HISTORY OF HAIRDRESSING

I have recovered from the trunk of memories this article about the history of the
hairdressing, nothing less than from prehistory to our days. History it
what it has is that each one tells it in their own way according to what they know about her and
of what interests him. If my opinion is valued in any way, I will say that it is worth reading the
article. despite having been written 20 years ago and for whom it is truly
Anyone interested in the topic should understand it as a preamble that I personally
I plan to use as a starting point to expand the exploration of stages of the
stories that generate interest for some reason.

PREHISTORY AND ANCIENT AGE

Prehistory

An inexhaustible source of myths and speculations, hair was seen thousands of years ago.
as a powerful magical or ceremonial element.

In our days, some of the so-called primitive cultures still exist (base of
most studies on social behavior in prehistory) consider
that the soul of each person is found in their hair.
Hair in prehistory played a protective role; a dense mane prevented
that solar radiation would directly hit the head, creating a micro-climate
protector of the brain and the scalp with a helical hair texture
(extreme afro) was even more effective.

The magical-religious importance of hair led to its significance already in ancient times.
Care had considerable importance in many societies.

It is possible that the first tool used by man to cut his hair
they were the extremely sharp flints of flint, resulting from
laborious process of obtaining cutting material by striking some stones
with others. The haircut was undoubtedly due to practical or
ceremonial and had nothing to do with the purely aesthetic reasons of the times
posterior

Fish spines, animal teeth, and dry twigs from various plants were
the primitive combs of those people, who are believed to have even reached
to use blood, fats, and vegetable dyes as coloring agents to dye their hair,
always for ritual reasons.

[Link]

The Egyptian population was far from being a homogeneous ethnic group, undoubtedly the
strongly curled hair was the most common and the straight 'Cleopatra' a curiosity.
The braids were an aesthetic option, but above all practical.

Who doesn't remember the classic hairstyle of Egyptian women from the engravings that
have they reached the present time? Completely straight hair, black color
jet black and decorated with fine tiaras or with strands of small sparkling stones
colors.
The priests, depending on their castes, could completely shave their hair,
the opposite

Hair in men essentially represented the strength of youth within.

from the possibilities of each individual, their grooming brought them prestige,
whereas, at an aesthetic level, issues of hygiene were probably
relegated to the last places.

dedicate themselves to cultivating long and well-groomed manes. Thus, they could be differentiated from the
worshippers of the cult, to one god or another, by the type of hairstyle or wig used.

The elaborate Egyptian culture considered hair a fundamental element that

determined social and religious categories. But without a doubt, the Egyptians were a
people concerned about their aesthetic qualities and valued beauty. Wigs and
dyes are considered inventions belonging to the culture of the pyramids, and it is to
They are the ones to whom the usefulness of henna in hair coloring is owed, still used today.
to obtain reddish and mahogany tones.

[Link]

The Greeks turned the worship of beauty into one of the pillars of their culture. The
hairstyles that triumphed in their days were extremely elaborate and full of
details.
The constant of long and tied-up hair is maintained, I think it needs to be nuanced.
that one thing is selfies for paintings, sculptures, and mythological parties, and another is the
look that the somewhat affluent ladies wear daily.

Unlike the Egyptians, the Greeks worshipped movement expressed through

of multiple curls and waves. Thanks to statues and funerary monuments, they have
I have been able to observe details of short strands surrounding the forehead and long manes
collected based on ribbons, cords, nets, and other decorative elements.
For men as well, curly hair was considered a hallmark of the
beauty.

In Greece, as in Egypt, slaves were responsible for maintaining the most

beautiful possible the heads of their masters. But Greece brought a new element:
the beauty salons, where the most select heads were styled and arranged.
Another of the innovations of the time came with Alexander the Great, who
as a consequence of their conquests in the East, they brought all kinds of magical recipes
to dye and shape the hairstyle, formulas of some cosmetics that began, in
back then, to see the light.

