UNIT-1

Data Handling using Pandas –I

Python Pandas

 Python library developed by Wes McKinney

 Derived its name from “PANel DAta System”
 Two basic data structures- Series and Dataframe
 Series is one-dimensional
 Dataframe is two-dimensional
 installed using the command
pip install pandas
 imported to a python program using the command
import pandas
or
import pandas as pd
(where pd is an alias name for pandas)

Comparison between Series and Dataframes

Series Dataframe

One-dimensional Two-dimensional

Homogenous data i.e. all elements Heterogeneous data i.e. elements of

are of same type different datatypes

Value mutable i.e. element’s value Value mutable i.e. element’s value can
can be changed be changed

Size immutable i.e. once created, size Size mutable i.e. size can be changed
of series cannot be changed after creation

Series Datastructure

 Creating empty Series

<series object>=[Link]()

eg: s1=[Link]()

1
 Creating Series from a List/Tuple

<series object>=[Link](<list/tuple>,index=<python sequence>)

Note: index argument is optional. If not given, index is taken as 0,1,2,3,--- by

default

eg:
import pandas as pd
s1=[Link]([12,10,14,16])
s2=[Link]([12,10,14,16],index=[‘a’,’b’,’c’,’d’])
print(“Series object with default index”)
print(s1)
print(“Series object with specified index”)
print(s2)

Output:
Series object with default index
0 12
1 10
2 14
3 16
Series object with specified index
a 12
b 10
c 14
d 16

 Creating Series from an ndarray

<series object>=[Link](<ndarray>, index=<python sequence>)

Note: index argument is optional. If not given, index is taken as 0,1,2,3,--- by

default

eg:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
ar1=[Link](10,20,3)
ar2=[Link]([20,25,30])

2
 s1=[Link](ar1)
s2=[Link](ar2,index=('Mark1','Mark2','Mark3'))
print('Series object from ndarray with default index')
print(s1)
print('Series object from ndarray with specified index')
print(s2)

Output:
Series object from ndarray with default index
0 10
1 13
2 16
3 19
Series object from ndarray with specified index
Mark1 20
Mark2 25
Mark3 30

 Creating series from a Python dictionary

<series object>=[Link](<dictionary>,index=<Python sequence>)

Note: index argument is optional. If not given, keys of the dictionary becomes
the index values

eg:
import pandas as pd
dict1={"Name":"Rajeev","Age":17,"Class":"XII"}
s1=[Link](dict1)
print('Series object from dictionary with keys as index')
print(s1)

Output:

Series object from dictionary with keys as index

Name Rajeev
Age 17
Class XII

3
 Creating Series from a scalar value

<series object>=[Link](<scalar value>,index=<Python sequence>)

Note: While creating a Series from a scalar value, Index argument is

mandatory

eg:
import pandas as pd
s1=[Link](15,index=['Mark1','Mark2','Mark3'])
print('Series object from scalar value')
print(s1)

Output:

Series object from scalar value

Mark1 15
Mark2 15
Mark3 15

MCQ questions
Section A

1 Which of the following command is used to install python pandas?

a) install pandas
b) pandas install python
c) python install pandas
d) pip install pandas

Ans: d
2 Pandas Series is a -----------------------------array

a) one dimensional
b) two dimensional
c) three dimensional
d) None of the above

Ans: a
3 Which of the following is the purpose of Python Pandas?

a) To create a GUI programming

b) To create a database

4
 c) To create a High level array
d) All the above

Ans: c
4 Identify the correct statement

a) Standard marker for missing data in Pandas is NaN

b) Series act in a way similar to that of an array
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above

Ans: c
5 Minimum number of arguments required to pass in pandas Series
function for creating a non-empty series-----------------
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3

Ans: b
6 Pandas is a/an -------------------python library

a) proprietary
b) open source
c) shareware
d) None of the above

Ans: b
7 Which of the following is not a feature of pandas series?

a) Series values are mutable

b) Series data is homogenous
c) Series is a 1-D array
d) Series is size mutable

Ans: d
8 The label associated with a particular data value in Series is
called…………

a) Item
b) Index
c) Column
d) Values

Ans: b
9 Tabular data can be processed using-------------------

5
 a) Numpy
b) Pandas
c) Matplotlib
d) All of these

Ans: b
10 Which of the following datatype can be given as data in a pandas Series
function?

a) a python dictionary
b) an ndarray
c) a scalar value
d) All the above

Ans: d
11 Pandas series is a combination of________

a) Records arranged in row and column

b) Collection of one dimensional data and associated index
c) Collection of tabular data in two-dimension
d) None of the above

Ans: b
12 Which of the following is correct statement for creating empty series?
(Assume that pandas library is already imported as pd)

a) ser = [Link](NaN)
b) ser = [Link]
c) ser = [Link]()
d) None of the above

Ans: c
13 Which of the following condition raise a ValueError while creating a
series?

a) Data values are provides without indexes

b) Scalar value is given as data
c) Number of data values are not same as number of indexes
d) All of the above

Ans: c
14 How many values will be there in array1, if given code is not returning any
error?
>>> series4 = [Link](array1, index = [“Jan”, “Feb”, “Mar”, “Apr”])

a) 1
b) 2

6
 c) 3
d) 4

Ans: d
15 When we create a series from dictionary then the keys of dictionary
become ________________

a) Index of the series

b) Value of the series
c) Caption of the series
d) None of the series

Ans: a
Section B

1 For creating the below series, S1, which of the following command(s) can
be used?
Series(S1)
0 10
1 12
2 14

a) S1=[Link]([10,12,14])
b) S1=[Link]([10,12,14],index=[0,1,2])
c) S1=[Link](index=[0,1,2],data=[10,12,14])
d) All of the above

Ans: d

2 Write the output of the following :

>>> S1=[Link](“Hello”, index = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'])
>>> print(S1)

a)
One Hello
Two Hello
Three Hello

b)
One Hello

c) Error
d) None of the above

7
 Ans: a

3 Choose correct option :

import pandas as p1 #line1

Lst = [11,12,13,14] #line2
s1=[Link](Lst , index = ('a’,’b’,’c')) #line3
print(s1) #line4

Which line of above code will generate error?

a) line1
b) line2
c) line3
d) line4

Ans: line3

4 Which of the following code will generate the following output?

January 31
February 28
March 31

a) import pandas as pd
S1 = [Link](data = [31,28,31],
index=["January","February","March"])
print(S1)

b) import pandas as pd
S1 = [Link]([31,28,31], index=["January","February","March"])
print(S1)
c) Both of the above
d) None of the above

Ans: c
5 Read the statements given below and identify the right option
Statement 1: Series is a one-dimensional labeled array capable of
holding any data type
Statement 2: If data is an ndarray, index must be the same length as
data.

a) Statement 1 is correct, statement 2 is wrong

b) Statement 1 is wrong, Statement 2 is correct
c) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are correct
d) Both statements are incorrect

8
 Ans: c
6 Read the statements given below and identify the right option
Assertion (A): You need to install the pandas library using the pip install
command.
Reason (R): You can also access pandas without installation.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true

Ans: c
7 Read the statements given below and identify the right option

Assertion (A): We cannot modify the values of Series elements once

created.

Reason (R): Series is an immutable object.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) Both A and R are false

Ans: d
8 Ananya wants to store her Term-I mark in a Series which is already stored
in a NumPy array. Choose the statement which will create the series with
Subjects as indexes and Marks as elements.
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
Marks =[Link]([30,32,34,28,30])
subjects = ['English','Maths','Chemistry','Physics','IP']
Series1= _______________________________

a) [Link](Marks,index=subjects)
b) [Link]([Link],index=subjects)
c) [Link](index=Marks, subjects)
d) [Link](Marks,index)

Ans: a

9 Write the output of the following:

import pandas as pd
S1 = [Link](data = range(31, 2, -6), index = [x for x in "aeiou"])
print(S1)

a) a 31

9
 e 25
i 19
o 13
u7
dtype: int64

b) a 31
e 25
i 19
o 13
dtype: int64

c) Error
d) None of the above

Ans: a
10 Tushar is a new learner for the python pandas series. He learned some of
the concepts of python in class 11 with NumPy module. He wants to
create a series with the following code. The index should be from 20 to 30
and data value is obtained by multiplying each index value by 7. Help him
to create series by following code:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
s=[Link](20,30)

Choose the correct code to fill in the blank above:

a) sm7= [Link](s, index=s*7)

b) sm7=[Link](s*7,index=s)
c) sm7=[Link]([s*7],index=s)
d) All of the above

Ans: b
Section C

1 Ms. Priya is a python developer and she created a series using the
following code, but she missed some of the lines given as blank. Fill the
blanks and help her to complete the code:

import pandas as ________ #statement 1

import ________ as np #statement2
s1=[Link]([3,4,_____,44,67]) #statement 3
print(________) #statement 4

Output:

10
 03
14
2 NaN
3 44
4 67

i) Identify the missing code in statement 1

a) p
b) pd
c) pandas
d) pdy

Ans: b
ii) Name the library to be imported in statement2 for the code to execute
correctly
a) numpy
b) pandas
c) matplotlib
d) pyplot

Ans: a
iii) Complete statement 3 to obtain the output shown in the code

a) NaN
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) none of the above

Ans: b

iv) Fill the missing code to display the Series

a) np
b) pd
c) s1
d) Series

Ans: c

Mathematical Operations on Series

a) Vector operations on Series objects

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Any operation on Series object will be applied to each item of the Series. This is
known as Vector Operation

eg: Consider the Series S1

0 5
1 10
2 11
3 25

All the following examples are based on the Series S1

Operation Output

>>> S1+3 0 8
1 13
2 14
3 28

>>> S1*2 0 10
1 20
2 22
3 50

>>> S1/2 0 2.5

1 5.0
2 5.5
3 12.5

>>> S1%2 0 1
1 0
2 1
3 1

b) Arithmetic on Series Objects

All arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. can
be done on Series objects

The arithmetic operation is performed only on matching indexes. If the

indexes are not matching, NaN will be produced as output.

Eg;

12
import pandas as pd
s1=[Link]([15,20,21], index=['A','B','C'])
s2=[Link]([10,10,6], index=['A','B','D'])
print('Series object 1(s1)')
print(s1)
print('Series object 2(s2)')
print(s2)

Output
Series object 1(s1)
A 15
B 20
C 21
Series object 2(s2)
A 10
B 10
D 6

Arithmetic operation Operator Example

Addition + or add >>> s1+s2 or >>> [Link](s2)

Output

A 25.0
B 30.0
C NaN
D NaN

Subtraction - or sub >>> s1-s2 or >>> [Link](s2)

Output
A 5.0
B 10.0
C NaN
D NaN

Multiplication * or mul >>> s1*s2 or >>> [Link](s2)

Output
A 150.0
B 200.0
C NaN
D NaN

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Division / or div >>> s1/s2 or >>>[Link](s2)

Output
A 1.5
B 2.0
C NaN
D NaN

Modulus % or mod >>> s1 % s2 or >>> [Link](s2)

Output
A 5.0
B 0.0
C NaN
D NaN

MCQ
Section A

1 The result of an operation between unaligned Series will have the ---------
---of the indexes involved
a) intersection
b) union
c) total
d) all of the above
Ans: b
2 We can perform _____________ on two series in Pandas
a) Addition
b) Subtraction
c) Multiplication
d) All of the above
Ans: d
3 Which of the following method is used to add two series?
a) sum( )
b) addition( )
c) add( )
d) None of the above

Ans: c
4 Which of the following statement will display the difference of two Series
‘A’ and ‘B’?
a) A – B
b) [Link](B)
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

14
 Ans: c

5 Which of the following are valid operations on Series ‘S1’?

a) S1 + 2
b) S1 ** 2
c) S1 * 2
All of the above
Ans: d

6 Which of the following function is used for basic mathematical operations

in Series?
a) add( )
b) mul( )
c) div( )
d) All of the above
Ans: d
Section B

1 Consider the following two series objects S1 , S2

Series - S1
0 10
1 18

Series - S2
a5
b6

What will be the output of S1+S2

a) 0 NaN
1 NaN
a NaN
b NaN
b) 0 10
1 18
a5
b6
c) 0 15
1 24
d) a 15
b 24

Ans: a
2 Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): We can add two series objects using addition operator (+)
or calling explicit function add() .

