HISTORY OF FOOTBALL

The history of association football, simply known assoccer, it is considered from

from 1863, the year of foundation ofThe Football Associationalthough its origins, like those
other football codes date back several centuries in the past, particularly in the Islands
British During the Middle Ages While there were commonalities between different games of
ball that developed since the 3rd century B.C., current football,1sports as it is
meets today, has its origins in the British Isles

The first British codes that gave rise to association football were characterized by their
little organization and extreme violence.3However, there were also other less common codes.
violent and better organized. Perhaps one of the most well-known was Florentine calcio, a sport
a very popular team in Italy that had an impact on the codes of some schools
British.4The definitive formation of association football had its culminating moment during
the 19th century. In 1848 representatives from different schoolsEnglishthey
met at
the University of Cambridge to create the Cambridge code, which would serve as a foundation for the
creation of the modern football regulations.5Finally, in 1863 in London, the official regulations were established.
first rules of association football.

Since then, football has seen a steady growth, becoming the most popular sport.
popular in the world with around 270 million people involved.7With the realization of the
first meeting of the International Football Association Board in 1886 and the founding of FIFA
In 1904, the sport has expanded to reach all corners of the world. From then on
In 1930, the FIFA World Cup would begin to be contested, which would become the event
the sport with the highest audience on the planet.

THE MEASURES OF THE SOCCER FIELD

First of all, you should know that the playing field must be natural grass or
artificial. The shape of the field will be rectangular, with its length between 90 and 120 meters
(100 and 110 meters for international matches), and its width between 45 and 90 meters (64
and 75 meters for international matches).

The entire perimeter of the land will be surrounded by lines 12 centimeters wide.
at most. Within the field, a line parallel and equidistant to the lines is drawn.
from the goal, which marks the halfway point of the playing field. On the other hand, the midpoint of
this line will be the center of a circle with a radius of 9.15 meters, which is
the starting point where the ball is placed to begin the match.
THE RULES OF FOOTBALL:

BALL RULES.

The ball shall be spherical; its cover must be made of leather or another approved material. In its making
No material that could pose a danger to the players will be used. The ball will have
a circumference of 70 cms. at most and 68 cms. at minimum, and its weight, at the beginning of the
the weight shall not be greater than 450 grams, nor less than 410 grams. The inflation pressure will be between
0.6-1.1 atmospheres. The ball cannot be changed during the match without the referee's authorization.

RULES FOR THE NUMBER OF PLAYERS:

The match will be played by two teams composed of no more than 11 players each.
which one will play as goalkeeper. Substitute players can be used in any match.
to be played under the Regulations of an official Competition at the FIFA level. In the matches
Officials, three substitutions can be made with substitute players. Any of the others
players will be able to switch positions with the goalkeeper as long as the referee has been
previously informed, and always also that the change is made during a stop of
game. When a goalkeeper or any other player needs to be replaced by a substitute,
The following conditions must be observed: The referee must be informed of the substitution.
proposal, before it is made. The substitute cannot enter the playing field until
that the player he is replacing has left and the substitute will only enter the field
of play after having received the signal from the referee.

RULES OF PLAYER EQUIPMENT:

A player may not carry any dangerous object for the other players. The equipment
The basic and mandatory kit for players consists of five items, which are the following:
jersey or shirt, shorts, shin guards, socks and boots. Goalkeepers are the only ones
authorized to wear long pants. Players can also wear underwear.
thermal that is the main color of the suit. Players cannot display slogans or advertising.
neither in their underwear nor in the mandatory basic equipment political or religious messages nor
personnel.
The refereeing team will be responsible for checking the players' equipment at the beginning of the
match and to the substitute players in the player change.

REFEREE RULES

A referee must be appointed to officiate each match. Their competence and exercise of their
powers, granted by the Rules of the Game, will begin at the moment you enter the field
of the game. Their decision in relation to the game must be definitive, as far as it refers to
the result of the game. The referee will apply the Rules. He will take note of the incidents, he will exercise the
functions of the timer and will ensure that the match lasts the required time or
agreed upon, adding the time losses caused by accident or any other reason.
He will have discretionary power to stop the game when rule violations occur, to
interrupt or permanently suspend the match when deemed necessary due to the
elements, from the intervention of the spectators or for other reasons. From the moment that
penetrate the ground

will warn any player who exhibits inappropriate or incorrect behavior and, if they repeat the offense
suspend him. He will not allow anyone, outside of the players and the line judges, to enter the
playing field without their authorization. They will interrupt the game if they believe that a player has 'suffered
a significant injury will have him transported off the field as soon as possible and
will immediately resume the match.