The Iberians
In the Mediterranean, the Iberians had followed their own criteria. To date
we have only received testimonies through figurines of ladies, starting from the
it has been possible to discover the enormous influence of Greek culture. Thus, it
it shows a delicious blend of the indigenous and the imported that demonstrates, for
example, headdresses similar to wheels, which some experts have identified
with braided hair, twisted and covered with fabric (see the famous "Dama de Elche")
that, despite its authenticity being questioned, is a clear attempt to
reflect a hairstyle of the era). In addition to accessories such as mantillas and
combs, which are so much identified today with the Hispanic culture, the Iberians
they also used the hairdressing tools typical of the Greeks of that time:
These are ribbons, nets, and headbands in the form of a crown.

[Link]
Among the multiple cultural adoptions that the Romans took from the Greeks,
the aesthetic criteria are found, of course, including the one that shows hair
shiny and elaborately styled with countless details. The hair was short for
men and used to hold it with a ribbon. Women could let it fall.
curly hair, in the form of ringlets or slightly wavy, or else tie it up in
buns at the nape, which were wrapped with nets and ribbons in the same way that
previously they made the Greeks.

But the Roman Empire not only took inspiration from Greek culture, but also
he noticed the beautiful blonde hair of the northern peoples that Julius Caesar
made captives. The impact of that new tone had a great effect on women and
tests began to lighten the hair, among which became popular
the compound of goat tallow, beech ash, and chamomile flower, although
it was disastrous for the health of the already battered hair. Perhaps for this reason,
or because it was more practical, wigs made with became popular
prisoners' hair. Hair salons were already a business, although in
back then they did not exist globally as they do today but rather they
they were organized by specialties. In some, hairstyles were done, in others, there was
color, in others wigs or hairpieces were made... it wasn't until hundreds of years later
afternoon in which the fact was considered that, when dealing

Everyone with the same raw material, hair, it was best to unite to give
a full service. Barber shops, which also existed in Hellenistic times,
turned into meeting and chat centers while genuine professionals
they were in charge of fixing hair and beards.
 The barbarian towns

The peoples whom the Romans called "barbarians" were in matters of

hair salon, like in many others, mainly practical people. The hair
long and dirty (perhaps a little less than civilized towns) could arrive
to be really annoying and being humble towns that are not very prone to valuing and
consider aesthetic criteria made braids and ponytails their
emblem hairstyles. Warriors and hunters, little inclined to cultivate the arts, could not
to entertain themselves by curling, coloring, or decorating their hair. So they agreed on something.
the Huns who came from the East with Celts and Vikings from Central and Northern Europe:
long and braided hair (black in the first ones and blonde or redheaded in the others).

MEDIEVAL AGE

The decline of the Roman Empire gave way to two totally different periods in history.
opposed: the Middle Ages, in which poverty and austerity characterized a
eminently rural society, lacking all types of resources and very controlled by
a suffocating religion that was feared more than respected, and the Renaissance,
a stage where a more open space for thought and the Arts was found,
that began to recover part of the economic and cultural wealth lost during
the long medieval parenthesis. The environment of these two eras was seen,
evidently, reflected in the aesthetics and fashion of the society of the moment.

a. The Middle Ages (7th century – 15th century)

Once the Romans withdrew from all the territories they had held under their control.
influence left behind a desolate landscape. Without an administration
competent, the cities fell into the hands of local lords who imposed their
law in limited territories, concerned about their own wealth above all
well-being of the inhabitants of their lands. Urban areas became
foci of poverty and epidemics and the only escape was a getaway to the rural world. In
a town lacking even the most basic resources, extreme austerity triumphed.
about cosmetics and flirtation.

Only in the Court and the small circles of the feudal lords was a
standard of living that allowed for some minimal aesthetic touches, which, it is true, usually
to be limited to updos in the ladies' hair.

A demanding religion that prohibited all forms of frivolity also played a bad
compared to those more vain who might try to fix themselves in some way
more original than strictly allowed. Dyeing one's hair stopped being material and
morally possible.

However, women were expected to wear their hair long and well tied up, just as
marked the Church, which, at a time when having soap was considered
a luxury, forced to sharpen the imagination to create all kinds of bows and braids. The
the only way to protect the hair from dirt and lice was to cover it
conveniently, which led to the widespread use of hoods, veils, hats and
hats, in winter and in summer. Women tried to dress up in the way
as flirtatious as possible without stepping outside the strictly indicated guidelines.