15
 Reason (R): While adding two series objects index matching is
implemented and missing values are filled with NaN by default.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

Ans: a
3 Assume there is a series S1 having data elements as 11, 12, and 13
respectively. Programmer ‘Ravi’ wrote print(s1*2) in his python program.

Statement 1: A series will data elements as 22, 24, 26 will get printed.

Statement 2: Series supports vectorized operation.

a) Only Statement 1 is true.

b) Only Statement 2 is true.
c) Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d) Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

Ans: d

4 Identify the correct option

Assertion (A): We can perform mathematical operations on two series
objects of different size but not on two 1 D arrays of different size.

Reason (R) : if two series are not aligned NaN are generated but in case
of arrays no concept of NaN and hence operations fail to perform.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

Ans: a

5 Assuming the given series, named Salary, which command will be used
to increase 2000 in every employee’s salary?

Om 35000
Vinay 35000

16
 Simi 50000
Nitin 54000
Nandi 60000
dtype: int64

a) Salary*2000
b) [Link](2000)
c) Salary+2000
d) [Link]()

Ans: c
6 Write the output of the given program:
import pandas as pd
S1=[Link]([3,6,9,12],index=['a','b','c','e'])
S2=[Link]([2,4,6,8],index=['c','d','b','f'])
print(S1*S2)

a) a 6.0
b 24.0
c 54.0
d 96.0
e NaN
f NaN
dtype: float64

b) a NaN
b 36.0
c 18.0
d NaN
e NaN
f NaN
dtype: float64

c) a 6.0
b 36.0
c 18.0
d 24.0
e NaN
f NaN
dtype: float64

d) Error

Ans: b
7 Predict the output of the following code:
import pandas as pd
stationary=['pencils','notebooks','scales','erasers']

17
 S1=[Link]([20,33,52,10],index=stationary)
S2=[Link]([17,13,31,32],index=stationary)
S1=S1+S2
print(S1+S2)

a) pencils 37
notebooks 46
scales 83
erasers 42
dtype: int64

b) pencils 54
notebooks 59
scales 114
erasers 74
dtype: int64

c) pencils 20
notebooks 33
scales 52
erasers 10
dtype: int64

d) Error

Ans: b

8 Write the output of the following:

import pandas as pd
S1 = [Link](data = (31, 2, -6))
print(S1*2)

a) 0 31
12
2 -6
3 31
42
dtype: int64

b) 0 31
12
2 -6
dtype: int64

c) 0 62
1 4
2 -12
dtype: int64

18
 d) Error
Ans: c
9 Write the output of the following :

import pandas as pd
S1=[Link]([1,2,3,4])
S2=[Link]([7,8,9,10])
[Link]=['a','b','c','d']
print((S1+S2).count())

a) 8
b) 4
c) 0
d) 6

Ans: c
10 What will be the output of the following code?

import pandas as pd
s1=[Link]([4,5,7,8,9],index=['a','b','c','d','e'])
s2=[Link]([1,3,6,4,2],index=['a','p','c','d','e'])
print(s1-s2)

a) a 3.0
b0
c 1.0
d 4.0
e 7.0
p0
dtype: float64

b) a 3.0
b NaN
c 1.0
d 4.0
e 7.0
p NaN
dtype: float64

c) a 3.0
c 1.0
d 4.0
e 7.0
dtype: float64
d) a 3.0
b–
c 1.0
d 4.0
e 7.0

19
 p–
dtype: float64

Ans: b

Section C

1 Answer the following questions(i to iv) based on the series given below:

import ________ as pd #statement1

nstud1 = [10,2,6,4,5]
event1 = ['swimming', 'skating','kho kho', 'chess', 'football']
nstud2 = [3,6,5]
event2 = ['swimming', 'chess', 'football']
school1=[Link](nstud1, index= event1)
school2=[Link](nstud2, index= event2)
print (________) #statement 2
print(school1+school2) #statement3
print(school1. ________ (school2)) #statement4

i) Name the library to be imported in the program in statement1

a) numpy
b) pandas
c) matplotlib
d) math

Ans: b
ii) Complete code in statement2 to obtain the following output:

swimming 6
chess 12
football 10

a) school2 * 2
b) school1 * 2
c) school1+2
d) school1+school2

Ans: a
iii) Predict the output of statement 3

a) swimming 10
skating 2
kho kho 6
chess 4

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 football 5
swimming 3
chess 6
football 5

b) chess True
football True
kho kho False
skating False
swimming True

c) chess 10.0
football 10.0
kho kho NaN
skating NaN
swimming 13.0

d) Error

Ans: c
iv) Which method is to be used in statement4 to produce the following
output?

chess 24.0
football 25.0
kho kho NaN
skating NaN
swimming 30.0

a) add
b) sub
c) div
d) mul

Ans: d

TOPIC-Attributes of Pandas Series

EXAMPLES ARE BASED ON THE GIVEN SERIES.

>>> seriesCapCntry
India NewDelhi
USA WashingtonDC
UK London
France Paris
dtype: object

21
 Attribute Purpose Syntax Example
Name
name assigns a <Seriesname>.name [Link] = ‘Capitals’
name to =<”name”>
the Series >>> print(seriesCapCntry)
India NewDelhi
USA WashingtonDC
UK London
France Paris
Name: Capitals, dtype: object
[Link] assigns a <Seriesname>.index. >>>[Link] =
name to name=<”name”> ‘Countries’
the index >>> print(seriesCapCntry)
of the Countries
series India NewDelhi
USA WashingtonDC
UK London
France Paris
Name: Capitals, dtype: object
values prints a list<Seriesname>.values >>> print([Link])
of the [‘NewDelhi’ ‘WashingtonDC’
values in ‘London’,‘Paris’]
the series
size prints the <Seriesname>.size >>> print([Link])
number of 4
values in
the Series
object
empty prints True <Seriesname>.empty >>> [Link]
if the False
series is # Create an empty series
empty, and seriesEmpt=[Link]()
False >>> [Link]
otherwise True
ndim prints the <Seriesname>.ndim d1={'a':9, 'b':1, 'c':7, 'd':2}
dimension s1=[Link](d1)
of the print([Link])
Series
object o/p:
1
shape shape <Seriesname>.shape d1={'a':9, 'b':1, 'c':7, 'd':2}
property s1=[Link](d1)
returns a print([Link])
tuple
(n,) o/p:
containing (4,)
a single
element

22
 which is
the
number of
elements
in the
Series
object.
MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS
SECTION A
1 Which of the following is not an attribute of pandas Series?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link].T

Ans.d
2 …………………..attribute will display the total number of elements in a given Series.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Ans c
3 Which of the following attribute is used to assigns a name to the index of the Series.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] of the above

Ans c
4 ……………………………property returns a tuple (n,) containing a single element which
is the number of elements in the Series object.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Ans shape

5 Choose the correct syntax to get the dimension of series named SR:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Ans b

SECTION B

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1 Assuming the given series, named stud, which command will be used to print 5 as
output?
Amit 90
Ramesh 100
Mahesh 50
John 67
Abdul 89
Name: Student, dtype: int64

a. [Link]
b. [Link]
c. [Link]
d. [Link]

Ans d
2 What will be the output f the following code given:
import pandas as pd
seriesEmpt=[Link]()
>>> [Link]

[Link]
b.0
[Link]
[Link]

Ans c
3 Assuming the given series,named ‘capital’,which command will be used to print the
following output?
[‘NewDelhi’ ‘WashingtonDC’ ‘London’,‘Paris’]

India NewDelhi
USA WashingtonDC
UK London
France Paris

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Ans c
4 Choose the correct name of Series from the given python code.
import pandas as pd
dict1 = {'India': 'NewDelhi', 'UK':'London', 'Japan': 'Tokyo'}
series8 = [Link](dict1)
print(series8) #Display the series
[Link]=’capital’

a.dict1

24
 b.series8
[Link]
[Link]

Ans.c

5 Write the correct python statement to assign name to the index of the given series to
‘State’.
import pandas as pd
dict1 = {'India': 'NewDelhi', 'UK':'London', 'Japan': 'Tokyo'}
series8 = [Link](dict1)
print(series8)
series8. _______________ =’state’

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
d All of the above.

Ans.b

ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE

6 Choose correct option :

import pandas as p1

import numpy as np

a1=[Link](2,11,2)

s1=[Link](a1,index=list(‘ABCDE’))

print([Link])

Statement 1: Above code will give output as 1.

Statement 2: Series is a one dimensional data structure.

a) Only Statement 1 is True

b) Only Statement 2 is True
c) Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct reasoning of
Statement 1.
d) Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning of Statement
1.

Ans:d

25
 SECTION C
1 Nidhi has created Series S1 as following , help her to perform following tasks and write
the code to help her to
S1
India NewDelhi
USA WashingtonDC
UK London
France Paris
dtype: object
a Display the number of values in the series s1
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
b. Returns True/Flase if the Series S1 is empty
[Link]([Link]())
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
c Displays the list of values in the series S1
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link]())
[Link] of the above
d Display the ouput as (1,)
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link])
[Link]([Link]())
e The command which will change the name of Series S1 to States.
[Link]=’state’
[Link].S1=’state’
[Link](state)
[Link] of the above.
TOPIC:Methods of Series
Head and Tail functions
LET US CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE.
>>> seriesTenTwenty=[Link]([Link]( 10, 20, 1 ))
>>> print(seriesTenTwenty)
0 10
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16

26
7 17
8 18
9 19
dtype: int32

Method Explanation Example

head(n) Returns the first n members of the series. If >>> [Link](2)
the value for n is not passed, then by default 0 10
n takes 5 and the first five members are 1 11
displayed. dtype: int32
>>> [Link]()
0 10
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
dtype: int32
count() Returns the number of non-NaN values in >>> [Link]()
the Series 10
tail(n) Returns the last n members of the series. If >>> [Link](2)
the value for n is not passed, then by default 8 18
n takes 5 and the last five members are 9 19
displayed. dtype: int32
>>> [Link]()
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
dtype: int32

MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS

SECTION A
1 Which of the following statement shows first five values of Series ‘S1’?
a. [Link]( )
b. [Link]( 5 )
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above

Ans c
2 Which of the following returns number of non-NaN values of Series?
a. count
b. size
c. index
d. values

27
 Ans a
3 Which of following statement will return 10 values from the end of the Series ‘S1’?
a. [Link]( )
b. [Link](10)
c. [Link](10)
d. S1(10)

Ans b
4 Function to display the first n rows in the Series:
a. tail (n)
b. head (n)
c. top (n)
d. first (n)
Ans b
5 To get bottom three rows of a Series, you may use _________ function: 1
a. tail()
b. bottom(3)
c. bottom(3)
d. tail(3)

Ans d
SECTION B
1 Write the output of the following:
import pandas as pd
S1=[Link]([1,2,3,4])
S2=[Link]([7,8])
print((S1+S2).count())

a. 6
b. 4
c. 2
d. 0
Ans b
2 Which of the following returns number of non-NaN values of Series?
a. count
b. size
c. index
d. values

Ans a
3 Write the output of the following:
import pandas as pd
S1=[Link]([1,2,3,4])
S2=[Link]([7,8])
S3=S1+S2
print([Link](3))

a 0 8.0
1 10.0

28
 2 NaN

b. 0 1.0
1 2.0
2 NaN

c. 0 7.0
1 8.0
2 NaN

d 0 1.0
1 7.0
2 NaN

Ans a
4 Write the output of the following:
import pandas as pd
S1=[Link]([1,2,3,4])
S2=[Link]([7,8])
print((S1+S2).tail(2))

a 2 NaN
3 NaN

b 0 8.0
1 10.0

c 2 3
3 4

d 0 7
1 8

Ans a

Indexing/Slicing a Series object-

The index [] operator can be used to perform indexing and slicing operations on a
Series object. The index[] operator can accept either-
a) Index/labels
b) Integer index positions

a) Using the index operator with labels-

The index operator can be used in the following ways-
i) Using a single label inside the square brackets- Using a single
label/index inside the square brackets will return only the corresponding
element referred to by that label/index.

