-year exemption. Certainly, this legal status was established in order to combat activities
informal, to develop the entrepreneurial spirit and facilitate access to the market for young people
of work through self-employment in order to reduce unemployment.

2. The constraints of entrepreneurship:

Despite the efforts made, in terms of raising awareness about the importance of the initiative.
entrepreneurial, support and assistance programs for young entrepreneurs, and the
Reforms implemented, Morocco remains a country where not all entrepreneurial potential is utilized.
fully exploited due to a set of constraints that hinders any promotion of
Entrepreneurship involves obstacles that can be categorized as follows:

2.1. Legal and tax constraints:

Among the factors hindering entrepreneurship, the complexity and burden of

Administrative and tax procedures, the entrepreneurial process requires a lot of effort.
and time for the continuation of the various administrative formalities regarding requirements
of qualifications and administrative authorizations, these procedures are more complex, and
which can act as a barrier to the transition from a desire to undertake to its realization
Effective. In fiscal terms, the annual update of the finance law brings about
changes and modifications in terms of tax assessment and applicable rates
other aspects, which truly threaten business management, particularly the
newly created.

2.2. Personal and surrounding constraints:

The choice of an entrepreneurial career is strongly influenced by culture

the individual and their close surroundings, particularly the family, friends, and school, culture
Moroccan who gives importance to financial stability as a barometer of success, in
Indeed, this culture prevents young people from starting their own businesses, moreover, young people find themselves hindered.

due to the lack or insufficiency of management skills and knowledge to manage at

better their projects, not forgetting the fear of failure and the taking of risks which are factors
that hinder the move to entrepreneurial action, these two factors are due to a set of
values instilled in Moroccan culture, on the other hand in the educational system that does not encourage

18
not enough entrepreneurial spirit, neglecting skill development
analytics and critical thinking that are necessary to build a generation
of entrepreneurs.
2.3. Funding constraints:

An entrepreneur needs to have a starting capital to advance their idea.

project and cover the future needs of his project, however the reality is one of lack of
financing that constitutes one of the major constraints to the development of
Entrepreneurship, access to financing is an eternal question that hinders every entrepreneur.
wishing to take action, therefore the funding issue requires attention
particular to evolve in a growing business world. From there, entrepreneurs
agree on the intervention of the State and other bodies in financing
young entrepreneurs and especially high-growth start-ups, by establishing funds
of support and guarantee to encourage the creation of businesses.

II. Support for the student entrepreneur:

1. Support Programs:

The encouragement of student entrepreneurship has sparked the interest of several organizations.
the government, non-governmental organizations, or even associations that have
put the issue of youth entrepreneurship at the center of their concerns and in this sense
Some programs have been initiated and others are in preparation mainly aimed at
to help and support students with projects.

1.1. SALEEM

The project "structuring and supporting student entrepreneurship in the Maghreb"14

aims to boost the development of student entrepreneurship in Morocco and Tunisia
by 2020, through effective and appropriate support. This project is co-financed by
ERASMUS+ of the European Union spanning a pilot period of three years (from October
2017 to October 2020.

Promoting student entrepreneurship through:

14Invalid input for translation. Please provide text instead of a URL.

19
 • The creation of a national student-entrepreneur system within the systems
higher education of the two countries, and this allows for the integration of a creation project
from the company to the university journey.
• The creation of project support centers for student entrepreneurs within
from higher education institutions, drawing inspiration from successful experiences
in Belgium, Romania and in France, notably the PEPITE France program (the network
of 29 student poles for innovation, transfer, and entrepreneurship.

Indeed, 2400 Moroccan and Tunisian students will need to be supported in their
business creation projects, start-ups and spin-offs by 2020, and to accelerate the implementation of
work of the project on the Moroccan side, the SALEEM Casablanca pole and the SALEEM Rabat pole have

officially launched their first promotion of student-entrepreneurs

respectively on May 2 and May 14, 2019.