The humblest ones wove all kinds of braids into their hair that generally
they never fell, but instead wrapped around or over the head
forming collected originals. Their only resources to do so were combs of
wood and wool threads.
Often, flowers were used as decoration, as it was the only thing they had at their disposal.
scope. The line in the middle was the most conventional and there was usually no time or desire.
to do nothing that went outside the established norms. For the people of the town, it turned out
A dark and too harsh time to think about the concept of beauty. The classes
the more fortunate had jewelry and even tiaras, although the main
difference, the unique contribution of the era to the hairdressing sector, was the emergence
of the curls, which by that moment had not yet acquired consistency as
hairstyle, although it wasn't until much later, in the Baroque period, that it really
They became popular. In the palace, social norms were also followed, but the
the collected were much more sophisticated, often including accounts and all kinds of
stones to decorate them.

The fine fabric veils replaced the hoods and caps of the common people and the
ladies of the court had the ability to indulge in some frivolities,
unthinkable in other strata of society at the time.

3. RENAISSANCE
a. The Renaissance (16th century – 18th century)

The cult of personal beauty was one of the values of the classical era that
they recovered during the Renaissance.

The emergence of a new economy and the interest and concern for returning to a
The model of a more civilized society reestablished the value of cleanliness and care.
personal. Fashion is created in the Court and hair styling specialists appear again.
that evolve in forms and ideas trying to recover the ancient headdresses of the
Greek and Roman eras. Accessories proliferate and wigs appear.
especially in the form of braids and very elaborate buns. Additionally, hairnets,
crowns and intertwined jewels spread not only through the Court, but among the
flourishing urban classes.

Italy is once again the center of European attention and imposes its taste and ideas.
of a decorative and refined trend to the majority of the Western world of the
era. In this way, the hairstyles of the Venetian houses expand and the
hair dyeing fashion in reddish tones, for which mixtures were used
black sulfur, honey, and alum with which the hair was embalmed
Subsequently, they were exposed to the sun to enhance the action of the formula.

At this moment, the passion for changing the natural color of the hair was born.
women, and ash blonde, "gold thread" and the color also became popular
saffron

It has largely been thanks to the great patrons of the Arts of those
times we have been able to make an approximation to the hairstyles of that
flourishing stage of History. In paintings made by the great masters of the
In this era, the complicated hairstyles and updos can be seen in great detail.
that were fashionable, captured on fabric with complete clarity, as if it were a photograph
will try.

Once again, however, the best references available are from the classes.
high, as few were the painters who dedicated themselves to portraying the people of the
town, still, thanks to the few engravings that have endured and to writings
Extracted from texts about fashions and customs, a fairly clear idea has been achieved.
clear about how the manes were showcased in those centuries.

Knotted braids on top of the head or on the sides have persisted since the
medieval stage, and yet, unlike the previous years, now they are
decorated with everything that can be imagined. Despite this, the
good taste and prudence are highly regarded in the time, which means that
elegance prevails over the overload that will be typical of stages
later: the Baroque and the Rococo.

4. THE BAROQUE PERIOD

The 17th and 18th centuries were the ones of decorative richness, exaggerations, the
search for sensationalism... The privileged classes were more concerned about
to appear that being and the ostentatious was equivalent to the powerful.
They were times of political and social intrigues. At the Court, they dedicated themselves more to the
parties, dances, and fun in general compared to politics, which represented a stage
of unconcerned monarchs about state affairs but extremely
interested in their physical appearance and everything related to beauty and aesthetics
in general.

Fashion evolved giving rise to new garments such as the jacket, the trousers that
fell below the knee, slender shoes, hats adorned with feathers and
exaggerated lace collars (which would later decline to give way to
smooth, small, and stiff collars). Women liked to showcase large
decolletes and incorporated into their outfit the petticoats (that kind of armor of
wire intended to hollow out the skirts).

But without a doubt, if something characterizes the look of the era, it is the wigs.
through which social classes were differentiated. Their emergence was
fostered by Louis XIV of France, who wished to hide at any cost his
incipient baldness, but quickly spread across continental Europe and,
later by Great Britain; although at first they were seen
as yet another of the court's eccentricities.