29
 # indexing a Series object single label import
pandas as pd

d={'a':101, 'b':102, 'c':103, 'd':104, 'e':105, 'f':106}

s=[Link](d)
t=s['b']
print(t)

o/p: 102

ii) Using multiple labels- We can pass multiple labels in any order that is
present in the Series object. The multiple labels must be passed as a list i.e.
the multiple labels must be separated by commas and enclosed in double
square brackets. Passing a label is passed that is not present in the Series
object, should be avoided as it right now gives NaN as the value but in future
will be considered as an error by Python.
# indexing a Series object
multiple labels import
pandas as pd

d={'a':101, 'b':102, 'c':103, 'd':104, 'e':105, 'f':106}

s=[Link]
(d) u=s[['b',
'a', 'f']]
print(u)

o/p:
b 102
a 101
f 106
dtype: int64
iii) Using slice notation startlabel:endlabel- Inside the index operator we
can pass startlabel:endlabel. Here contrary to the slice concept all the items
from startlabel values till the endlabel values including the endlabel values is
returned back.

# indexing a Series object using

startlabel:endlabel import pandas as
pd

d={'a':101, 'b':102, 'c':103, 'd':104, 'e':105, 'f':106}

s=[Link](d)
u=s['b':'e’]
print(u)

30
 Output
b 102
c 103
d 104
e 105
dtype: int64
b) Slicing a Series object using Integer Index positions-
The concept of slicing a Series object is similar to that of slicing python lists, strings
etc. Even though the data type of the labels can be anything each element of the
Series object is associated with two integer numbers:
 In forward indexing method the elements are numbered from 0,1,2,3, …
with 0 being assigned to the first element, 1 being assigned to the second
element and so on.
 In backward indexing method the elements are numbered from -1,-2, -3,
… with -1 being assigned to the last element, -2 being assigned to the
second last element and so on.
For example consider the following Series object-
d={'a':101, 'b':102, 'c':103, 'd':104, 'e':105, 'f':106}
s=[Link](d)

The Series object is having the following integer index positions-

forward
indexing---> 0 1 2 3 4 5
a b c d e f
101 111 121 131 141 151
< ---- backward
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 indexing

Slice concept-
The basic concept of slicing using integer index positions are common to Python
object such as strings, list, tuples, Series, Dataframe etc. Slice creates a new object
using elements of an existing object. It is created as: ExistingObjectName[start : stop
: step] where start, stop , step are integers

# Slicing a Series object import pandas as pd

d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131, 'e':141, 'f':151}

s=[Link](d)
x=s[1: :2]
print('x=\n', x)
y=s[-1: :-1]

31
 print('y=\n', y)
z=s[1: -2: 2]
print('z=\n', z)
o/p:
x=
b 111 d 131 f 151
dtype: int64
y=
f 151 e 141 d 131 c 121 b 111 a 101
dtype: int64
z=
b 111 d 131
Modifying elements of Series object-
The elements of a Series object can be modified using any of the following methods-
a. Using index [] operator to modify single/multiple values
__________________________________________________________________
# Modifying a Series object index [] method import pandas as pd
d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131, 'e':141, 'f':151}
s=[Link](d)
s['c'] = 555
s[['f','a']] = [666,777]
print('s=\n', s)
s['b':'d']=[0,1,2]
print('s=\n', s)
Output
s=
a 777
b 111
c 555
d 131
e 141
f 666
dtype: int64
s=
a 777
b 0
c 1
d 2
e 141
f 666
dtype: int64
b. sing at/iat property to modify a single value
# Modifying a Series object at iat property import pandas as pd
d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131, 'e':141, 'f':151}

32
s=[Link](d)
[Link]['d'] = 999
[Link][-1] = 777
print('s=\n', s)
Output
s=
a 101
b 111
c 121
d 999
e 141
f 777
dtype: int64
c. Using loc, iloc property to modify single /multiple values

#Modifying a Series object loc iloc property import pandas as pd

d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131, 'e':141, 'f':151}
s=[Link](d)
[Link]['b'] = 9
[Link]['e':'f'] = [8,7]
print('s=\n', s)
[Link][1: :2] = [33,44,55]
print('s=\n', s)

Output
s=
a 101
b 9
c 121
d 131
e 8
f 7
dtype: int64
s=
a 101
b 33
c 121
d 44
e 8
f 55
dtype: int64
c. Using slice method to modify multiple values

33
 # Modifying a Series object slice method
import pandas as pd
d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131, 'e':141, 'f':151}
s=[Link](d)
s[1: :2] = [1,2,3]
print('s=\n', s)
Output
s=
a 101
b 1
c 121
d 2
e 141
f 3
dtype: int64

Changing indexes of Series object-

The index property can be used to change the indexes of a Series object
import pandas as pd
# Changing indexes of Series object import pandas as pd
d={'a':101, 'b':111, 'c':121, 'd':131}
s=[Link](d)
[Link] = ['have','a','nice', 'day']
print('s=\n', s)
Output
s=
have 101
a 111
nice 121
day 131
dtype: int64

MCQ
1 What will be the output of the given code?
import pandas as pd
s = [Link]([1,2,3,4,5],
index=['akram','brijesh','charu','deepika','era'])
print(s['charu'])

a. 1
b. 2

34
 c. 3
d. 4
Ans C
2 Consider the following series named animal:

L Lion
B Bear
E Elephant
T Tiger
W Wolf
dtype: object
Write the output of the command:

print(animal[::-3])
a L Lion
T Tiger
dtype: object

b. B Bear
E Elephant
dtype: object

c. W Wolf
B Bear
dtype: object

d. W Wolf
T Tiger
dtype: object

Ans C
3 Write the output for the following Python code.
import pandas as pd
s=[Link]([1,2,3,4,5,6],index=['A','B','C','D','E','F'])
print(s[s%2==0])
a. B 2
D 4
F 6
b. A 1
C 3
E 5
c. B 2
D 4
F 5
d. B 3
D 4
F 6

Ans a

35
4 Write the output of the following code ?
import pandas as pd
seriesMnths=[Link]([2,3,4],index=['Feb','Mar','Apr'])
print(seriesMnths[1])

a. 2
b. Mar
c. Feb
d. 3

Ans d
5 Choose the correct output of the following code?
import pandas as pd
seriesCapCntry=[Link](['New Delhi','WashingtonDC','London','Paris'],index=
['India','USA','UK','France'])
print(seriesCapCntry[[3,2]])
a. France Paris
France Paris
b. USA WashingtonDC
France Paris
c. France Paris
UK London
d. USA WashingtonDC
UK London

Ans c
6 Assertion (A) : We cannot access more than one element of Series without slicing .
Reason (R) :More than one element of series can be accessed using a list of positional
index or labeled index.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
(E) Both A and R are false.

Ans D
7 Assertion (A) : Elements of Series can be accessed using positional index.
Reason (R) : positional index values ranges from 1 to n if n is the size of the series.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
(E) Both A and R are false

Ans A
8 Answer the following based on the series given below.

36
 import pandas as pd
list1=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
list2=['swimming','tt','skating','kho kho','bb','chess','football','cricket']
school=[Link](list1,index=list2)
[Link]=("little")
print(school*2) # statement 1
print([Link](3)) # statement 2
print(school['tt']) # statement 3
print(school[2:4])

i Choose the correct name of the Series

a) list1
b) list2
c) school
d) little
Ans: c
ii Choose the correct output of the statement
print([Link](3)) # statement 2
a. swimming 1
tt 2
skating 3
b. chess 6
football 7
cricket 8
c. 4
d. kho kho 4
bb 5
chess 6
football 7
cricket 8

Ans b
iii Choose the correct output of the statement
print(school['tt']) # statement 3
a. 2
b. 3
c. tt 2
d. true

Ans c
9 Write the output of the following:
import pandas as pd
S1 = [Link](['NewDelhi', 'WashingtonDC', 'London', 'Paris'],
index=['India', 'USA', 'UK', 'France'])
print(S1['India', 'UK'])
a.
India NewDelhi
UK London
dtype: object

37
 b.
India NewDelhi
UK Washington
dtype: object
c. Error
d. None of the above
Ans a
10 What will ne the output of the above given code?
import pandas as pd
s=[Link]([1,2,3,4,5],index=["ajay", "pankaj","deepti","rajesh","ritika"])
print(s["rajesh"])
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Ans 4

38
UNIT I- DATA FRAMES

 DataFrame Data Structure

 It is two dimensional (tabular) heterogeneous data labeled array.
 It has two indices or two axes : a row index (axis=0) and a column index (axis=1)
 The row index is known as index and the column index is called the column name.
 The indices can be of any data type.
 It is both value mutable and size mutable.
 We can perform arithmetic operations on rows and columns.

 Creating and Displaying a DataFrame

To create a DataFrame object, we can use the syntax:
<dataframe object> = [Link]( <a 2D datastructure> , [columns=<column
sequence>] , [index=<index sequence>] )
where the 2D data structure passed to it, contains the data values.

 Empty DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df=[Link]()
print(df)

 DataFrame from 2D dictionary

A 2D dictionary is a dictionary having items as (key : value) where value part is a data
structure of any type : a list, a series, a dictionary etc. But the value parts of all the keys
should have similar structure and equal lengths.
 Creating a DataFrame from 2D dictionary having values as lists:
dict1={'Students':['Neha','Maya','Reena'],
'Marks':[20,40,30],
'Sports':['Cricket', 'Football','Badminton']}
df1=[Link](dict1)
print(df1)
 The keys of the dictionary has become columns.
 The columns are placed in sorted order.
39
  The index is assigned automatically (0 onwards).

We can specify our own index too by using the index argument.

df2=[Link](dict1,index=['I','II','III'])
print(df2)
 The number of indexes given in the index
sequence must match the length of the dictionary’s values, otherwise Python will
give error.

 Creating a DataFrame from 2D dictionary having values as Series objects.

 DataFrames are two dimensional representation of series.

smarks=[Link]({'Neha':80,'Maya':90,'Reena':70})
sage=[Link]({'Neha':25,'Maya':30,'Reena':29})
dict={'Marks':smarks,'Age':sage}
df3=[Link](dict)
print(df3)

or

smarks=[Link]([80,90,70],index=['Neha','Maya','Reena'])
sage=[Link]([25,30,29],index=['Neha','Maya','Reena'])
dict={'Marks':smarks,'Age':sage}
df3=[Link](dict)
print(df3)
 DataFrame object created has columns assigned from the keys of the
dictionary object and its index assigned from the indexes of the Series
object which are the values of the dictionary object.

