2.

3 DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES:

DRILLING.

The drilling is carried out with a rotary rig, using the direct circulation system, drill bits are used.
ticonic, pineapple type and the drilling fluid is bentonite mud. Initially, an exploratory survey is conducted.
in small diameter 8" or 12" to the total depth, then after the well design is defined,
expand to the definitive diameters and depths. The most important controls that should be carried out are:
Drilling rate to determine soil hardness. Viscosity and density of the drilling mud for
maintain the circulation of mud in a constant manner. Collection of samples from the drilled layers
to design the well. Amount of bentonite used. What is important in this process is that it
maintain a constant circulation of the drilling mud that guarantees the extraction of the sediments
perforated and the stability of the well walls.

1.1 WELL DRILLING METHODS.

The most commonly used well drilling methods in our environment are: manual excavation, percussion and
rotation systems.

MANUAL EXCAVATION.

It is a manual excavation that is done in the ground to capture the first level of water.
underground that is found in the subsoil. They are called cisterns and are built with diameters between
one and two meters, covered with brick, cement or concrete pipe. They are used for use
domestic in the rural area. Water is extracted with a small pump or with a bucket. In the figure it
you can observe a manually dug well.
PERCUSSION METHOD.

This system uses a mechanical percussion machine and is drilled with tools of
cable, lifting and dropping a heavy string within the shaft. The drill or bit that goes in
the bottom tip of the string crushes the hard rock and turns it into small fragments. These
fragments mix with the existing water in the layers being crossed, forming a
mud, which is periodically removed with a spoon so that the drilling can progress properly
normal. This spoon is simply a hollow tube with a check valve, it goes up and down
by means of a steel cable. With this scoop, samples of the materials are taken.
perforated as it gets deeper. The figure shows a percussion equipment. This
the system is used especially in hard rocks where other systems have many
limitations. It is also used in soft rocks or formations, but with special care.
that the strong pounding of the tool causes landslides in unstable areas, which is
It is necessary to line the well as drilling progresses.
ROTATION METHODS.

The rotary drilling method consists of drilling a hole through rotary action of
a drill and remove the perforated fragments with a fluid that is circulated as the
drilling progresses. This fluid can be water or mud. For rotary drilling,
mechanical or hydraulic machines and depending on the way the drilling fluid circulates
Two systems are used: reverse flow and direct flow. The figure shows a
rotation machine and the arrangement of the direct circulation system.
DIRECT CIRCULATION ROTATION.
The rotation method using direct circulation uses mud as the drilling fluid or liquid.
bentonitic, which is a mixture of water and bentonite (clay) that acquires certain characteristics of
viscosity and density during drilling and its function is to transport in suspension the
The surface of the perforated fragments or sediments forms a mud crust on the walls of the well.
to seal it and prevent collapses in unstable areas. The way the mud circulates
the drilling is the following and can be observed in the figure.
2. ANTEPOZO.

It is a civil work that is done at the mouth of the well at the beginning of the drilling process to stabilize its part.
superior and control potential surface collapses. It consists of a manually dug hole of two
three meters deep with a diameter that allows for the installation of a pipe made of iron sheet
of a diameter between 24" and 36" depending on the diameter of the well. Between this pipe and the excavated hole there must be

leave a minimum void or annular space of 3" that must be filled with mortar.

3. HEALTH SEAL.

The construction of the sanitary seal is the first thing that must be done to avoid any risk of
pollution since the beginning of the drilling. Initially, a drilling is made with a diameter such that
allow the installation of a metal pipe with a diameter larger than the well casing pipe plus
the gravel filter. In the annular space between the perforated hole and the metal tube, a slurry is installed.
cement with a minimum thickness of three inches. Its depth depends on the design characteristics
from the well. The cement must be injected with a pump through a pipe. The bottom of the seal must remain
supported on a rock or waterproof layer, such as clay, to ensure a greater degree of
waterproofing.

4. CASING PIPE.

It is the pipe that is installed vertically within the drilled hole. It is generally made of carbon steel.
PVC with a diameter that varies between 6 and 18 inches with thicknesses from 14 to 3/8 of an inch is installed.
Sold and well leveled. It must be completely vertical within the drilled hole.

Even more detailed consists of installing the casing pipe inside the drilled hole. Before
The tubing and filters are prepared on the surface of the land according to the design.
Established. They are welded in a section of a length corresponding to the height of the drilling machine tower.
The welding used must be appropriate according to the type of material to be welded (carbon steel,
stainless, etc.). Once the repair is completed, the pipe is measured to verify its fidelity to the profile
design, the welding seams are reviewed, at least two for each weld and their general condition is assessed, remaining
ready for installation.

The casing of the well should be done continuously, the pipe must descend freely and at each joint or
The welded peg must be maintained and checked for verticality with a level.
It is installed section by section until finally, the pipe is hanging from the hook of the machine's winch.
The drilling is centered and secured on the surface by an anchor composed of two rails.
steel approximately 3 meters long each, which are supported on the ground and are welded to the well by
medium of steel plates. The pipe should never rest on the bottom of the drilling. Between the bottom of
the drilling and the maximum depth of the well casing should leave about ten (10) meters of
tolerance for the sediments that may fall during the piping to settle at the bottom and not go
to prevent the descent of the pipe.

The figure shows the installation of a well casing.

5. FILTERS.

It is the capture area of the well through which the water from the aquifer being utilized enters. It is a pipe.
with the same diameter as the casing pipe that has openings or perforations for water to
The aquifer can enter the well. These filters can be made manually or with equipment and in
specialized materials, with stainless steel and PVC being the most used. The characteristics of the
The materials of these filters must be in accordance with the quality of the water from the aquifer being exploited.
to have good durability.