1.2. The national status of the student-entrepreneur (SNEE):

As part of the SALEEM project, the Ministry of National Education and Training
The professional, higher education and scientific research has just been made official.
"The National Status of the Student-Entrepreneur" by a ministerial circular. In Morocco, the
The National Status of the Student-Entrepreneur (SNEE) is aimed at students enrolled in their final year.

year of study in a degree (Bachelor, Master) issued by an institution

public higher education or a private higher education institution
recognized by the State. The said status aims to support and assist students with ideas of
business projects.

The membership in the National Status of the Student-Entrepreneur will allow the contractors,
according to the ministerial note to integrate their business creation project into their pathway
University students admitted to the SNEE program will also have access to the following services:

• A training oriented towards the construction of entrepreneurial projects, in the form of

of workshops.
• Professional support from a teacher of the institution and from a
external referent of SALEEM.
• Access to business creation support programs.
• Access to expertise services and the inter-institutional coworking space of the hub
SALEEM or other partners.

20
While waiting for a generalization of the SNEE at all universities in the kingdom, a
A pilot experience was conducted in the establishments of Rabat and Casablanca.

[Link] Program
Enactus is a non-governmental organization created in 1975 in the United States, which
intervenes in the field of student entrepreneurship and sustainable development, it
found in several universities and higher education institutions around the world where 36 countries participate

In the program, Morocco took the initiative in 2003 to adopt this program which exists.
today in 6015universities and schools at the national level with more than 110 teams, in
Enactus effect is a network that develops partnerships between the business world and
that of higher education aimed at strengthening societal progress through action
entrepreneurial, this organization aims to support and assist
students in the realization of their socially impactful entrepreneurial project ideas,
environmental and economic through the organization of events, training and
national and international competitions, Enactus Morocco is made up of professionals
and academic actors who put their expertise at the service of student members in the
network by providing them with fundamental entrepreneurial skills in order to promote
the professional integration of these young students into the world of self-employment and also of
to prepare them to participate in the social development of their countries through the creation of projects

innovative solutions addressing societal issues.

1.4. Network Entrepreneurship Morocco:

Réseau Entreprendre Morocco is a federation of Moroccan associations of entrepreneurs.

of experienced companies that put their skills and experiences at the service of
entrepreneurs. The association was established in 2006 under the conviction: "to create jobs, it
"We need to create employers." Mobilized 300 business leaders and presented in 8 cities of the
kingdom (Casablanca, Marrakech, Rabat, El Jadida, Khouribga, Ben Guérir and Tangier), Network
Entreprendre Morocco's main mission is to contribute to the success of new
high-potential entrepreneurs, creators of jobs and wealth by offering them
personalized human support lasting from two to three years, and financing in the form of
in the form of a free honor loan and/or grant without guarantees or interest, and also benefiting
of a network on a national and international scale.

15Invalid input. Please provide text to be translated.

21
 2. Entrepreneurial culture within the university:

It is clear that in recent years the Moroccan university has multiplied its
efforts in terms of promoting student entrepreneurship, several seminars,
events and workshops are organized in different universities,
certainly the goal is to influence the entrepreneurial intention of the student and to put in
highlight the perspectives of entrepreneurship and also these academic activities aim to
to promote an entrepreneurial culture among students.

Indeed, the development of an entrepreneurial culture within the environment

University education consists of developing and instilling in the student's mind a certain number of
personality traits related to the entrepreneurial world (autonomy, sense of responsibility,
creativity and initiative), the university is seen as a space where potential
the student's entrepreneurial spirit can be identified and developed, however this cannot be done
through the implementation of certain activities deemed necessary to establish a
a university environment conducive and favorable to the entrepreneurial initiative of its students
It is about raising awareness, training, and support.

2.1. Awareness:

Awareness is reflected in all actions aimed at attracting attention and the

the student's curiosity to place him at the heart of the subject of entrepreneurship, and it also aims
to highlight the advantages of the entrepreneurial path as a career choice
to respect and to value the role of the entrepreneur in society in order to further promote
the student's attitude towards entrepreneurship.

2.2. The training:

Training is a set of educational activities (entrepreneurship training,

modules, courses...), aimed at enabling young students to acquire the
qualifications and entrepreneurial skills needed to create the business and
also to ensure a good management of this last one, in other words it is to prepare well
the entrepreneurial behavior of the student before embarking on the adventure
entrepreneurial.