 Creating a DataFrame from list of dictionaries

student=[{'Neha':50,'Manu':40},{'Neha':60,'Maya':45}]
df4=[Link](student,index=['term1','term2'])
print(df4)
 NaN is automatically added in missing places.

40
 Selecting or Accessing Data

import pandas as pd
dict={'BS':[80,98,100,65,72],'ACC':[88,67,93,50,90],
'ECO':[100,75,89,40,96],'IP':[100,98,92,80,86]}

df5=[Link](dict,index=['Ammu','Achu','Manu','Anu','Abu'])
print(df5)

 Selecting / Accessing a column

Syntax :
<dataframe object>[<column name>] Or <dataframe object>.<column name>
 In the dot notation make sure not to put any quotation marks around the column
name.

print([Link])
or
print(df5['BS'])

 Selecting / Accessing multiple columns

Syntax :
<dataframe object>[[<column name>,<column name>,…….]]
 Columns appear in the order of column names given in the list inside square
brackets.

print(df5[['BS','IP']])

 Selecting / Accessing a subset from a DataFrame using Row/Column names

<dataframe object>.loc[<start row>:<end row>,<start column>:<end column>]
 To access a row:
<dataframe object>.loc[<row label>, : ]
 Make sure not to miss the colon after comma.

print([Link]['Ammu', :])

41
  To access multiple rows:
<dataframe object>.loc[<start row>:<end row> , : ]
 Python will return all rows falling between start row and end row; along with
start row and end row.

print([Link]['Ammu':'Manu', : ])

 Make sure not to miss the colon after comma.

 To access selective columns:

<dataframe object>.loc[ : , <start column> : <end column>]
 Lists all columns falling between start and end column.

print([Link][:,'ACC':'IP'])

 Make sure not to miss the colon before comma.

 To access range of columns from a range of rows:

<dataframe object>.loc[<start row> : <end row>,
<start column> : <end column>]

print([Link]['Manu':'Abu','ACC':'ECO'])

 Selecting / Accessing a subset from a DataFrame using Row/Column numeric

index/position

Sometimes our dataframe object does not contain row or column labels or even we may not
remember, then to extract subset from dataframe we can use iloc.

<dataframe object>.iloc[<start row index> : <end row index>,

[<start column index> : <end column index>]

 When we use iloc, then end index is excluded.

42
 print([Link][1:3,1:3])

 Selecting / Accessing individual value

(i) Either give name of row or numeric index in square bracket of column
name
<dataframe object>.<column>[<row name or row numeric index>]

print([Link]['Achu']) 67
or
print([Link][1])
(ii) Using at or iat
<dataframe object>.at[<row label>,<column label>]
Or
<dataframeobject>.iat[<numeric row index>,
<numeric column index>]
print([Link]['Achu','ACC']) 67
or
print([Link][1,1])

 Assigning / Modifying Data Values in DataFrame

 To change or add a column
<dataframe object>[<column name>]=<new value>
 If the given column name does not exist in dataframe then a new column with
the name is added.

df5['ENG']=60
print(df5)

 If you want to add a column that has different values for all its rows, then we
can assign the data values for each row of the column in the form of a list.
df5[‘ENG’]=[50,60,40,30,70]
 There are some other ways for adding a column to a database.
<dataframe object>.at[ : , <column name>]=value

43
 Or
<dataframe object>.loc[ : ,<column name>]=value

[Link][ : ,'ENG']=60
print(df5)
or
[Link][ : ,'ENG']=60
print(df5)

 To change or add a row

<dataframe object>.at[rowname , : ]=value
or
<dataframe object>.loc[rowname , : ]=value

[Link]['Sabu', : ]=50
print(df5)

or

[Link]['Sabu', : ]=50
print(df5)
 If there is no row with such row label, then adds new row with this row label
and assigns given values to all its columns.

 To change or modify a single data value

<dataframe object>.<column>[<row label or row index>] = value

[Link]['Ammu']=100
print(df5)
or
[Link][0]=100
print(df5)

 Deleting columns in DataFrame

 We can use del statement, to delete a column

del <dataframeobject>[<column name>]

44
 e.g.: del df5[‘ENG’]

 We can use drop() also to delete a column. By default axis=0.

<dataframe object> = <dataframeobject>.drop([<columnname or index>],axis=1)

Or

<dataframe object> = <dataframeobject>.drop(columns=[<columnnames or

indices>])
df5=[Link]([‘ECO’], axis =1)

df5=[Link](columns=['ECO','IP'])

 We can use pop() to delete a column. The deleted column will be returned as Series
object.

bstud=[Link](‘BS’)
print(bstud)

 Deleting rows in DataFrame

<dataframe object>=<dataframe object>.drop([index or sequence of index], axis=0)

df5=[Link](['Ammu','Achu'])

or

df5=[Link](index=['Ammu','Achu'])

45
 Iterating over a DataFrame
 Using [Link]() Function
 The method <DF>.iterrows() views a dataframe in the form of horizontal subset
ie row-wise.
 Each horizontal subset is in the form of (row-index, Series) where Series
contains all column values for that row –index.
 We can iterate over a Series object just as we iterate over other sequences.

import pandas as pd
dict={'BS':[80,98],'ACC':[88,67]}
df5=[Link](dict,index=['Ammu','Achu'])
print(df5,"\n")

for (row,rowseries) in [Link]():

print("Row index:",row)
print("containing")
i=0
for val in rowseries:
print("At position ",i,":",val)
i=i+1
print()

 Using [Link]() Function

 The method <DF>.iteritem() views a dataframe in the form of vertical subset ie
column-wise.
 Each vertical subset is in the form of (col-index, Series) where Series contains
all row values for that column index.

import pandas as pd
dict={'BS':[80,98],'ACC':[88,67]}
df5=[Link](dict,index=['Ammu','Achu'])

46
 print(df5,"\n")

for (column,columnseries) in [Link]():

print("Column index:",column)
print("containing")
i=0
for val in columnseries:
print("At row ",i,":",val)
i=i+1
print()

 Head and Tail Functions

 head()
<DF>.head([n=5])
 To retrieve 5, top rows of a dataframe.
 We can change the number of rows by specifying value for n.
[Link](5)
[Link](2)
 tail()
 To retrieve 5, bottom rows of a dataframe.
 We can change the number of rows by specifying value for n.
[Link](5)
[Link](2)

47
 Renaming index / column labels
 rename() renames the existing index or column labels in a dataframe/series.
 The old and new index/column labels are to be provided in the form of a dictionary
where keys are the old indexes/row labels and the values are the new names
for the same.
Syntax:
<DF>.rename(index=None, columns=None, inplace=False)
where index and columns are dictionary like.
inplace, a boolean by default False (which returns a new dataframe with renamed
index/labels).
If True then changes are made in the current

dataframe.
import pandas as pd
dict={'p_id':[101,102],'p_name':['Hard disk','Pen Drive']}
df=[Link](dict)
print(df,"\n")
#[Link](columns={'p_id':'Product_ID','p_name':'product_name'},inplace=True)
#or
df=[Link](columns={'p_id':'Product_ID','p_name':'product_name'})
print(df)

 Columns can also be renamed by using the columns attribute of dataframe.

import pandas as pd
dict={'p_id':[101,102],'p_name':['Hard disk','Pen Drive']}
df=[Link](dict)
[Link]=['Product_ID','product_name']
print(df,"\n")

48
 Reindexing
 reindex() used to change the order of the rows or columns in DataFrame/Series
and returns DataFrame/Series after changes.

Syntax:
<DF>.reindex(index=None, columns=None, fill_value=NaN)

df=[Link](columns=['product_name','Product_ID'])
print(df)
 If the mentioned indexes/columns do not exist in
dataframe, these will be added as per the mentioned order with NaN values.
df=[Link](columns=['product_name','Product_ID','product_category'])
print(df)

 By using fill_value, we can specify which will be filled in the newly added
row/column.
df=[Link](columns=['product_name','Product_ID','product_category'],
index=[1,0],fill_value='Home')
print(df)

 Boolean indexing
 Like default indexing (0,1,2…) or labeled indexing , there is one more way to index –
Boolean Indexing (Setting row index to True/ False etc.) .
 This helps in displaying the rows of Data Frame, according to True or False as
specified in the command.
import pandas as pd
dict={'p_id':[101,102,103],'p_name':['Hard disk','Pen Drive','Camera']}
df=[Link](dict)
[Link]=[True,False,True]
print(df,"\n")
print([Link][True])

49
 DataFrame attributes
All information related to a DataFrame object is available through attributes.
<DataFrane object> . <attribute name>
Attribute Description
index Returns the index (row labels) of the DataFrame
columns Returns the column labels of the DataFrame
axes Returns a list representing both the axes of the Data
Frame (axis=0 i.e. index and axis=1 i.e. columns)
values Returns a Numpy representation of the DataFrame
dtypes Returns the dtypes of data in the DataFrame
shape Returns tuple of the shape of the DataFrame
ndim Returns number of dimensions of the dataframe
size Returns the number of elements in the dataframe
empty Returns True if the DataFrame object is empty, otherwise
False
T Transpose index and columns of DataFrame

Case study questions:

1. Consider the following Data Frame df and answer questions
A B C
DEPT CS PROD MEDICAL
EMPNO 101 102 103
ENAME ABC PQR LMN
SALARY 200000 100000 20000
i. Write code to delete column B
ii. Write the output of the below code
print([Link](2))
iii. Write code to delete row salary
iv. Change the value of column A to 100
[Link] the value of DEPT of B to MECH
vi. Display DEPT and SALARY of column A and B

50
 vii. Write code to rename column ‘A’ to ‘D’ which will not effect original
dataframe
viii. Write code to add a column E with values [CS, 104,XYZ, 300000]
ix. Write code to add a row COMM with values [3000,4000,5000]
x. Write code to rename DEPT to DEPARTMENT which will effect the original
dataframe
xi. Write code to display DEPT in A
i. print(df.A[‘DEPT’])
ii. print(df[‘A’,’DEPT’])
iii. print([Link][1:2,1:2])
iv. print([Link][3,2])

xii. Write the output of the statement print(len(df))

i. 3
ii. 4
iii. (4,3)
iv. (3,4)

Answers :=

i. del df['A']
ii. A B C
ENAME ABC PQR LMN
SALARY 200000 100000 20000
iii. df=[Link](['SALARY'],axis=0)
iv. df['A']=100
v. df.B['DEPT']='MECH'
vi. print([Link][['DEPT','SALARY'],["A","B"]])
vii. [Link](columns={"A":"D"},inplace=False)
viii. df['E']=["CS",104,"XYZ",300000]
ix. [Link]['COMM']=[3000,4000,5000]
x. [Link](index={"DEPT":"DEPARTMENT"},inplace=True)
xi. print(df.A[‘DEPT’])
xii. 4
2. Consider the following Data Frame df and answer questions

ACC BST ECO IP

S1 90 91 92 93
S2 94 95 96 97
S3 98 99 100 100
S4 91 92 93 94

i. Create a new column total TOT by adding marks

ii. Find the highest marks scored by student s1

51
 iii. Find the lowest marks scored by student s1
iv. Find the highest marks in ACC
v. Find the lowest marks in IP

Answers:=

i. df['TOT']=df['ACC']+df['BST']+df['ECO']+df['IP']
ii. print(max([Link]['S1',:]))
iii. print(min([Link]['S1',:]))
iv. print(max(df['ACC']))
v. print(min(df['IP']))