LINE JUDGE RULES:

Two line judges will be appointed whose mission will be to indicate, subject to what is decided by the
referee, when the ball is out of play, and which team is responsible for taking the throw-ins
corner, goal or sideline. They will equally assist the referee in directing the game, according to the
Rules. In case of improper intervention or misconduct by a linesman, the referee
will dispense with his services and will take the necessary measures for him to be replaced, informing about the
made to the competent authority. The line judges will be provided with flags.

RULES DURING THE MATCH:

The match will consist of two equal halves of 45 minutes each. The referee may add time to
each period the time that is estimated to have been lost as a result of an accident or for any other reason
another reason. The duration of each period may be extended in order to allow for the execution of a
penal. The break between the two halves shall not exceed fifteen minutes, unless it
The referee authorized.
RULES IN THE SAQUENDE EXIT:

The choice of fields and the kickoff will be decided by a coin toss. The side
favored by luck will have the right to choose, either their field or make the serve of
beginning. At a signal from the referee, the game will start with a set piece, that is, with
a kick taken, in the direction of the opposite field, at the ball placed on the ground in the center of the
ground. All players must be positioned in their own half and those from the opposing side to
the one who takes the kick-off cannot approach within 9.15 m of the ball before
that the serve has been executed. After a point is scored, the game will resume in the same way.
the previously indicated manner, with a player from the opposing side that scored making the kickoff.
After the break, the teams will change sides and the kick-off will be performed by a
player from the opposing side who made the starting serve. Cannot score a point.
directly from a kick-off.
RULES IN THE BALL OF PLAY OR OUT OF PLAY:

The ball is out of play: When it has completely crossed a touchline or goal line,
whether by land or by air; When the game has been stopped by the referee. The ball is in
game at any other time, from the beginning to the end of the match, even in cases
Next: If it goes back to the rebound game of the crossbar or the posts of the frames, or of the
corner flags. If he returns to the game after having touched the referee or a linesman.
located in the interior of the countryside.

RULES AS MARKED:

Except for the exceptions provided in these Rules, a point will be scored when the ball has crossed
completely the goal line between the posts and underneath the crossbar without being taken,
thrown or intentionally hit with the hand or arm by any player of the team
attacker, except in the case where the goalkeeper located in their own penalty area does it.
The team that has scored the most goals will win the match; If no goals had been scored
neither team, or if both teams have achieved equal numbers of them, the match will be considered
tied.

RULE XI. - OUT DE GAME.

A player is offside if they are closer to the opponent's goal line than the ball.
at the moment it is played, except: If the player is in his own half of
ground; If he has at least two opponents between him and the opposing goal line; If the ball has
has been touched by an opponent or played last by him; If he receives the ball directly from a
goal kick, from a corner kick, from a throw-in or from a "ball on the ground" of the
referee. Sanction: For any infraction of this Rule, an indirect free kick shall be awarded to the opposing side.
opposite, at the place where the infraction was committed. Now then, a player in an offside position
It will not be punished unless the referee considers that it influences the game, hinders a
opponent or tries to gain an advantage by being in an offside situation.

RULE XII. - FAULTS E INCORRECTIONS.

A player who intentionally commits one of the following nine fouls: To give or attempt to give
a kick to an opponent. To trip an opponent, that is, to make him fall or attempt to do so.
either through the leg or by bending down in front of or behind him. Jumping on an opponent. Charging
violently or dangerously against an opponent. Charging from behind at an adversary who is not making
obstruction. To hit or attempt to hit an opponent. To hold an opponent. To push a
the opposite. Playing the ball, that is, carrying it, hitting it, or throwing it with the hand or arm (this
the provision does not apply to the goalkeeper within his own penalty area): he will be punished with a strike
direct free kick, awarded to the opposing team at the location where the foul was committed.

RULE XIII. - FREE KICKS.

Free kicks are classified into two categories: the direct free kick (from which a goal can be scored
directly a penalty against the team that committed the foul), and the indirect free kick (from which
it cannot validly be scored unless the ball has been
played or touched by a player other than the one who made the shot). When a player throws a
direct or indirect free kick from inside their own penalty area, all players of the
the opposing team must be outside the penalty area and at least 9.15 meters away from it
ball while the shot is taken.

RULE XIV. - PENAL.