Wigs and hairstyles reflected the aesthetic tastes of the moment, so,
Although it may seem incredible, monumental and spectacular qualities can be observed in them.
and overloaded decorative wealth, expressiveness, etc.

Thus, jewels, gauzes, feathers, flowers, ribbons, and elements were mixed with the hair.
unimaginable, so that a wig could become the model of a
castle or a ship. The more spectacular, the greater the prestige gained.
socially, in such a way that this kind of hairstyles sometimes came to force
the ladies to bend down to enter the carriages.
Bourgeoisie and nobility employed all their resources to convey the best social image,
since, both sides, actually had less economic capacity than what
they wanted to pretend and were always looking for suitable alliances or marriages of
convenience. However, there are assumed times when hygiene does not
considered an indispensable faculty and the idea that cleanliness prevented
diseños de cabello elaborados aún no se habían popularizado,
bulky wigs are supposed to be full of lice, or, at a minimum, truly
grating. Curious characteristic for a people who considered themselves refined.
The curl during the Baroque period, and the ringlets, which definitely triumphed in the
rococo era, began, for the first time, to be artificially created,
through cylindrical poles that were then subjected to the heat of bakery ovens or
even, forges. The technique endured and, centuries later, it was based on it the
first permanent hot.

With the arrival of the French Revolution in 1789, the ostentation of these ended.
centuries, and the simplicity and comfort that the lower classes had never
renounced, they imposed themselves above the sophisticated customs, which were
despised by the revolutionaries. Wigs disappeared completely and
The taste for natural hair has returned. And like everything, hairdressing also
goes in cycles.

5. THE 19TH CENTURY. TIME OF CHANGE

The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution marked, in every sense,
the course of the History of the Western world. In society, both had a
clear consequence: simplicity was the line to follow in every sense for
point out the wide distance that separated the new customs from the old ones
excesses of the Court. Thus, the big wigs and the fancy trinkets remained
relegated for a long period of time.
The 19th century clearly marks the triumph of capitalism, the increase of the population.
and the hygiene improvements, which led to the creation of new professions that
never before had they existed far from the palace.

Thus appeared the hairdressers, who mainly worked at home when it

they did with the bourgeoisie, moving to work in the homes of clients. They
definitely established the trade, that of hair experts who washed and above all
they styled groups of clients in exchange for a monetary compensation; to
difference between the ancient court hairdressers who used to be maidens or others
servants who learned the profession or either artisans or tailors who
they made wigs.

The gentlemen, however, were getting their hair cut at the barber, still undecided.
to put themselves in the hands of the stylists who were treating the ladies.

Women from the lower social classes began to work in factories and
in some craft trades, seeking the simplest and most practical, they held their
hair, especially in buns, which began to be considered the hairstyle most
appropriate of the moment.

The bourgeois women also adopted this hairstyle, which reflected the spirit of simplicity.
what predominated at the time. Cover it with the appropriate hat when going out to the
the street became the ultimate adornment for these bows tied at the nape.
small covered by netting.

But the real revolution in hairdressing during this time was brought about by the emergence
of hydrogen peroxide in 1867. What until then had been recipes
genuinely harmful to the health of hair and scalp moved to
become a much simpler and safer bleaching process. The
coloration experienced another spectacular advancement just at the doors of the 20th century when
the first synthetic dyes appeared. And although only the higher classes
favored ones made use of them and they were also not received with great
enthusiasm, marked the first seed of a product that without a doubt has
evolved in 100 years more than any other used in this profession.
(1900-1930)

The last century was the one that gave the definitive push to professional hairdressing.
Despite having made his first steps a few decades earlier, it was in the
20th century when beauty salons dedicated exclusively to
hair, when they approached the town, when the specific products
they stopped being artisanal and the big brands appeared, when men and
women decided to dedicate part of their family budget to fixing their hairstyle and
when hairdressing schools and studies emerged.