3. Consider the following Data Frame df and answer questions

delhi mumbai kolkatta chennai

hospitals 200 300 100 50
population 10 20 30 40
schools 250 350 400 200

i. Display details of city delhi and chennai

ii. Display hospitals in delhi
iii. Display shape of dataframe
iv. Change the population in kolkatta as 50
v. Rename the column population as “pop”

Answers:=

i. print(df[['delhi','chennai']])
ii. print([Link]['hospitals'])
iii. print([Link])
iv. [Link]['population']=50
v. [Link](index={"population":"pop"},inplace=True)

4. Consider the following Data Frame df and answer questions

52
 i. Display the name of city whose population >=20
range of 12 to 20
ii. Write command to set all vales of df as 0
iii. Display the df with rows in the reverse order
iv. Display the df with only columns in the reverse order
v. Display the df with rows & columns in the reverse order
answers:-
i. print(df[[Link]>=20])
ii. df[:]=0
iii. print([Link][::-1)
iv. print([Link][:,::-1])
v. print([Link][::-1,::-1])
5. Consider the following Data Frame df and answer questions

Write the ouput of the following

i. print(len(df))
ii. print([Link]())
iii. print([Link](1))
iv. print(min([Link]['SALARY']))
v. print(max([Link]['ENAME']))

53
Answers

i. 4
ii. A 4
B 4
C 4
dtype: int64
iii. DEPT 3
EMPNO 3
ENAME 3
SALARY 3
dtype: int64
iv. 20000
v. PQR

Sl
MCQ QUESTIONS
No
To display the 3rd, 4th and 5th columns from the 6th to 9th rows of a dataframe
you can write

(a) [Link][6:9, 3:5]

1 (b) [Link][6:10, 3:6]
(c) [Link][6:10, 3:6]
(d) [Link][6:9, 3:5]

ANS: c) [Link][6:10, 3:6]

We can add a new row to a DataFrame using the _____________ method
(i) rloc[ ]
(ii) loc[ ]
2
(iii)iloc[ ]
(iv)None of the above
ANS: (ii) loc[ ]

54
 The head() function of dataframe will display how may rows from top if no
parameter is passed.
(i) 1
(ii) 3
3
(iii) 5
(iv) None of these

ANS : (iii) 5
To change the 5th column's value at 3rd row as 35 in dataframe DF, you can
write

(a) DF[4, 6] = 35
4 (b) [Link][4, 6] = 35
(c) DF[3, 5] = 35
(d) [Link][3, 5] = 35

ANS:- d) [Link][3, 5] = 35
Which function is used to find values from a DataFrame D using the index
number?
a) [Link]
b) [Link]
5
c) [Link]
d) None of these

ANS: b) [Link]
In a DataFrame, Axis= 0 represents the elements

[Link]
[Link]
6
[Link]
[Link] of these.

ANS: [Link]
55
 In DataFrame, by default new column added as the _____________ column
(i) First (Left Side)
(ii) Second
7 (iii)Last (Right Side)
(iv) Any where in dataframe

ANS: (iii)Last (Right Side)

Which of the following is correct Features of DataFrame?
a. Potentially columns are of different types
b. Can Perform Arithmetic operations on rows and columns
c. Labeled axes (rows and columns)
8
d. All of the above

ANS: d. All of the above

Write the code to append df2 with df1

a.Df2=[Link](Df1)
b. Df2=Df2+Df1
9
c. Df2=[Link].Df1
d. Df2=[Link](Df1)

ANS: a.Df2=[Link](Df1)
When we create DataFrame from List of Dictionaries, then number of columns in
DataFrame isequal to the _______
a. maximum number of keys in first dictionary of the list
b. maximum number of different keys in all dictionaries of the list
10
c. maximum number of dictionaries in the list
d. None of the above

ANS: b. maximum number of different keys in all dictionaries of the list

When we create DataFrame from List of Dictionaries, then dictionary keys will
11
become ______
56
 (i) Column labels
(ii) Row labels
(iii) Both of the above
(iv) None of the above

ANS: (i) Column labels

Which method is used to access vertical subset of a dataframe?
(i) iterrows()
(ii) iteritems()
12 (iii) itercolumns()
(iv) itercols()

ANS: (ii) iteritems()

Write statement to transpose dataframe DF.
(i) DF.t
(ii) [Link]
13 (iii)DF.T
(iv)DF.T( )

ANS: (iii)DF.T
In DataFrame, by default new column added as the _____________ column

a. First (Left Side)

b. Second
14
c. Last (Right Side)
d. Any where in dataframe

ANS: Last (Right Side)

We can add a new row to a DataFrame using the _____________ method
(i) rloc[ ]
15 (ii) loc[ ]
(iii) iloc[ ]
(iv) None of the above
57
 ANS: (ii) loc[ ]
Which of the following function is used to load the data from the CSV file to
DataFrame?

(i) [Link]( )
16 (ii) readcsv( )
(iii) read_csv( )
(iv) Read_csv( )

ANS: (iii) read_csv( )

Which of the following function is not a Boolean reduction function
(i) Empty
(ii) Any()
17 (iii) All()
(iv) Fillna()

ANS: (iv) Fillna()

Which among the following options can be used to create a DataFrame in
Pandas ?
(a) A scalar value
(b) An ndarray
18
(c) A python dict
(d) All of these

ANS:- (d) All of these

Which attribute of a dataframe is used to convert row into columns and columns
into rows in a dataframe?
a) T
19 b) ndim
c) empty
d) shape

58
 ANS: a) T
When we create DataFrame from List of Dictionaries, then number of columns in
DataFrame is equal to the _______
(i) maximum number of keys in first dictionary of the list
(ii) maximum number of different keys in all dictionaries of the list
20
(iii) maximum number of dictionaries in the list
(iv) None of the above

ANS: (ii) maximum number of different keys in all dictionaries of the list
Which of the following is/are characteristics of DataFrame?
a) Columns are of different types
b) Can Perform Arithmetic operations
21 c) Axes are labeled (rows and columns)
d) All of the above

ANS: d) All of the above

Write short code to show the information having city=”Delhi” from dataframe
SHOP.

(a) print(SHOP[City==’Delhi’])
22 (b) print(SHOP[[Link]==’Delhi’])
(c) print(SHOP[SHOP.’City’==’Delhi’])
(d) print(SHOP[SHOP[City]==’Delhi’])

ANS: (b) print(SHOP[[Link]==’Delhi’])

Which of the following commands is used to install pandas?
(i)pip install python –pandas
(ii)pip install pandas
23 (iii)python install python
(iv)python install pandas

ANS: (ii) pip install pandas

24 Which attribute of a dataframe is used to get number of axis?

59
 a.T
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

ANS: [Link]

Display first row of dataframe ‘DF’

(i) print([Link](1))
(ii) print(DF[0 : 1])
25 (iii)print([Link][0 : 1])
(iv)All of the above

ANS: (iv)All of the above

To delete a column from a DataFrame, you may use statement.
(a) remove
(b) del
26 (c) drop
(d) cancel statement.

ANS:- (b) del

In given code dataframe ‘Df1’ has ________ rows and _______ columns
import pandas as pd
dict= [{‘a’:10, ‘b’:20}, {‘a’:5, ‘b’:10, ‘c’:20},{‘a’:7, ‘d’:10, ‘e’:20}]
Df1 = [Link](dict)

(i) 3, 3
27
(ii) 3, 4
(iii)3, 5
(iv)None of the above

ANS: (iii)3, 5

60
 To delete a row from a DataFrame, you may use
(a) remove
(b) del
28 (c) drop
(d) cancel

ANS:- (c) drop

In the following statement, if column ‘mark’ already exists in the DataFrame ‘Df1’
then the assignment statement will __________ Df1['mark'] = [95,98,100] #There
are only three rows in DataFrame Df1
(i) Return error
29 (ii) Replace the already existing values.
(iii)Add new column
(iv)None of the above

ANS: (ii) Replace the already existing values.

To skip first 5 rows of CSV file, which argument will you give in
read_csv( ) ?

(a) skip_rows = 5
30 (b) skiprows = 5
(c) skip - 5
(d) noread - 5

ANS:- (a) skip_rows = 5

. Which of the following statement is false:
i. DataFrame is size mutable
ii. DataFrame is value mutable
iii. DataFrame is immutable
31
iv. DataFrame is capable of holding multiple types of data

ANS:- iii. DataFrame is immutable

61
 Which of the following statements is false?
(i) Dataframe is size mutable
(ii) Dataframe is value mutable
32 (iii) Dataframe is immutable
(iv) Dataframe is capable of holding multiple type of data

ANS: (iii) Dataframe is immutable

To delete a row, the parameter axis of function drop( ) is assigned the value
______________
(i) 0
(ii) 1
33
(iii) 2
(iv) 3

ANS: (i) 0
Which of the following function is used to load the data from the CSV file to
DataFrame?
(i) [Link]( )
(ii) readcsv( )
34
(iii)read_csv( )
(iv)Read_csv( )

ANS: (iii)read_csv( )
Write code to delete rows those getting 5000 salary.

(a) df=[Link][salary==5000]
(b) df=df[[Link]!=5000]
35
(c) [Link][[Link]==5000,axis=0]
(d) df=[Link][salary!=5000]

ANS: (b) df=df[[Link]!=5000]

62
 [Link][ ] method is used to ______ # DF1 is a DataFrame
(i) Add new row in a DataFrame ‘DF1’
(ii) To change the data values of a row to a particular value

36 (iii)Both of the above

(iv)None of the above

ANS: (iii)Both of the above

To iterate over horizontal subsets of dataframe,
(a) iterate( )
(b) iterrows( ) function may be used.
37 (c) itercols( )
(d) iteritems( )

ANS:- (b) iterrows( ) function may be used.

Write code to delete the row whose index value is A1 from dataframe df.

(a) df=[Link](‘A1’)
(b) df=[Link](index=‘A1’)
38
(c) df=[Link](‘A1,axis=index’)
(d) df=[Link](‘A1’)

ANS: (a) df=[Link](‘A1’)

A two-dimension labeled array that is an ordered collection of columns to store
heterogeneous data type is
i. Series
ii. ii. Numpy array
39
iii. iii. Dataframe
iv. iv. Panel

ANS:- iii. Dataframe

To skip 1st, 3rd and 5th rows of CSV file, which argument will you give in
40
read_csv( ) ?

63
 (a) skiprows = 11315
(b) skiprows - (1, 3, 5]
(c) skiprows = [1, 5, 1]
(d) Any of these

ANS:- (b) skiprows - (1, 3, 5]

In Pandas _______________ is used to store data in multiple columns.
(i)Series
(ii) DataFrame
41 (iii) Both of the above
(iv) None of the above

ANS: (ii) DataFrame

What is dataframe?
a. 2 D array with heterogeneous data
b. 1 D array with homogeneous data
c. 2 D array with homogeneous data
42
d. 1 D array with heterogeneous data

ANS: a. 2 D array with heterogeneous data

In a DataFrame, Axis= 1 represents the_____________ elements

(a) Row
(b) Column
43 (c) True
(d) False

ANS: (b) Column

Which of the following is not an attribute of a DataFrame Object ?

44
a. index
64
 b. Index
c. size
d. value

ANS: b. Index
To get top 5 rows of a dataframe, you may use
(a) head( )
(b) head(5)
45 (c) top( )
(d) top(5)

ANS:- (a) head( ) , b) head(5)

27. To iterate over horizontal subsets of dataframe,
(a) iterate( )
(b) iterrows( ) function may be used.
46 (c) itercols( )
(d) iteritems( )

ANS:- (b) iterrows( ) function may be used.