The penalty will be taken from the penalty spot and, before it is executed, all players must
exception of the one who is going to execute the punishment and of the opposing goalkeeper, must be inside
from the playing field, but outside the penalty area and at least 9.15 meters away from the point
from a penalty. The opposing goalkeeper must remain on their own goal line between the
posts of the frame, without moving the feet, until the ball has been kicked. The player who
execute the penalty, you must throw the ball forward and cannot play it again until after
that has been touched or played by another player. The ball will be considered in play as soon as
as it has been launched, that is, that it has traveled a distance equal to its circumference, and
It can be marked both directly from a penalty. If necessary, it can be extended.
duration of the game at the end of the first half or the match, in order to allow the execution of
a penalty. In the event that a penalty is executed outside of the regulation time due to having been
granted at the end of one of the periods, the goal will be valid if it occurs, even though the
the goalkeeper would have touched the ball before it crossed the line.

THE TECHNIQUE

It is a fundamental part of football, as every player must know how to stop a ball, pass it, and kick it.
and mastering the ball. At this stage, the footballer demonstrates their skills in the basic principles of the
soccer.

1.- THE TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS.

Technical fundamentals are actions that are first taught and then trained.
They appear very few times apart from each other. Most of the time, the movements
partial and technical elements are intertwined.

Tactical formations
A review of the different formations that coaches use to win a
match or care for a result, from the ultra-offensive 4-3-3 to the more conservative 5-4-1.
The 4-4-2
tactical formations
most used formation in football, what does 442 mean, football tactics, football strategy

Origin and beginnings of swimming:

The origin of swimming is ancestral, and there is evidence of this through the study of
the oldest civilizations. Mastery of swimming, of water, is part of the
human adaptation since the first hominids became bipeds and
they will dominate the Earth's surface.

Among the Egyptians, the art of swimming was one of the most essential aspects of the
public education, as well as knowledge of the therapeutic benefits of water, it
which is reflected in some hieroglyphs dating back to 2500 B.C.
Ancient Greece and Rome practiced swimming as part of military training, even the
knowing how to swim provided a certain social distinction since when one wanted to call
Ignorant or illiterate was said of someone that they 'can't swim or read'. But to know
swimming as a military tactic is not limited to ancient Greece and Rome, but it
has been preserved until the present times, as it is known that during the Second World War
Worldwide, teaching techniques were developed for the combat troops.
Detail of an ancient Greek vase dated to the year 570 B.C.

There are indications that it was the Japanese who first held tests.
annual swimming competitions, during the time of Emperor Sugiu in the
38 years before Christ.

The Phoenicians, great navigators and merchants, formed teams of swimmers.

for their travels in the event of shipwrecks in order to rescue goods and passengers.
These teams also had the function of keeping the accesses free of obstacles.
port authorities to allow the entry of ships into the ports. Other towns, like
the Egyptians, Etruscans, Romans, and Greeks have left us a good testament of what
it meant for them the water in various artificial pool constructions. Without
embargo, the rise of this physical activity declined in the Middle Ages, particularly in
Europe, when entering the water was related to diseases
epidemics that were then ravaging. But this changed starting in the 19th century, and since
So swimming has become one of the best physical activities, moreover
to serve as therapy and a method of survival.

MEASURES OF A POOL

Largepooldimensions
Competition long pools are the gold standard for swimming facilities.
They measure 50 by 25 meters. They must have 10 swimming lanes equally divided, each with 2.5 meters.
of width. The two outer lanes remain unused in the competitions. The
employees refer to them as lanes zero and nine. Generally, the swimmers who
the faster ones use the central lanes, and the slower ones occupy the
outdoors. The minimum acceptable depth is 2 m; 3 m is preferable. Swimming pools of
competition must have vertical walls.
Smalpoolmeasurements
Short competitions offer an alternative way for swimmers with skill to
turn and push off the wall. Both skills have their own stations. One
The short pool measures 25 m in length. The width must be at least 60 feet (18.29 m).
Schools and public pools can build their pools to the short size specification.
not having the space or budget to build a long pool. The depth of
it must be at least 7 feet deep (2.1 m).

Basic rules
Good:
1_ respect the start order, there is only one opportunity, if you get ahead you will be disqualified.
You must complete the total meters of the corresponding competition.
3_ the classification system is by times, that is:
The number of swimmers is divided into heats, as it is impossible for them to all compete at the same time.
time
The best 16 times qualify for the semi-final, regardless of their placement.
in the series
From these, the 8 best times will qualify for the final, competing to determine the positions.
from 1st to 8th
4_ Keep in mind that each swimming technique has its own rules (backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, butterfly)
There are events that have specific rules as well: relays, medley events or combined events.

This is very basic and elementary, the FINA regulations are very complex to explain.

SWIMMING TACTICS

BASIC TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL CONCEPTS

Competitive swimming is a very technical discipline. Tactical aspects cannot
separating from the technique. However, they all present some common aspects,
especially regarding departures, turns, and head positions for
breathe.