But if there is one truly remarkable fact, it was what happened in the years
twenty: the women cut their hair short. With the incorporation of women into
work, they had stopped combing their hair just to get ready and had
started to seek comfort. The logical evolution of the search for the practical
it was to cut one's hair like a man: the garçon style emerged. At that moment
Cutting one's hair became a symbol of the modern woman. Initially
there were those who considered that short women's hair would be a passing trend, but
it really became one more option, and an option that has always followed
linked to entrepreneurial, daring, independent, and modern women.

A few years later, the first ones began to emerge in Europe and the United States.
unions and associations of hairdressers, laying another of the foundations of what is the
hairdressing nowadays. In these exciting early years of the century another
The invention revolutionized hairdressing: in the hands of Carlos Nessler appeared the
hot permanente, and the "artificial" curls caused a frenzy for decades and in
various forms and styles. We are faced with the birth of hairdressing.
as we understand it today.
(1930-1960)

The golden age of Hollywood, the time of what are now the classics of cinema, will influence
all aspects of fashion. In hairdressing, the big waves in the purest
the style of Vivien Leigh, Maureen O'Hara, or Rita Hayworth became the pinnacle
exponent of elegance. However, if there is a hairstyle that set a trend, it was the so-called
"Peek-a-boo-bang" consisting of an abundant mass of platinum blonde hair.
wavy hair that covered one eye, popularized by one of the great myths of
celluloid: Veronica Lake. Such was the success of her look that the War Department
the US demanded Paramount to prohibit the diva's famous hairstyle,
since, according to them, the girls who worked in the arms factories did so
they were imitating and, while covering one eye, numerous were being produced
accidents.

But if there was one actress who determined the type of work that was done in
That was Marilyn Monroe. The sexiest blonde in history could
to consider oneself a fraud, since it is well known that their natural hair color
she was chestnut-haired. Even so, the success she achieved by dyeing herself platinum blonde was such that
thousands of women from around the world did not hesitate to emulate her, trying to get closer to
the image of the seductive actress.

They were times of wavy blonde hair, although it wasn't all waterfalls of
hair falling over the shoulders. The big curls were common in
the streets, and the hair salons had much more work styling than cutting or
dyeing. As for products, these were the years of greatest boom for lacquers and
"please" that should keep intact the laborious work of the hairdressers.

Any woman who volunteered had to go to the hall at least once a ...
week, although in high society it was not unusual to have one's hair done daily by
a specialist. The medium-length hair with tips amusingly tilted towards
out or the short voluminous hairstyles also triumphed, always thanks
abundant amounts of fixation.
Among men, it was music more than cinema that popularized certain
hairstyles, thus in the '50s the legendary pompadour of Elvis spread all over the world,
held up by the strong gel (then hair gel). Previously, without
embargo, it was the short military-style hair that was most in fashion, comfortable and
practical, the look became especially popular during the war and post-war.
big cities were also completed thanks to glitter, used in this case
so that no hair would detach from the exact position in which the comb placed it
was leaving.

The media (graphic magazines, cinema, and television) have been key
Well since that moment for the internationalization of certain looks. It is born.
the true passion for fashion and the cult of image still present in our days.

In Europe and the United States, some of the fashion magazines that still exist are born.
today they can be found at the kiosk, and in 1956 the first one appears in Spain
number of TOCADO, which over time will become a reference for the
hairdressing posts.

(1960-1980)

In the 1960s and 1970s, a true revolution in fashion was experienced.

hair. The hairstyle becomes one of the most characteristic signs of
identity of every person, and especially young people turn him into the saint and
sign of their 'group' or 'urban tribe', in a way that identifies them with some
certain ideals or convictions, or categorize them as followers of some
concrete trends.

Thus, the 'rockabilies' that had emerged in the previous decade will style their hair with a
a hairstyle in the purest Elvis style and they will perpetuate it until the '90s (as can be seen
in Spain with fans of groups like Rebeldes or Loquillo and the Trogloditas. The
followers of the 'beat' movement will imitate 'The Beatles' with their hairstyles and
bangs shocking both acquaintances and strangers with what was then considered
a hairstyle that was too long for the male audience. But in the '70s, the
an authentic revolution of form and color: glam, led by David Bowie, propelled
the mullet (very short bangs and longer hair at the nape) that evolved
to unsuspected limits with the punk movement that built high crests of
strident colors over a mullet base. In the '70s, they also scandalized the
rastas, who following Bob Marley’s dreadlocks initially thrived among the
African American public, although in the '90s they became popular with all kinds of audiences
young, including the girls who at first had shown more
reluctant to adopt this hairstyle.