Write code to delete the row whose index value is A1 from dataframe df.
(a) df=[Link](‘A1’)
(b) df=[Link](index=‘A1’)
(c) df=[Link](‘A1,axis=index’)
47
(d) df=[Link](‘A1’)

ANS: (a) df=[Link](‘A1’)

A two-dimension labelled array that is an ordered collection of columns to store

heterogeneous datatype is
v. Series
48
vi. ii. Numpy array
vii. iii. Dataframe
viii. iv. Panel
65
 ANS:- iii. Dataframe
To skip 1st, 3rd and 5th rows of CSV file, which argument will you give in
read_csv( ) ?

(a) skiprows = 11315

49 (b) skiprows - (1, 3, 5]
(c) skiprows = [1, 5, 1]
(d) Any of these

ANS:- (b) skiprows - (1, 3, 5]

In a DataFrame, Axis= 1 represents the_____________ elements

(a) Row
(b) Column
50
(c) True
(d) False

ANS: (b) Column

NaN stands for:

a. Not a Number
b. None and None
51 c. Null and Null
d. None a Number

ANS: a. Not a Number

To get top 5 rows of a dataframe, you may use

(a) head( )
52 (b) head(5)
(c) top( )
(d) top(5)
66
 ANS:- (a) head( ) , b) head(5)
The correct statement to read from a CSV file in a dataframeis :
(a) .read_csv()
(b) . read_csv( )()
53 (c) = [Link]()
(d) = pandas.read_csv()

ANS:- (d) = pandas.read_csv()

To delete a column from a dataframe, you may use ______ statement.
i. remove()
ii. ii. del()
54 iii. iii. drop()
iv. iv. cancel()

ANS:- iii. drop()

The following code create a dataframe named ‘Df1’ with _______________
columns.
import pandas as pd
Df1 = [Link]([10,20,30] )
(i) 1
55
(ii) 2
(iii) 3
(iv) 4

ANS: (i) 1
To delete a row from dataframe, you may use _______ statement.
i. remove()
ii. ii. del()
56 iii. iii. drop()
iv. iv. cancel()

ANS:- ii. del()

67
 In a Data-Frame, Axis= 0 represents the elements along the______

a. Row
b. Column
57
c. Row and Column Both
d. None of the above

ANS: a. Row
___________ method in Pandas can be used to change the index of rows and
columns of a Series or Dataframe

(a) rename()
58 (b) reindex()
(c) reframe()
(d) none of these

ANS: (b) reindex()

Write the single line command to delete the column “marks” from dataframe df
using drop function.

(a) df=[Link](col=‘marks’)
59 (b) df=[Link](‘marks’,axis=col)
(c) df=[Link](‘marks’,axis=0)
(d) df=[Link](‘marks’,axis=1)

ANS: (d) df=[Link](‘marks’,axis=1)

Which of the following is used to give user defined column index in DataFrame?
(i) index
(ii) column
60 (iii) columns
(iv) colindex

ANS: (iii) columns

68
 The following statement will _________
df = [Link](['Name', 'Class', 'Rollno'], axis = 1) #df is a DataFrame object

a. delete three columns having labels ‘Name’, ‘Class’ and ‘Rollno’

61 b. delete three rows having labels ‘Name’, ‘Class’ and ‘Rollno’
c. delete any three columns
d. return error

ANS:- a. delete three columns having labels ‘Name’, ‘Class’ and ‘Rollno’
Difference between loc() and iloc().:
a. Both are Label indexed based functions.
b. Both are Integer position-based functions.
c. loc() is label based function and iloc() integer position based function.
d. loc() is integer position based function and iloc() index position based function.
62

ANS: c. loc() is label based function and iloc() integer position based
function.

Which command will be used to delete 3 and 5 rows of the data frame. Assuming
the data frame name as DF.
a. [Link]([2,4],axis=0)
b. [Link]([2,4],axis=1)
63
c. [Link]([3,5],axis=1)
d. [Link]([3,5])

ANS: a [Link]([2,4],axis=0)
Assuming the given structure, which command will give us the given output:
Output Required: (3,4)

64

69
 EmpCode Name Desig

0 1405 VINAY Clerk

1 1985 MANISH Works
Manager
2 1636 SMINA Sales Manager
3 1689 RINU Cleark
a. print([Link]())
b. print([Link])
c. print([Link])
d. print([Link]()).

ANS: b. print([Link])
Write the output of the given command: [Link][:0,'Name'] Consider the given
dataframe.
EmpCode Name Desig
0 1405 VINAY Clerk
1 1985 MANISH Works Manager
2 1636 SMINA Sales Manager
3 1689 RINU Clerk
65

a. 0 1405 VINAY Clerk

b. VINAY
c. Works Manager
d. Clerk

ANS : VINAY

70
 UNIT I- Data Visualization

What is Data Visualization ?

Data visualization is the technique to present the data in a pictorial or graphical format. It
enables stakeholders and decision makers to analyze data visually. The data in a
graphical format allows them to identify new trends and patterns easily.

The main benefits of data visualization are as follows:

 It simplifies the complex quantitative information

 It helps analyze and explore big data easily
 It identifies the areas that need attention or improvement
 It identifies the relationship between data points and variables
 It explores new patterns and reveals hidden patterns in the data
Purpose of Data visualization:
 Better analysis
 Quick action
 Identifying patterns
 Finding errors
 Understanding the story
 Exploring business insights
 Grasping the Latest Trends

matplotlib Library and pyplot Interface

• The matplotlib is a python library that provides many interfaces functionally for 2D
graphics
• In short we can call mattplotlib as a high quality plotting library of Python.
• The matplotlib library offers many different named collections of methods, pyplot is one
such interface.
• pyplot is a collection of methods within matplotlib which allows user to construct
2D plots easily and interactively.
Installing matplotlib

It is done using pip command in Command Prompt

pip install matplotlib

71
Importing PyPlot

To import Pyplot following syntax is

import [Link]
or
import [Link] as plt

After importing matplotlib in the form of plt we can use plt for accessing any function of
matplotlib

Steps to plot in matplotlib:

• Create a .py file & import matplotlib library to it using import statement
import [Link] as plt
• Set data points in plot( ) method of plt object
• Customize plot by setting different parameters

• Call the show() method to display the plot

• Save the plot/graph if required

Types of plot using matplotlib

• LINE PLOT
• BAR GRAPH

• HISTOGRAM etc.

Line Plot:
A line plot/chart is a graph that shows the frequency of data occurring along a number
line. The line plot is represented by a series of data points called markers connected
with a straight line. Generally line plots are used to display trends over time. A line
plot or line graph can be created using the plot() function available in pyplot library.

We can, not only just plot a line but we can explicitly define the grid, the x and y axis
scale and labels, title and display options etc.

Line chart: displaying data in form of lines.

• We can create line graph with x coordinate only or with x and y coordinates.

• Function to draw line chart – plot()

72
 • Default colour of line- blue

• Syntax: [Link](x,y)

Line Plot customization

• Custom line color

[Link](x,y,'red')
Change the value in color argument like ‘b’ for blue,’r’,’c’,…..

• Custom line style and line width

[Link](x,y, linestyle='solid' , linewidth=4).
set linestyle to solid/dashed/dotted/dashdot

set linewidth as required

• Title
[Link]('DAY – TEMP Graph ') – Change it as per requirement

• Label-
[Link](‘TIme') – to set the x axis label
[Link](‘Temp') – to set the y axis label
 Changing Marker Type, Size and Color
[Link](x,y,'blue',marker='*',markersize=10,markeredgecolor='magenta')

Order of methods used in plot() function:

[Link](x,y,color,linewidth,linestyle,marker, markersize,markeredgecolor)

Function used to show the graph – show()

[Link]( )

PROGRAM

import [Link] as plt

X=[1,2,3,4,5]

Y=[2,4,6,8,10]

[Link]('Simple Line Graph')

73
[Link]('X Axis')

[Link]('Y Axis')

[Link](X,Y,'r')

[Link]()

Bar Graph
A graph drawn using rectangular bars to show how large each value is. The bars can
be horizontal or vertical. A bar graph makes it easy to compare data between
different groups at a glance. Bar graph represents categories on one axis and a
discrete value in the other. The goal bar graph is to show the relationship between
the two axes. Bar graph can also show big changes in data over time.

 Syntax : [Link](x,y)

Bar graph customization

• Custom bar color

[Link](x,y, color="color code/color name")
To se different colors for different bars
[Link](x,y, color="color code/color name sequence")
• Custom bar width

[Link](x,y, width=float value)

74
 To se different widths for different bars
[Link](x,y, width=float value sequence)
• Title
[Link](' Bar Graph ') – Change it as per requirement
• Label-
[Link](‘Overs') – to set the x axis label
[Link](‘Runs') – to set the y axis label

PROGRAM :

import [Link] as plt

overs=['1-10','11-20','21-30','31-40','41-50']

runs=[65,55,70,60,90]

[Link]('Over Range')

[Link]('Runs Scored')

[Link]('India Scoring Rate')

[Link](overs,runs)

[Link]( )

75
 HISTOGRAM

A histogram is a graphical representation which organizes a group of data points

into user specified ranges.
Histogram provides a visual interpretation of numerical data by showing the number
of data points that fall within a specified range of values (“bins”). It is similar to a
vertical bar graph but without gaps between the bars.
Difference between a histogram and a bar chart / graph –
A bar chart majorly represents categorical data (data that has some labels
associated with it), they are usually represented using rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values that they represent. While histograms on the other hand, is used
to describe distributions.

Creating a Histogram :

 It is a type of bar plot where X-axis represents the bin ranges while Y-axis gives
information about frequency.

 To create a histogram the first step is to create bin of the ranges, then distribute the
whole range of the values into a series of intervals, and count the values which fall
into each of the intervals.

 Bins are clearly identified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of variables.

76
  The hist() function is used to create histogram

 Syntax:
[Link](x,other parameters)

Optioal Parameters
x array or sequence of array

bins optional parameter contains integer or

sequence or strings

histtype optional parameter used to create type

of histogram [bar, barstacked, step,
stepfilled], default is “bar”

align optional parameter controls the plotting

of histogram [left, right, mid]
orientation Optional. Possible values are
‘horizontal’ or ‘vertical’
color optional parameter used to set color or
sequence of color specs

PROGRAM :

import [Link] as plt

data=[7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,10,10,10,11,11,12,12,12,13]
[Link]('Data')
[Link]('Frequency')
[Link]('Histogram')
[Link](data,bins=7,color='green')
[Link]()

77
 • Title
[Link]('Histogram ') – Change it as per requirement
• Label-
[Link](‘Data') – to set the x axis label
[Link](‘Frequency') – to set the y axis label

• Legend - A legend is an area describing the elements of the graph. In the matplotlib
library there is a function named legend() which is used to place a legend on the axes .
When we plot multiple ranges in a single plot ,it becomes necessary that legends are
[Link] is a color or mark linked to a specific data range plotted .

To plot a legend you need to do two things.

i)In the plotting function like bar() or plot() , give a specific label to the data range using
label

ii)Add legend to the plot using legend ( ) as per the sytax given below .
Syntax : - [Link]((loc=position number or string)

position number can be u1,2,3,4 specifying the position strings upper right/'upper
left/'lower left/lower right respectively .

