1.
Inter Process Communication (IPC) in Linux
IPC mechanisms include Pipes, FIFOs, Message Queues, Shared Memory, and Sockets. -
Message Queues: Enable processes to exchange data as messages, useful for logging or task
distribution. - Shared Memory: Provides fastest IPC, useful for large data exchange like multimedia
buffers.
2. Linux Booting Process
Stages: Power-on → Bootloader (BIOS/U-Boot) → Kernel load → Initramfs → Init system (systemd)
→ User space. Each ensures system hardware is initialized and OS is brought to usable state.
3. Edge Technologies
Edge technologies bring compute closer to data source. Includes Edge AI, IoT devices, real-time
analytics, and 5G edge computing.
4. MCUs vs Edge Processors
MCUs: Low compute, KBs of RAM, used in sensors/controls. Edge Processors: High compute,
MBs–GBs RAM, run AI/ML and Linux. Boot/OTA upgrades: Bootloader manages firmware images;
challenges are reliability, rollback, and security.
5. Current Trends
Automotive (ADAS, EVs), IoT (wearables, smart homes), Smart devices (AI assistants), Operators
(5G edge services).
6. Automotive OS
Examples: QNX, Automotive Grade Linux (AGL). They manage infotainment, ADAS, and
safety-critical functions.
7. Edge Computing in 5G
Used to reduce latency and offload compute near the radio edge. Example: Mobile operator hosts
AR/VR services at edge for low-latency experience.
8. AI in Smart Devices
Examples: - Mobile: On-device voice assistants (Google Assistant). - IoT: Smart cameras with
face/object recognition.
9. IoT & Edge
IoT sensors send data to edge devices for preprocessing before cloud upload, reducing bandwidth
and latency.
10. Core Dump
A snapshot of memory when program crashes. Helps developers analyze cause (e.g.,
segmentation fault).
11. Makefile Example
all: program program: main.o math.o io.o gcc -o program main.o math.o io.o clean: rm -f *.o
program
12. Memory Allocation in Linux
Done via malloc(), new, etc. Freed using free(), delete. If not freed, memory leaks cause exhaustion
over time.
13. Debugging Kernel Panic
Tools: kdump, crash utility, printk logs. Methods: Analyzing oops message, reproducing with debug
configs.
14. IPC in Linux
Examples: Pipes, FIFOs, Message Queues, Shared Memory, Sockets, Signals.
15. Static vs Dynamic Libraries
Static: Linked at compile time, larger binaries, no runtime dependency. Dynamic: Linked at runtime,
smaller binaries, sharable across apps.
16. Linux Boot (U-Boot, Kernel, Init)
U-Boot initializes hardware and loads kernel. Kernel initializes drivers. Init/systemd launches user
processes.
17. fork() vs exec()
fork(): Creates a copy of process. exec(): Replaces process image with new program.
18. TensorFlow Lite
Lightweight ML framework for embedded/edge devices. Advantages: Small footprint, optimized for
ARM, low latency.
19. AI in Wireless Embedded
Examples: - Predictive maintenance in telecom towers. - Network anomaly detection at base
stations.
20. GDB Session Example
gdb ./[Link] run bt # shows backtrace at segmentation fault
21. adb logcat Filtering
adb logcat | grep [Link]
22. Keras to TFLite
Convert with: import tensorflow as tf converter = [Link].from_keras_model(model)
tflite_model = [Link]()
23. Jetson Nano Object Detection
Pipeline: Camera → Preprocessing → Model (YOLO/SSD with TensorRT) → Postprocessing →
Output.
24. Python RF Preprocess Function
def preprocess_rf(signal): import numpy as np signal = (signal - [Link](signal)) / [Link](signal)
return signal
25. Predictive Maintenance with Edge AI
Deploy sensors + ML at edge to predict failures. Metrics: Accuracy, Latency, Uptime, False alarms.
26. AI in Edge Programming
Combines embedded systems with AI frameworks (TensorFlow Lite, PyTorch Mobile). Focus on
low-latency inference, power efficiency, and OTA updates.
27. BSP & RT Signals
BSP (Board Support Package): Hardware-specific support for OS boot. RT Signals: Extended
signals for real-time apps with queuing.
28. Memory Layout in C
Includes: Text (code), Data (initialized vars), BSS (uninitialized), Heap (dynamic), Stack (function
calls).
29. Zombie vs Orphan Processes
Zombie: Finished but parent didn’t reap. Orphan: Parent exited; adopted by init.
30. X-loader
Secondary bootloader used in ARM systems to initialize DRAM before U-Boot.
31. Performance Testing in Embedded Android
Methods: Profiling (systrace), Benchmarking, Stress tests, Power analysis.
32. Memory Leak Detection Program
Use valgrind: valgrind --leak-check=full ./[Link]
33. RT AI in Embedded
Real-time AI ensures deterministic inference, used in robotics, ADAS, industrial control.