22
 [Link]:

The objective of this level of intervention is to support and ensure the follow-up of students.
project leaders by providing them with personalized training aimed at addressing the various
problems they may face and better guidance for their projects,
as well as to create a link between the student and the entrepreneurial ecosystem or a network
In business, moreover, support can also mean assistance and aid.
psychological support offered to students.

It is worth noting that the university has a strong potential for influence on
the entrepreneurial intention of its young students, it has the ability to awaken potential
entrepreneurial through entrepreneurship education, the organization of training focused on
soft skills, coaching, and seminars to exchange experiences
entrepreneurial experiences and success stories to inspire students even more or the
creation of a network of entrepreneurs to strengthen exchanges between businesses and
universities, the development of a true entrepreneurial culture within the university
requires consistent educational efforts in terms of strengthening a culture of
creativity, innovation, and autonomy to consequently stimulate the desire to undertake.

Conclusion

In summary, entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that continues to grow, but

At the same time, many related obstacles are also developing, hindering the
the act of entrepreneurial action, it is a phenomenon involving several actors including
Each of them is supposed to contribute their stone to the building in order to create an ecosystem.
incentive for entrepreneurial initiative.

23
 Practical part:
Entrepreneurial intention among young people
students: case of the students of the Faculty
Multidisciplinary Béni Mellal enrolled in 3rd year
year in Economic Sciences and Management.

24
Chapter 1:
Presentation of the multidisciplinary faculty Béni Mellal:
The multidisciplinary faculty of Béni Mellal is a public educational institution.
superior belonging to the Sultane Moulay Slimane University, the said faculty has opened its doors
in 2003/2004 by offering a multitude of training programs (Bachelor's in fundamental studies,
Professional license and Master's degrees) in a perspective of meeting expectations and
requirements of regional and national labor market.

As part of the opening to the socio-professional environment and encouragement

of student entrepreneurship, the multidisciplinary faculty has committed to organizing
of a series of extracurricular activities, in this sense the department of economics
and organizes annually since the 2012/2103 academic year days
entrepreneurial and innovation, these events include sanctioned competitions
by certificates and prizes in the form of a check dedicated to financing the selected projects,
Interested students participate in group days to collaborate on projects.
innovative, participants benefit from training sessions focused on entrepreneurship,
going from the design of the project idea to writing the business plan, including
translation of the idea into business opportunity through a series of studies concerning needs
of the market and also the technical, legal, and financial framework of the projects. Certainly this
The initiative aims to raise awareness and encourage the spirit of entrepreneurship among the
students, promote entrepreneurial culture in the university environment to ensure its sustainability
the projects through support for pre-and post-creation and promote further
the intervention of local authorities and funding bodies to support these initiatives.

Chapter 2:
Approach and presentation of the survey results:
Introduction :
In order to address the questions of our issues, we conducted a
survey by conducting a questionnaire, the latter would allow us to analyze the intention
entrepreneurial skills of students enrolled in the 3rd year of economics and management sciences at the
multidisciplinary faculty of Béni Mellal and explain their perceptions towards entrepreneurship
and also in relation to the entrepreneurial activities organized by the faculty.

25
 I. Presentation of the survey:

1. Objectives of the survey:

The purpose of the survey is to explain students' perceptions of entrepreneurship,

to better understand the determinants that shape their entrepreneurial intentions and also
to know if the faculty's activities have an influence on their entrepreneurial visions.

2. The sample size and the duration of the survey:

In order to present relevant results, we tried to build a

sample composed of 100 students. The questionnaire was filled out online and the duration of
data collection and the processing of results took 15 days.

3. The mode of administration:

The questionnaire was developed using Google Forms office software, and sent by e-
Email and also shared in student groups on the most used social networks.
our sample WhatsApp and Facebook, the choice of this method of administration is justified by
its speed in collecting information and also because it is easily accessible for
our respondents.