Default position is upper right or 1

78
 Saving the Plot

Tosave any plot savefig() method is used. Plots can be saved in various formats
like pdf,png,eps etc .
[Link]('line_plot.pdf') // save plot in the current directory
[Link]('d:\\plot\\line_plot.pdf') // save plot in the given path

Multiple Choice Questions and answers

SECTION B

[Link] is data visualization?

a) It is the numerical representation of information and data

b) It is the graphical representation of information and data
c) It is the character representation of information and data
d) None of the above
Ans : b) It is the graphical representation of information and data

[Link] is a python package used for 2D graphics?

a) [Link]
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) [Link]
Ans: a) [Link]
[Link] command used to give a heading to a graph is _________
(a) [Link]()
(b) [Link]()
(c) [Link]()
79
(d) [Link]()
Ans: (d) [Link]()
4. Using Python Matplotlib _________ can be used to count how many values fall
into each interval.
(a) line plot
(b) bar graph
(c) histogram
(d) None of these
Ans : (c) histogram
[Link] the missing statement
import [Link] as plt
marks=[30,10,55,70,50,25,75,49,28,81]
plt._____(marks, bins=’auto’, color=’green’)
[Link]()
(a) plot
(b) bar
(c)hist
(d)draw
Ans : (c)hist
[Link] module of matplotlib library is required for plotting of graph ?
(a) Plot
(b) Matplot
(c) pyplot
(d) graphics
Ans : (c) pyplot
[Link] the output figure. Identify the code for obtaining this output.

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 a) import [Link] as plt
[Link]([1,2],[4,5])
[Link]()
b) import [Link] as plt
[Link]([2,3],[5,1])
[Link]()
c) import [Link] as plt
[Link]([1,2,3],[4,5,1])
[Link]()
d) import [Link] as plt
[Link]([1,3],[4,1])
[Link]()

Ans: c) import [Link] as plt

[Link]([1,2,3],[4,5,1])
[Link]()

[Link] the right type of chart using the following hints.

Hint 1: This chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time.
Hint 2: The line in this type of chart is often drawn chronologically.
a) Line chart
b) Bar chart
c) Pie chart
d) Scatter plot

Ans : a) Line chart

[Link] of the following is/are correct statement for plot method?

a) [Link](x,y,color,others)
b) [Link](x,y)
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c) [Link](x,y,color)
d) All the above

Ans: d) All the above

[Link] give a title to x-axis, which of the following

method is used?
a) [Link](“title”)
b) [Link](“title”)
c) [Link](“title”)
d) [Link](“title”)

Ans: b) [Link](“title”)

[Link] change the width of bars in bar chart, which of the following argument
with a float value is used?
a) thick
b) thickness
c) width
d) barwidth

Ans: c) width

[Link] is the purpose of legend?

a) A legend is an area describing the elements of the graph.
b) A legend is top area with information about graph
c) A legend is additional information of x and y labels
d) A legend is a mini box with bars data

Ans: a) A legend is an area describing the elements of the graph.

[Link] function can be used to export generated graph in

matplotlib to png
a) savefigure ( )
b) savefig( )
c) save( )
d) export ( )

Ans: b) savefig( )

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[Link] one of these is not a valid line style in matplotlib
a) ‘-‘
b) ‘--‘
c) ‘-.’
d) ‘<’

Ans: d) ‘<’

[Link] can we make bar chart horizontal?

a) [Link]()
b) [Link]()
c) [Link]()
d) [Link]()

Ans: c) [Link]()

16. A histogram is used:

a) for continuous data
b) for grouped data
c) for time series data
d) to compare two sets of
data

Ans: a) for continuous data

[Link] function is used to show legend ?

a) display ( )
b) show( )
c) legend( )
d) legends( )

Ans: c) legend( )

[Link] datapoints plotted on a graph are called _____________

a) Markers
b) Values
c) Ticks
d) Pointers

Ans : a) Markers
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[Link] specify the style of line as dashed , which argument of plot() needs to be set ?

a) line

b) width

c) Style

d) linestyle

Ans: d) linestyle
20. Which of the following ia not a valid plotting function in pyplot?
a) bar()
b) hist()
c) histh()
d) barh()

Ans: c)histh( )

SECTION B

[Link] the following figure. Identify the coding for obtaining this as output.

a) import [Link] as plt

eng_marks=[10,55,30,80,50]
st_name=["amit","dinesh","abhishek","piyush","rita"]
[Link](st_name,eng_marks)
[Link]()

84
 b) import [Link] as plt
eng_marks=[10,55,30,80,50]
st_name=["amit","dinesh","abhishek","piyush","rita"]
[Link](st_name,eng_marks)

c) import [Link] as plt

eng_marks=[10,55,30,80,50]
st_name=["amit","dinesh","abhishek","piyush","rita"]
[Link](eng_marks, st_name)
[Link]()

d) import [Link] as plt

eng_marks=[10,55,30,80,50]
st_name=["amit","dinesh","abhishek","piyush","rita"]
[Link](eng_marks, st_name)
[Link]()
Ans : import [Link] as plt
eng_marks=[10,55,30,80,50]
st_name=["amit","dinesh","abhishek","piyush","rita"]
[Link](st_name,eng_marks)
[Link]()

[Link] the statements given below and identify the right option to draw a histogram.

Statement A: To make a Histogram with Matplotlib, we can use the [Link]()

function.

Statement B: The bin parameter is compulsory to create histogram.

a) Statement A is correct
b) Statement B is correct
c) Statement A is correct, but Statement B is incorrect
d) d. Statement A is incorrect, but Statement B is correct

Ans: Statement A is correct, but Statement B is incorrect

3. Which graph should be used where each column represents a range of values, and
the height of a column corresponds to how many values are in that range?
a) plot
b) line
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 c) bar
d) histogram
Ans: d). histogram

4. Statement A : Data visualization refers to the graphical representation of

information and data using visual elements like charts, graphs and maps etc.
Statement B : To install matplotlib library we can use the command pip install
matplotlib.
a. Both statements are correct.
b. Both statements are incorrect.
c. Statement A is correct, but Statement B is incorrect
d. Statement A is incorrect, but Statement B is correct

Ans : a. Both statements are correc

5. Fill the missing statement

import [Link] as plt

marks=[30,10,55,70,50,25,75,49,28,81]

plt._____(marks, bins=’auto’, color=’green’)

[Link]()

(a) plot

(b) bar

(c) hist

(d) barh

Ans : (c) hist

ASSERTION BASED QUESTIONS:

In each of the questions given below, there are two statements marked as
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the codes provided below:
(A) A is true but R is false.
(B) Both A and R are true
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) Both A and R are false.

86
1. ASSERTION(A) :A histogram is basically used to represent data provided in the
form of groups spread in non-continuous ranges

REASON(R) : [Link]() function is used to compute and create

histogram of a variable.

Ans: C

[Link](A) : legend (labels = [‘Text’]) is used to give title to the graph

REASON(R) : [Link](“path”) will save the current graph in png or jpeg format

Ans: C

[Link](A) : [Link](x,y,'g',label="Students participating in CCA

competition") will plot a
Line chart
REASON(R) : ‘g’ in plot() function is colour of the marker

Ans: A

[Link](A) : linestyle, linewidth are used to customize line graph

REASON(R) : In the following example markers, line style and colour are mentioned
exclusively

emp_count = [3, 20, 50, 200, 350, 400]

year = [2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019]
[Link](year, emp_count, 'o’, ’-‘, ’g')

Ans: B

5. ASSERTION(A) : In histogram X-axis is about bin ranges where Y-axis talks about
frequency
REASON(R) : The bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and are often (but are not required
to be) of equal size.

Ans: B

6. ASSERTION(A) : [Link]() is a method used to plot a line graph

REASON(R) : show() is method is defined in the library [Link]

Ans: D

7. ASSERTION(A) : pyplot is a sub-library of matplotlib

REASON(R) : line() is not a valid plotting function of pyplot

87
Ans: B

8. ASSERTION(A) : legend of the graph reflects the data displayed on the graph’s Y-
axis

REASON(R) : Location of the legend can be changed by using loc attribute

Ans: B

[Link](A): Bar graph and histogram are same

REASON(R): A bar graph represents categorical data using rectangular
bars. A histogram represents data which is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range correspond to a vertical bar.
Ans: C

Case Study based questions:

1. Mr. Sharma is working in a game development industry and he was comparing

the given chart on the basis of the rating of the various games available on the
play store. He is trying to write a code to plot the graph. Help Mr. Sharma to
fill in the blanks of the code and get the desired output.

import__________________________ #Statement 1
Games=[“Subway Surfer”,”Temple Run”,”Candy Crush”,”Bottle hot”,”Runner
Best”]
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Rating=[4.2,4.8,5.0,3.8,4.1]
plt.______________(Games,Rating) #Statement 2
[Link](“Games”)
plt.______________(“Rating”) #Statement 3
plt._______________ #Statement 4

(i) Choose the right code from the following for statement 1.
(a) matplotlib as plt
(b) pyplot as plt
(c) [Link] as plt
(d) [Link] as pyplot
Ans: (c) [Link] as plt

(ii) Identify the name of the function that should be used in statement 2 to plot the
above graph.
(a) line()
(b) bar()
(c) hist()
d) barh()
Ans: (b) bar()

(iii) Choose the correct option for the statement 3.

(a) title(“Rating”)

(b) ytitle(“Rating”)

(c) ylabel(“Rating”)

(d) yaxis(“Rating”)

Ans: (c) ylabel(“Rating”)

89
(iv) Choose the right function/method from the following for the statement 4.

(a) display()

(b) print()

(c) bar()

(d) show()

Ans: (d) show()

(v) In case Mr. Sharma wants to change the above plot to any other shape, which
statement, should he change.

(a) Statement 1

(b) Statement 2

(c) Statement 3

(d) Statement 4

Ans: (b) Statement 2

2. ABC Enterprises is selling its products through three salesmen and keeping the
records of sales done quarterly of each salesman as shown below:

Company is storing the above information in a CSV file “Qtrly_Sales.csv”. Mr.

Rohit is a programmer. Company has given him the responsibility to create the
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program to visualise the above data. He wrote Python code but he is facing some
difficulties. Help him by giving the solutions of following situation: Python code:

1 import pandas as pd

2 import ________________ as plt

3 df=__________("Qtrly_Sales.csv")
4 [Link](__________='bar', color=['red','blue','brown',’green’])
5 plt.___________('Quarterly Report')
6 [Link]('Salesman')
7 [Link]('Sales')
8 plt._________()
1. Choose the correct Python library out of following options in line 2
(a). matplotlib
(b). [Link]
(c) . [Link]
(d). [Link]
Ans. (d). [Link]

2. Choose the correct option to read the csv file in line 3

(a). read_csv
(b). pd.read_csv
(c). pd.get_csv
(d). get_csv
Ans B
3. Choose the correct option to select the type of graph in line 4
(a). type
(b). kind
(c). style
(d). graph
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Ans : (b). kind

4. Choose the correct word to give the heading in line 5

(a). label
(b). heading
(c). title
(d). caption
Ans : (c). title

5. Choose the correct word to display the graph in line 8

(a). plot()
(b). display()
(c) . showgraph()
(d). show()
Ans : (d). show()

3. [Link] is trying to write a code to plot line graph shown in fig-1. Help Mr.
Sharma to fill in the blanks of the code and get the desired output.