6. INSTALLATION OF THE GRAVEL FILTER

The gravel filter should be installed in the annular space between the final borehole and the pipe.
of coating. Before installing it, the viscosity of the drilling mud that is still
remains inside the well. The drilling pipe is installed inside the casing of the well and
The mud starts to circulate, and when its viscosity becomes uniform, water is injected to reduce it to a point such that
that allows the free descent of the gravel in the annular space. The gravel is installed by gravity from the
surface, with a shovel, slowly to ensure its descent to the bottom of the well. Work that is carried out in
continuous form so that the annular space is filled to the surface. The volume of the gravel filter is
easy to calculate: The volume of the drilling is calculated, which has a cylindrical shape, then the volume is calculated
what occupies the casing pipe. The difference between these two volumes is the minimum volume of
gravel that must enter the well. It is very important that the gravel remains continuous from the bottom to the
surface, because the creation of voids in the gravel filter is a problem that is sometimes difficult to
solve.

7. ANCHORING.

They are the elements installed at the mouth of the well to support the casing pipe from the
surface, since it should never be resting on the bottom of the borehole but hanging from
the surface until it is filled with gravel. It guarantees the verticality of the well and consists of two rails of
steel two to three meters long each resting on the surface of the ground and welded to the tube of
shaft through steel plates. They prevent any vertical displacement of the casing pipe.
from the well. The concrete base on which the pump rests is built on the anchorage.
8. SUBMERSIBLE ELECTRIC PUMP (INSTALLATION)

The pump and pumping installations are essential components and at the same time very vulnerable in almost
all water systems. In the field, inadequate installation of pumping systems can
cause complete loss of water supply or premature equipment failure.

Once at the site, it should first be checked that all the necessary elements are available to carry out
The installation at the well is completed; please take into account the following:

- Bomb
- Motor
- Submersible cable of appropriate gauge
- Starter (single-phase or three-phase)
- Electrical Protections
- Mounting or spatial tools (Crane or tripod)
- Appropriate tools for the installation of hydraulic accessories
- Hydraulic pipes and accessories
- Insulation tape and self-weldable tape and/or heat shrink packaging according to the gauge of the cable
driving
- Electrical measurement devices: megger, multimeter, ammeter

After verifying that everything is ready, you can then begin with the installation of your equipment.
pumping, always following the appropriate safety measures.

When unpacking the equipment, we must be careful not to brush the motor cables against objects that could
damaging its coating. Never use cables to pull, lift, or move the engine. It is recommended not to
carry the pump coupled with the motor; this way we do not run the risk of producing a bend at the
engine date during its installation in the well.

Although the assembly of the pump to the engine may seem simple and straightforward, care must be taken.
and necessary precautions to avoid damaging any of the components due to improper handling.
The assembly must always be done with the engine and the pump in a vertical position, the surfaces of the
brides must be completely clean and the tightening of the fastening screws must be carried out
transversal shape and with the required tightening pair according to the size of the engine and the type of pump. The damage

The most common cause of a poor pump-motor assembly is wear on the motor's splines.

The connection of the motor must be done by a certified electrician or technician.

The motor is equipped with its power cables, which should be spliced with the cable.
submersible. The connection is made by connecting the submersible cable to the motor lines.

It is necessary for the joint to be airtight. This joint can be made through impregnation or
encapsulation (commercially available), heat-shrinkable splicing games or joining them
carefully with a set of self-adhesive tape and electrical tape.

It is very important that the splice or submersible cable are hermetically sealed. To check
This involves the use of a mega ohmmeter (Megger) with a 500V DC output. It is recommended to carry out
insulation resistance measurements at certain sections of piping as we go down the
pump-motor assembly to its final position in the well.

Before starting up the equipment, a final resistance test with the Megger must be performed.
Once we are sure that there are no current leaks, it's time to connect your starter.
Enclosed motors are predisposed for direct starting or with any other type of
starter available in the market, as well as its use with frequency converters. Only
They must take into account the technical considerations for adjustment and connection indicated in the AIM Manual.
Franklin Electric for every type of use.

It is recommended to always use one or more check valves in submersible pump installations.
These valves must be positive seal; swing check valves should never be used.
which can cause water hammer that can damage the pump and the motor.

If the pump does not have a check valve installed, a line check valve should be installed.
in the discharge pipe less than 7.5 meters from the pump and below the dynamic level. For
deeper installations, it is recommended that the line check valves be installed with
the manufacturer's recommendations.

In the case of installations where the pumping equipment is going to be replaced, it is recommended to review the

operating conditions of the valves and the column pipe, as these may present
wear or cracks that may compromise the performance of your pumping equipment.
Once the equipment is installed in the well, the control of the correct direction of rotation must be carried out.
in the following way:

Close 3/4 of the discharge valve at the outlet.

Start the pump and record the pressure and flow.
. If the motor amperage and the pressure and flow readings are very low in
comparison to the expected performance of the pump, it is very likely that the pump
it is spinning in reverse, then the equipment must be stopped and the change of 2 must be made
electric conductors that power the equipment. This will change the direction of rotation.
the motor and the pump will operate according to their curve.

Again, start the equipment and measure pressure and flow.

Check the motor's amperage.

In the submersible motor and on the panel, the nominal current of the motor is indicated, which must not be exceeded.
The nominal current of the equipment is indicated in the data available on the motor, either on its nameplate or
with the information in your manual.

A quick-disconnect protection must be provided to protect the motor from damage caused by
voltage drops, phase loss, and overload or blocked pump. The SubMonitor and SubMonitor Connect,
they are devices to protect against the aforementioned problems.

In the submersible motor and on the panel, the nominal current of the motor is indicated, which should not be exceeded.

The nominal current of the equipment is indicated in the existing product data.