4. Questionnaire presentation:

We have created a questionnaire that gathers a set of formulated questions.

in a simple and clear way and composed of four parts. The first part contains a small
introductory paragraph informing the interviewed individuals about the objective of the study
which is part of the implementation of a final study project, and a question allowing
to reveal the identity of the surveyed individuals. Then the second part consists of
Questions helping to better understand students' perceptions of entrepreneurship.
and their entrepreneurial motivations. And then, a third part dedicated to the
understanding and awareness of the various constraints that can hinder the
entrepreneurial behavior of our sample. And we conclude with a fourth and final
part containing a set of general questions, leading to understanding the opinion of the
students on the activities undertaken by the faculty in terms of entrepreneurship and also the degree
influence of these activities on their entrepreneurial intentions.

II. Analysis of the questionnaire results:16

16All the charts below are created by us using Excel and Google Forms.

26
 The collection and gathering of data was done via Google Forms and the processing was done at
the help of Excel software to obtain the results below, presented in the form of graphs
and statistical tables to facilitate the reading and interpretation of the results obtained.

Question 1: Who are you?

Figure 3: distribution of the sample by sex

Our sample consists of 100 people, both women and men, of which 56%
are students, while male students only make up 44% of those surveyed.
It can be observed from this figure that female students represent the dominant part of the
surveyed individuals.

Question 2: What first impression comes to your mind when you hear the word
entrepreneurship

Figure 4: students' perception of entrepreneurship

According to this chart, the perception of entrepreneurship varies from one student to another.
other, in that 32% of respondents perceive it as a creation
of the company, and 11% translate it as autonomy while two parts of 5% associate with

27
the concept of entrepreneurship respectively the take of risk and the sense of innovation and
creativity, while a significant percentage of 45% of students did not react with
the question, and this can be explained by a lack of information about entrepreneurship,
These results show that there is still work to be done in terms of raising awareness.
entrepreneurship among students.

Question 3: In your opinion, does starting a business seem to you?

Figure 5: the creation of a business

The figure above shows that 58% of the sample believe that starting a business
is quite difficult, compared to 22% of surveyed individuals who believe it is quite easy
to create a business, however, 18% find it very difficult compared to a percentage
very weak who considers that creation is very easy. According to these results, the majority of
the sample sees the difficulty in creation, and this can be translated by the existence of
certain constraints.

Question 4: Do you intend to start your business?

Figure 6: Entrepreneurial intention

28
 According to the results obtained from this question, more than half of our
the sample shows that 62% probably intend to start their own businesses, with
a proportion of 28% of those who are certain about embarking on a journey
entrepreneurial.

Question 5: If yes, what are the factors that encourage you to do so?

Figure 7: entrepreneurial motivations

The figure above shows that more than two-thirds of the surveyed population are motivated.
By making profits, as well as creative spirit represents an incentive factor for
50.5%, on the other hand, 40.9% are motivated by autonomy, having free time does not
represents a motivation for only 29% of the surveyed individuals. We
We can notice from these results that most of the students from the multidisciplinary faculty
consider entrepreneurship as a source of income.

Question 6: If not, what are the factors that prevent you from thinking about it?

Figure 8: factors that hinder the willingness to undertake

29
 We note from the results obtained from this question that the majority is 72%
respondents are hindered by financial constraints, regarding obstacles related to the lack
Experience and the lack of supervision constitute rates of 36% and 20% respectively.
of the sample.

Question 7: By what deadline do you plan to start your business?

Figure 9: the deadline for business creation

We note that 46.4% are considering entering the business world within 3 to
5 years after the end of their studies, a percentage of 29.9% postpone the creation beyond 5.
after their university studies, while students wishing to engage in
a company, accounts for only 23.7%. We can deduce that the postponement of the act
Entrepreneurship can be explained by the need for experience or skills.
entrepreneurial.

Question 8: Regarding your future professional life, what are the elements that you
most interesting?

Figure 10: the future professional life of students

It can be noted from this figure that the desire to be one's own boss constitutes a
more interesting element for the professional life of 58% of the surveyed students, however the need
a fixed income and job security interest 29% and 36% of the sample respectively

30
studied, against a part of 28% that associate risk-taking with their professional life. We
can deduce that the majority of students mainly aim for autonomy and
independence in their professional careers.

Question 9: Are you involved in an association that encourages creation

of the company?

Figure 11: membership in associative structures

The graph above shows that a dominant part of 72% of the sample
does not belong to any associative club, facing a reduced category of 28% being part of the
structures that operate in entrepreneurship, these results lead us to conclude that the
students are inactive in their student life.

Question 10: If yes, which one?

Enactus JCI IF Association Forstay Others

8 1 3 1 15

Figure 12: distribution of students according to associative structures

It can be noted from these results that most of the students are part of the club.
Enactus, while 15 people did not mention the name of the organization.

31
Question 11: If yes, what has it brought you?

16 15
14
12 12
12

10 9
8

0
Trainings in Contact Taking Coaching and Support Orientation
entrepreneurship with the the morale
entrepreneurs

Figure 13: the contributions of associative structures

This graph shows that 53.57% of people who belong to clubs,
mainly benefit from entrepreneurship training, 42% were able to create
contacts with entrepreneurs and benefit from coaching sessions, and 32% of these
students benefit from guidance in terms of entrepreneurship.

Question 12: Is your family environment encouraging and conducive to creation?

of the company?

Figure 14: the family environment

The family environment plays a determining role for 62% of the surveyed students, who
they encourage them to undertake, for a percentage of 38% which for them is the family environment.
does not encourage entrepreneurial spirit. This leads us to conclude that the family can
can either be an advantage or a hurdle for any entrepreneurial intention.

32
Question 13: Are there any entrepreneurs in your circle that you would like to imitate?

Figure 15: the entrepreneurs of the environment

These results allow us to notice that 62.6% of the surveyed sample are
motivated by the entrepreneurial journey of people in their surroundings, compared to
37.4% who do not know any close entrepreneur serving as a source of inspiration for
them. This indicates that success stories positively influence entrepreneurial intention.
among the students.

Question 14: If you were to create a business, what would be the main factors for you?
obstacles that you will encounter?

Figure 16: the main obstacles to entrepreneurship

In correlation with these results, 75% of the surveyed students are mainly
hindered by the absence of start-up capital, on the other hand the risk of failure represents a
obstacle for 48%, and among these students, a percentage of 26% are in difficulty in
reason for absence of support not to forget the students who are facing
administrative constraints.

33
Question 15: Do you think that the skills you acquired during your university studies...
Are sufficient enough to start your business?

Figure 17: the skills acquired in university and entrepreneurship

According to this graph, we can deduce that the skills acquired at university are
totally sufficient to start a business for a proportion of 16%, which does not
the case for 52% having insufficient skills to undertake, contrary to a
percentage of 18% who believe the skills learned during their university studies
are not sufficient at all. Indeed, managerial skills can form a
advantage as an obstacle to entrepreneurial action.

Question 16: Do you think that obtaining credit is easily accessible for a young person?

Figure 18: obtaining credits

It can be observed that the dominant part of the sample thinks that it is not easy.
for a young student to obtain credit from financing institutions, while 32.3%
ten students find the credit agreement easy. Analyzing this question brings us back to remember
the importance of facilitating access to financing for young people and the necessity for the
young entrepreneurs to have persuasion skills and to establish their projects.

34
Question 17: Have you ever attended entrepreneurship events organized by the
Faculty?

Figure 19: participation in faculty events

The graph above indicates that more than two-thirds of the sample have already attended the
entrepreneurial events organized by the faculty, while 32.3% have never participated in
these manifestations. From this we can conclude that students place importance
to entrepreneurship which constantly involves efforts from the university in order
to ensure the continuity of these activities that provide students with information
considered relevant in entrepreneurship.

Question 18: In your opinion, what is the impact of these events on your desire to get started?
in entrepreneurship?

Figure 20: The impact of events on intention

The responses indicate that these events have a medium impact on
the entrepreneurial intention for 65.67% of the people participating in these activities appears
university students, among these students, 22.38% are strongly influenced by these
35
manifestations. This truly explains the role that the university can play as a
major determinant of entrepreneurial intention through its contributions in this area.

Question 19: Do you think that training in entrepreneurship is the mission of the faculty?

Figure 21: entrepreneurship training

Most respondents (67.6%) believe that entrepreneurship training is...
mission of the faculty, against a percentage of 32.3% who think otherwise. These results
Significant indicators reflect students' needs for entrepreneurship training.

Question 20: Do you think it is necessary to have a network of contacts to be able to

advance your entrepreneurial project?

Figure 22: Network of contact with entrepreneurs

It can be concluded from the collected results that the majority of the surveyed students
It is essential to have a network of contacts that facilitates the exchange of information.

36
and advice with entrepreneurs in order to advance their projects, for a percentage
rather low at 11.2% who find it useless to have this network.

Question 21: Do you know the new national status of the student-entrepreneur?

Figure 23: the SNEE

We have found that 42.42% of students are aware of this new.
National Status of the Entrepreneur Student, while 57.58% have no information on
regarding this new status, hence the necessity for the university to organize even more
events to promote the program and its various offered services
to students interested in entrepreneurship.

Summary of the investigation:

Based on the results obtained from a sample of 100 people, we

we were able to draw some conclusions:

• 16% of women certainly intending to start a business, compared to 12% of

men.

• 45% of surveyed students have no impression of entrepreneurship.

• 76% of surveyed students see difficulties in starting a business.

• 69.9% of the sample is motivated by the achievement of profits.

37
 • 72% of the surveyed population are mainly hindered by the lack of
financial resources.

• 58% of our sample aspire to autonomy in their future professional life.

• 72% of the surveyed students are not part of an association organization.

• 53.57% of people belonging to an associative club declare that they have already
benefited from entrepreneurship training.

• 62% of respondents say that their family environment is encouraging to

entrepreneurship.

• 62.6% of the sample are influenced by the success of the entrepreneurs in their
encourage.

• Only 16% of surveyed students have sufficient skills to

launched into entrepreneurship.

• 67.7% of the sample believe that obtaining credits by a young student is

difficult.

• 67.7% of students indicate that they have already attended the events
of entrepreneurship.

• 88.05% of these people claim that their entrepreneurial intention is influenced

through these events.

• 67.7% believe that entrepreneurship training is the university's mission.

• 88.8% believe it is necessary to have a network of contacts with entrepreneurs.

• 57.58% of respondents are unaware of the new national status of

the student-entrepreneur.

Conclusion
It can be inferred that entrepreneurial intention is the result of the combination of
several variables, based on the results obtained from our survey, we can
noting that the main determinants of this intention among students are: research
autonomy, the realization of profits, creative spirit as well as the propensity for taking

38
risks and also the influence of the close circle of students on their willingness
to undertake.

On the other hand, the answers obtained show that there are just as many obstacles that
disadvantage the desire to undertake, particularly the constraint of financial resources, the
lack of guidance, as well as the risk of failure which constitutes a barrier to entry into the world
business.

Indeed, the willingness to undertake is strengthened by associative experiences and

the existence of entrepreneurial models, not forgetting the role of the university in
terms of influence and awareness through its entrepreneurial actions, since the
Surveyed students claim that their desire to undertake is influenced by these actions.

39
 General Conclusion:

Until today, entrepreneurship remains at the heart of everyone's concerns.

nation, and our country is no exception as entrepreneurship can play the role of a
vector for economic and social development, the development of entrepreneurship
requires consistent efforts and involves the intervention of several actors in the ecosystem
entrepreneurial.