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import [Link] as plt # statement 1
x = [1,2,3] # statement 2
y = [2,4,1] # statement 3
[Link](x, y, color=’g’) #statement 4
______________ # statement 5
______________ # statement 6

# giving a title to my graph

plt.____________('My first graph!') # statement 7
# function to show the plot
_______________ # statement 8

i) Which of the above statement is responsible for plotting the values on canvas.
a) Statement 8
b) Statement 4
c) Statement 1
d) None of the above

Ans: b) Statement 4

ii) Statements 5 & 6 are used to give names to x-axis and y-axis as shown in fig.1.
Which of the following can fill those two gaps
a) [Link]('x - axis') [Link]('y - axis')
b) [Link]('x - axis') [Link]('y - axis')
c) [Link]('x - axis') [Link]('x - axis')
93
d) [Link]('x axis') [Link]('y axis')

Ans : d) [Link]('x axis') [Link]('y axis')

iii) Raman has executed code with first 7 statements. But No output displayed. which
of the following statements will display the graph?
a) [Link]()
b) [Link]()
c) [Link]()
d) Both b & c ]

Ans : d) Both b & c

iv) The number of markers in the above line chart are

a) zero
b) three
c) Infinite
d) One

Ans: b) three

v) Which of the following methods will result in displaying 'My first graph!' in the
above graph
a) legend()
b) label()
c) title()
d) Both a & c

Ans : c) title()

94
UNIT 4: SOCIETAL IMPACTS
● Digital footprint, net and communication etiquettes,
● Data protection, intellectual property rights (IPR), plagiarism, licensing and copyright,
● Free and open source software (FOSS),
● Cybercrime and cyber laws, hacking, phishing, cyber bullying, overview of Indian IT
Act.
● E-waste: hazards and management. Awareness about health concerns related to the
usage of technology.

DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

A digital footprint – refers to the trail of data you leave while using the internet. It includes
websites you visit, emails you send, and information you submit online. A digital footprint
can be used to track a person’s online activities and devices.

Internet users create their digital footprint either actively or passively. A passive
footprint is made when information is collected from the user without the person knowing
this is happening. An active digital footprint is where the user has deliberately shared
information about themselves either by using social media sites or by using websites

Digital footprint examples

Online shopping
 Making purchases from e-commerce websites
Online banking
 Using a mobile banking app
Social media
 Using social media on your computer or devices
 Sharing information, data, and photos with your connections
Reading the news
 Subscribing to an online news source
Health and fitness
 Using fitness trackers
 Using apps to receive healthcare
NETIQUETTE

It is the abbreviation of Internet etiquette or network etiquette, refers to online manners

while using internet or working online. While online you should be courteous, truthful and
respectful of others. It includes proper manners for sending e-mail, conversing online, and
so on.

Some basic rules of netiquette are:

95
  Be respectful
 Think about who can see what you have shared.
 Read first, then ask
 Pay attention to grammar and punctuation
 Respect the privacy of others
 Do not give out personal information
DATA PROTECTION

Data protection is a set of strategies and processes you can use to secure the privacy,
availability, and integrity of your data. It is sometimes also called data security or information
privacy. A data protection strategy is vital for any organization that collects, handles, or
stores sensitive data.

Data Privacy v/s Data Protection

For data privacy, users can often control how much of their data is shared and with whom.
For data protection, it is up to the companies handling data to ensure that it remains private.
Data privacy is focused on defining who has access to data while data protection focuses
on applying those restrictions.

How we can protect our personal data online

 Through Encrypt our Data

 Keep Passwords Private
 Don't Overshare on Social Networking Sites
 Use Security Software
 Avoid Phishing Emails
 Be Wise About Wi-Fi
 Be Alert to Impersonators
 Safely Dispose of Personal Information

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)

Intellectual Property (IP) – is a property created by a person or group of persons using

their own intellect for ultimate use in commerce and which is already not available in the
public domain.
Examples of Intellectual Property :- an invention relating to a product or any process, a
new design, a literary or artistic work and a trademark (a word, a symbol and / or a logo,
etc.)

Intellectual Property Right (IPR) is the statutory right granted by the Government, to the
owner(s) of the intellectual property or applicant(s) of an intellectual property (IP) to exclude
others from exploiting the IP commercially for a given period of time, in lieu of the discloser
of his/her IP in an IPR application.
Copyright laws protect intellectual property
Copyright It is a legal concept, enacted by most governments giving creator of
original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited period.
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 Copyright infringement – When someone uses a copyrighted material without
permission, it is called Copyright infringement.
Patent – A patent is a grant of exclusive right to the inventor by the government.
Patent give the holder a right to exclude others from making, selling, using or importing a
particular product or service, in exchange for full public disclosure of their invention.
Trademark – A Trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, sound, colour and/or design
that identifies and distinguishes the products from those of others.

PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism It is stealing someone’s intellectual work and representing it as your own work
without citing the source of information.
Any of the following acts would be termed as Plagiarism:
 Using some other author’s work without giving credit to the author
 Using someone else’s work in incorrect form than intended originally by the author or
creator.
 Modifying /lifting someone’s production such as music composition etc. without
attributing it to the creator of the work.
 Giving incorrect source of information.

LICENSING AND COPYRIGHT

Licenses are the permissions given to use a product or someone’s creation by the
copyright holder.
Copyright is a legal term to describe the rights of the creator of an original creative
work such as a literary work, an artistic work, a design, song, movie or software etc.

FREE AND OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE (FOSS)

OSS refers to Open Source Software, which refers to software whose source code is
available to customers and it can be modified and redistributed without any limitation.
Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software that can be classified as both
free software and open-source software. That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy,
study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that
people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software.
 CYBER CRIME:
Any criminal or illegal activity through an electric channel or through any computer
network is considered as cyber crime.
Eg: Cyber harassment and stalking, distribution of child pornography,types of
spoofing, credit card fraud ,. etc

 CYBER LAW:
It is the law governing cyberspace which includes freedom of expression, access to
and usage of internet and online privacy.
The issues addressed by cyber law include cybercrime, e-commerce, IPR and Data
protection.
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 HACKING:
It is an act of unauthorised access to a computer, computer network or any digital
system.
Hackers usually are technical expertise of hardware and software.
 Hacking when done with a positive intent is called as Ethical hacking or
White hat.
 Hacking when done with a negative intent is called as Unethical hacking or
Black hat.

 PHISHING:
It is an unlawful activity where fake websites or emails appear as original or authentic
.This sites when clicked by the user will collect sensitive and personal details like
usernames, password, credit card details etc.

 CYBER BULLYING:
It is the use of technology to harass , threaten or humiliate a target .
Example: sharing of embarrassing photos or videos, posting false information,
sending mean text., etc.

 OVERVIEW OF INDIAN IT ACT:

The Government of India’s – Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as IT
Act) , amended in 2008, provides guidelines to the user on the processing , storage
and transmission of sensitive information

 E-waste - HAZARDS AND MANAGEMENT:

Various forms of electric and electronic equipment which no longer satisfy their
original purpose are termed as Ewaste. This includes Desktop, Laptop, Projectors,
Mobiles,etc
 HAZARDS:It consists of mixtures of various hazardous organic and inorganic
materials which when mixed with water/soil may create threat to the
environment.
 MANAGEMENT: Sell back, gift/donate, reuse the parts giveaway to a certified
e-waste recycler

 AWARENESS ABOUT HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO THE USE OF

TECHNOLOGY:
There are positive as well as negative impact on health due to the use of these
technologies.
 POSITIVE IMPACT
 Various health apps and gadgets are available to monitor and alert
 Online medical records can be maintained
 NEGATIVE IMPACT

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  One may come across various health issues like eye strain, muscle
problems, sleep issues,etc
 Anti social behaviour, isolation, emotional issues, etc.

ASSERTION AND REASONING BASED QUESTIONS

Assertion: (A) Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s intellectual work and representing it
as your own work.

Reason : (R) Using someone else’s work and giving credit to the author or creator.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
e) Both A and B are false

Ans: c) A is true but R is false.

MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Online posting of rumours, giving threats online, posting the victim’s personal
information, comments aimed to publicly ridicule a victim is termed as __________

a. Cyber bullying
b. Cyber crime
c. Cyber insult
d. All of the above

Ans: Cyber bullying

2. Ankit made a ERP - Enterprise resource planning solution for a renowned university
and registered and Copyrights for the same. Which of the most important option;
Ankit got the copyrights.

a. To get society status

b. To get fame
c. To get community welfare
d. To secure finance protection

Ans: To secure finance protection

3. Which of the following is not an example of Social media platform?

a. Facebook
b. Pinterest
c. Google+
d. Social channel
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 Ans: Social channel

4. A responsible netizen must abide by __________

a. Net etiquettes
b. Communication etiquettes
c. Social media etiquettes
d. All of the above

Ans: All of the above

5. A ___________ is some lines of malicious code that can copy itself and can have
detrimental effect on the computers, by destroying data or corrupting the system.

a. Cyber crime
b. Computer virus
c. Program
d. Software

Ans: Computer virus

6. Which of the following activity is an example of leaving Active digital footprints?
a) Surfing internet
b) Visiting a website
c) Sending an email to a friend
d) None of the above

Ans: Sending an email to a friend

7. You are planning to go for a vacation. You surfed the internet to get answers for
following queries.
a) Places to visit
b) Availability of air tickets and fares
c) Best hotel deals
d) All of these
Which of the above-mentioned actions might have created a digital footprint?
Ans: All of these
8. Legal term to describe the rights of a creator of original creative or artistic work is
called……..
a) Copyright
b) Copyleft
c) GPL
d) BSD
Ans: Copyright
9. Intellectual Property is legally protected through ____
a) copyright
b) patent
c) registered trademark
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 d) All of the above
Ans: All of the above

10. _____________ includes any visual symbol, word, name, design, slogan, label,
etc., that distinguishes the brand from other brands.
a) Trademark
b) Patent
c) Copyright
d) None of the above
Ans: Trademark

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION:

1. Naveen received an email warning him of closure of his bank accounts if he did not
update his banking information as soon as possible. He clicked the link in the email and
entered his banking information. Next he got to know that he was duped.

a) This is an example of __________ .

i. Online Fraud
ii. Identity Theft
iii. Phishing
[Link]

b) Someone steals Naveen’s personal information to commit theft or fraud, it is

called ____________
[Link] Fraud
ii. Identity Theft
iii. Phishing
[Link]

c) Naveen receiving an Unsolicited commercial emails is known as __________

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
iv. Worms

d) Naveen’s Online personal account, personal website are the examples of?
i. Digital wallet
ii. Digital property
[Link] certificate
[Link] signature

e) Sending mean texts, posting false information about a person online, or

sharing embarrassing photos or videos to harass, threaten or humiliate a
target person, is called ____________
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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 Solution:
a) [Link]
b) [Link] theft
c) [Link]
d) [Link] Property
e) [Link]

2. Prathyush has to prepare a project on “Cyber Jaagrookta Diwas”.He decides to get

information from the Internet. He downloads three web pages (webpage1, webpage 2,
webpage 3) containing information on the given topic.
1. He read a paragraph from webpage 1 and rephrased it in his own words. He
finally pasted the rephrased paragraph in his project. And he put a citation about the
website he visited and its web address also.
2. He downloaded three images of from webpage 2. He made a collage for his
project using these images.
3. He also downloaded an icon from web page 3 and pasted it on the front page of
his project report.

(i) Step1 is an act of……………

(a) Plagiarism
(b) copyright infringement
(c) Intellectual Property right
(d) None of the above

(ii) Step 2 is an act of _______.

(a) plagiarism
(b) copyright infringement
(c) Intellectual Property right
(d) Digital Footprints

(iii) Step 3 is an act of ________.

(a) Plagiarism
(b) Paraphrasing
(c) copyright infringement
(d) Intellectual Property right

(iv) ______is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user’s web
browser while a user is browsing a website.
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 (a) Hyperlinks
(b) Web pages
(c) Browsers
(d) Cookies

(v) The process of getting web pages, images and files from a web server to local
computer is called
(a) FTP
(b) Uploading
(c) Downloading
(d) Remote access
Solution:
I. (d)None of the above
II. (a) plagiarism
III. (c) copyright infringement
IV. (d) Cookies
V. (c) Downloading

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