Starts. Except for the backstroke, all styles begin with a jump from the platform. It is
it is important to bend the legs and arms at the right moment while jumping, to achieve a
good thrust and getting the body to enter the water with force.

Turns. In long races, when the swimmer must return to the lane in the opposite direction,
make a turn. It is important to know how to take advantage of one's own inertia when making the turn, so as not to
brake the advance and lose speed.

Head position. It should never be held excessively elevated above the

shoulders. It is easy to lose balance and the position of style like this. When breathing, the movements
to take a breath must be brief and frequent. It is important to coordinate breathing with
strokes and leg movements.
 THE EXPORTS OF ANIMALS

THE TREASURE AT THE END

OF THE RAINBOW
FRIENDSHIP
Once upon a time, in a village surrounded by mountains
blues and deserts, three friends who loved each other very much: they
They were called Rosy, Regina, and Sofía! They were the best friends.
from the World! In the afternoons, after leaving school, they would go
walking home together. One day, after leaving from
classes, they noticed that Sofía was crying. From
Immediately they asked him what was wrong.

I'm very sad because my dad won't be able to come for my birthday.

It had been three years since his dad had to go work in the harvest, on the other side of the border. Each
her daughter's birthday, the gentleman always returned without fail to celebrate it, and it was the happiest time for the girl. But
One night before, she had accidentally overheard a conversation in which her mom was telling her grandmother
that the tomato harvest had been ruined by the snowfalls, and therefore, his dad had no money to
return to the village. Unfortunately, the family also did not have money to send him.

I have an idea! - exclaimed Rosy: - My grandmother Cuquita, who is in heaven, once told me that when
at the end of the rainbow there is

a treasure of gold coins. If we find it, that treasure will be enough to bring your dad back.
We will go together to find him.

The days passed, without a trace of the rainbow. One afternoon at the end of classes, after the singing rain, the sun
She peeked her little face out from the clouds, and a beautiful rainbow appeared. The girls were excited. Now,
They had to embark on the journey to find the treasure!

For the first time in their lives, instead of going home, they headed towards the Cerro de las Noas,
behind which was the Great City. There seemed to be the end of the rainbow. The girls were admiring the
little flowers that the rain had adorned with drops of diamonds. They walked for a long time, and Regina
asked:

How much longer until we arrive? My feet hurt, and I'm getting hungry.

We should ask the lady squirrel, suggested Rosy, spotting one of these little animals that was watching.
curious about the trio of little girls :- Hello,

Ms. Squirrel... Is it far to the end of the rainbow?

The squirrel shook its head as if saying 'NO'.

We're almost there - said Rosy: - We'll be there shortly

They continued, now uphill, filled with hope. They moved forward among the cacti and the little rabbits that were
They peered to see them, helping each other when necessary. Suddenly, the sun and the rainbow
they vanished, and night fell.

- The rainbow is gone! - said Sofia very disappointed. It was when they realized they wouldn't be able to
go back home, as the darkness was preventing them, and Rosy, who was the most determined, decided:

We're almost at the top. We'll spend the night there, and tomorrow, we'll find the treasure. Don't rush.
Sofia

Yes - Regina affirmed: - Don't worry, Sofis, we are going to find that treasure for your dad.

Despite the noises of the wind and the howls of the coyotes, the girls tried to be brave, and
holding hands, they reached the top of the Hill. There, the enormous and silent image of a Christ with
with open arms she waited for them.

He will take care of us. How tall he is! - said Sofía, very excited. Beneath her feet, the Great City unfolded.
full of colorful lights. The girls sat at the foot of the image, and hugging each other tried to keep warm.
Suddenly, some screams scared them. Who could it be, in the middle of the night? Some men approached.
the little ones, with flashlights in hand.

• "Girls!" - one of them said, mustachioed and with a kind face: - "A lot of people have been looking for you,
Thank God we found them!

They took them in a car to the Big City, so they could spend the night indoors. While they were given
At dinner, the girls explained to their rescuers their odyssey, and the reason that had led them to embark on the
excursion so far from home. The news of the rescue of the little ones and their story spread even to the
radio and television programs of the locality. The next day, when they were taken back home, they
The girls apologized to their families for having left without permission, and Mr. Mustache had found them.
expressed:

Now that everyone is gathered, and they have already apologized to their parents, we have a surprise for them!

The story of friendship between the little ones had moved the inhabitants of the city so much that they had
organizing a collection to bring back Sofia's dad. What joy! There was more than enough money.
for this reason, and the girls were jumping with joy.

After all, Grandma Cuquita was right. At the end of the rainbow, there was the greatest treasure.
wonderful that any human being could wish for: The treasure of true FRIENDSHIP!

And the colorful little bird, this tale has come to an end.