Our research aimed to contribute to the analysis and understanding of

entrepreneurial intention among young students, as well as the contributing variables to
its training, the survey conducted among 100 students enrolled in the 3rd year in
economic and management sciences allowed us to draw the elements of response from our
problematic and validate the initial hypotheses. In the first part of this modest
work we tried to bring clarifications around the different concepts that
surrounding our research topic, namely entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur as being
the main actor in the process, and the entrepreneurial intention that constitutes the upstream phase of
the entrepreneurial act, entrepreneurial intention translates into a will and a desire
to undertake.
Indeed, this will is most often affected by several factors, the results
the results obtained allowed us to deduce that the two hypotheses proposed at the beginning are validated,

Students tend to undertake instead of leaning towards salaried employment; this is justified.
more so by the results of the survey which show that nearly 90% of the students surveyed
intend to undertake, furthermore the entrepreneurial actions of the university and the
Social norms are as many variables that influence entrepreneurial intention.
students.
Nevertheless, this desire to undertake is hindered by several obstacles, such as the
financing problem, lack of support and guidance, these constraints
lead us to propose certain recommendations that we find essential in order to
promote the culture of entrepreneurship among students, the university as an actor
development area is called to:

• Multiply entrepreneurship trainings by integrating related modules.

within the university curriculum, to allow students to become more familiar
with entrepreneurship and to acquire entrepreneurial skills.

40
 • The establishment of communication campaigns to raise awareness of the status
National Student Entrepreneur, and its services offered to student entrepreneurs
project ideas.

• Encourage the intervention of incubators in the development process of

entrepreneurship, in order to provide support in terms of advice and funding for
startups.

• Continuously modernize efforts to influence the largest number of

students, and to strengthen their ability to adapt to an increasingly globalized world
more complex and dynamic.

In the future, Moroccan universities must contribute greatly to

development of the entrepreneurial spirit of students, nevertheless this recommendation us
leads to ask certain questions: what pedagogies and what types of teaching are
susceptible to act on the attitudes and perceptions of students and to trigger in them
entrepreneurial intentions?

41
 The bibliographic list:

-Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. [Link]
-Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy
of Management Review, 13(3), 442–453. [Link]
- Emin, S. (2005). The weak appeal of students for entrepreneurship - elements of
analysis for action. Research.
High Commission for Planning. (n.d.). Report on advanced regionalization, state of affairs,
perspectives and vision of the Popular Movement. 1–19.

Isenberg, D. J. (2011). The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Strategy as a New Paradigm

for Economic Policy: Principles for Cultivating Entrepreneurship. The Babson
Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, 1(781), 1–13.

Pelletier, D. (2012). Invitation to culture Invitation to culture.

Pierre-André Julien and Louise Cadieux. (2010). SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

INNOVATION The measurement of entrepreneurship Study report.

Tax Regime of the Self-Employed. (2019)

-Schmitt, C. (2008). Views on the evolution of entrepreneurial practices. Presses de

The University of Quebec, Entrepreneurship and SME Collection, 329 pages

-Schumpeter, J. (1935). Theory of Economic Evolution IV-VI. (1911).

-Shapero, Albert and Sokol, Lisa, The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship (1982).
Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Vol. , p. 72-90 1982.

-Tounés, A. (2006). The entrepreneurial intention of students: the French case. The Review
Management Sciences,21957. [Link]

Web bibliography:

E. Théophile (n.d). What is entrepreneurship: definition, forms, examples.

Consulted onUnable to access or translate content from the provided URL.
-(s.d). SALEEM Project. Retrieved fromUnable to translate URL content as it requires access to external sites.

-(s.d). Enactus Morocco. Consulted onThe provided text is a URL and does not contain translatable content.

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 Table of contents

Acknowledgment
List of figures
General introduction
Theoretical part... 3
The Conceptual Framework of Research
4
Entrepreneurship and the entrepreneur 4
1-Theoretical approach to entrepreneurship............................................... 4
Definitions
1.2. The entrepreneurial duality: necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship 5
2-The entrepreneur at the heart of the entrepreneurial process 6
[Link] of the entrepreneur....................................................6

2.2. The profile of the entrepreneur………………………………………………………...7

II-Entrepreneurial intention: a literature review 8
1. Entrepreneurial intention: a concept to define... 8
2. The modeling of entrepreneurial intention 9
2.1. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (1991) ... 9
2.2. The theory of entrepreneurial events (Shapero and Sokol)……………….. 11
11
Chapter 2: Entrepreneurial Dynamics in Morocco 12
Introduction
The entrepreneurial activity in Morocco ... 12
1. The entrepreneurial ecosystem in Morocco 12
1.1. Definition of the entrepreneurial ecosystem according to ISENBERG............. 12
1.2. The measures of a favorable ecosystem ... 14
1.2.1. The modernization of institutions…………………………………………14
1.2.2. Fiscal measures……………………………………………….. 17
2. The constraints of entrepreneurship 18
2.1. Legal and tax constraints ........................................................... 18
2.2. Personal and surrounding constraints……………………………………. 18
2.3. Financing constraints………………………………………………... 19
II-The support for the student entrepreneur ……………………………………..19
[Link] programs…………………………………………………. 19
[Link]............................................................19
[Link]
[Link]............................................................ 21
[Link] Entrepreneurship Morocco............................. 21
2. Entrepreneurial culture within the university... 22
[Link]...........................................................................22
[Link]........................................................................ 22
[Link]...................................................................... 23
Conclusion....................................................23
Practical part........................................................24
Chapter 1: Presentation of the multidisciplinary faculty of Béni Mellal………………………25
Chapter 2: Approach and Presentation of the Survey Results………………………… 25

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 Introduction 25
I. Presentation of the survey 26
1-Research objectives.......................................................................... 26
2-The sample size and the duration of the survey ............................ 26
3- Administration Mode…………………………………………………………. 26
4-Presentation of the questionnaire.................................................. 26

II. Analysis of questionnaire results 26

Conclusion..............................................................................38

General Conclusion
42

44
 Annex:

Example of a questionnaire:
This survey is intended for students of the Béni Mellal Multidisciplinary Faculty registered in
3rd year in SEG, as part of our End of Studies Project, entitled 'the intention
entrepreneurial spirit among young students," we therefore take the liberty of sending you the
questionnaire following which will be useful in order to enrich this research work, we you
Thank you in advance for contributing to the realization of this study.
Your identity
You are?
Oh Man
Woman
The entrepreneurial initiative
2. What first impression comes to mind when you hear the word '
entrepreneurship?
According to you, does starting a business seem to you?
Very easy
quite easy
Quite difficult
Very difficult
Do you intend to start your business?
Yes, probably
Yes, certainly
Oh no, probably not
Oh no, certainly not
5. If so, what factors motivate you to do so?
Refusal to be under someone else's authority

Realization of profits
Having free time
Creative spirit
Others

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6. If not, what are the factors that prevent you from thinking about it?
Lack of financial resources
Lack of experience
Lack of supervision
Absence of project ideas
Others
7. What timeline do you envision for starting your business?
During your studies or just after
3 to 5 years after the end of your studies

More than 5 years after the end of your studies

Other

8. Regarding your future professional life, what are the elements that you...
most interesting?
fixed income
Job security
to be your own boss
Risk taking
Others

9. Are you involved in an associative structure that encourages creation?

of the company?
Yes
non

10. If yes, which one?

11. If so, what has it brought you?
Orientation
Entrepreneurship training
Coaching and moral support
The contact with entrepreneurs
others

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 The barriers to entrepreneurship

12. Is your family environment encouraging and conducive to starting a business?

Yes
oNon

Are there any entrepreneurs in your circle that you would like to emulate?
Yes
None

14. If you were to start a business, what would be the main obstacles for you?
that you will meet?
Starting capital
Administrative constraints
the risk of failure
the absence of support
Others

15. Do you think that the skills you acquired during your university studies are
sufficient enough to start your business
Totally sufficient
Partially sufficient
No idea
Not sufficient at all

16. Do you think that for a young person obtaining credit is easily accessible?
Yes
None

Perception of the activities of the faculty in entrepreneurship

17. Have you ever attended the entrepreneurship events organized by the Faculty?
Yes
oNon

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18. In your opinion, what is the impact of these events on your desire to get started in
entrepreneurship?
Weak
oMedium
oFort
19. Do you think that entrepreneurship training is the mission of the faculty?
Yes
Non
20. Do you think it is necessary to have a network of contacts to be able to progress?
his entrepreneurial project?
Yes
Non
Do you know about the new national status of the student-entrepreneur?
Yes
oNon

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