On its part, the hippie movement and later the grunge movement propelled a fashion.
"anti-hairdressing" where the priority was an unkempt, long, and fallen hair.
in the most natural way possible. For the pseudo-followers of these trends
However, a good classroom effort was necessary to achieve a look.
neglected in what was truly well-treated hair.

However, if there are two hairstyles to highlight from the hair fashion of the '60s and '70s
which became wildly popular, these were the perm and the bob.
The exaggerated curls like the 'Jackson Five' and the 'bowl cut' hairstyle that
initially presented by Vidal Sassoon, were supposed to be two of the great sources of
income from the halls in those two decades and most of the subsequent ones.
Both were looking for something that has characterized the hair fashion of the age.
contemporary: the comfort, not only in wearing it, but also in styling it. The woman
A worker from the 20th century needed to get up, take a shower, and be ready in the minimum time.
possible time, and these two hairstyles gave her this advantage.

(1980-2000)

In the 1980s, the world as we know it today began. The two

The last decades of the 20th century represented a perfect introduction to the dynamics of
next millennium, and, in the words of Raffel Pagés, "the aesthetic obsession is
matches with the female victory over the great social, political and battles
personal.

In the Western world, women have managed to emancipate themselves, and contrary to what
it could be thought at first, this represents the final push to the culture of worship of
body. Women want to demonstrate more than ever that their professionalism does not
is not at odds with its beauty and the care that it needs. To its
sometimes, the man will not want to be less, and he also starts to worry more and more
more for their appearance, to use cosmetic products, to follow the trends of the
fashion and not being ashamed of dedicating oneself to personal care. Starting from this
At the moment, in hairdressing, 'trends' are starting to be created, that is to say that stylists
They propose certain fashion guidelines, but without imposing them.

Trends create currents to follow that allow each person to adapt to their
I like the proposals of each season. Color, texture, hair length...
are to the consumer's liking. Thus in the eighties, hairstyles were worn
slightly wavy, and in the nineties the layered cuts, the graduated cuts, and
finally the extensions, but each one gave these ideas their personal touch.

6. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM

The years of this new millennium mark a path in the world of hairdressing that
It had already begun to be outlined in the last decade of the 20th century.

The mixture of cultures, styles, constant change, daring in the face of forms and
colors have abandoned the runways and the pages of magazines and have invaded the
streets.

The great male aesthetic idols often arise from the world of sports, because of
the looks worn by soccer players or basketball players are imitated by thousands
of kids from all over the planet. Among them, they continue to succeed as role models.
singers, actresses, and top models, whose stylists take their ideas from the
street to apply them in screens and walkways, popularize them and finally
extend them to different countries around the world.

All geographical barriers have been destroyed and communication flows freely.
great speed, causing fashions and trends to last no more than one
season.
The fixed or removable extensions, color baths, hairpieces, dyes
high quality that does not damage the hair, the waxes, gels, and mousses that texturize and
such shapes, the accessories and complements, the sunscreens and each and every one
one of the products that can be found in the market formulated and/or
designed for hair have turned what was a luxury into a necessity, and the
the beauty industry has entered most households.

Young people and not so young people set aside a part of their monthly budget to take care of their
hair, to change it, to color it or give it shape...

The new millennium comes loaded with proposals that today we can hardly imagine.
time when barriers have been torn down and any of the styles that...
Throughout the previous centuries they have triumphed, now they can be seen on the heads of
the boldest and most avant-garde.
THEORY AND ADVANCE
LIC.

STUDENT:

ACADEMIC INSTITUTE:

MANAGEMENT:

SEMESTER:

SHIFT:
 INTEGRAL BEAUTY
PRACTICE NOTEBOOK
LIC.

STUDENT:

ACADEMIC INSTITUTION:

MANAGEMENT:

SEMESTRE
TURN: