AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

AGRIANS ACADEMY
DEHRADUN
STUDY MATERIAL (Part – 01)
DDA (SO) HORTICULTURE OFFICER EXAM

By PRADEEP YADAV

This is the Study material (Part – 01) for DDA (SO) Horticulture Officer exam which contains the topics: Lawn
and Lawn Development, Types and Styles of Gardening, Bonsai making and some Multiple Choice Questions
(MCQs) on the pattern of the exam.

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AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Lawn and Lawn making

 A lawn is an area where grasses (Perennial grasses) are grown as a green carpet for a landscape
and is the basic feature of any garden. Lawn is also called as “Natural green carpet”.
 Lawn is considered as “The heart of garden” because it serves to enhance the beauty of the
garden (larger or smaller area).
 The position of lawn largely depends upon the layout of the garden in relation to the house.
 Lawn also provides perfect setting for flower beds, border, shrubbery and specimen tree or shrub.

Site and Soil requirement

 The site of a lawn includes digging, leveling and enriching the soil with organic manures.
 If the soil is very heavy, coarse sand may be added by removing sub-soil to a depth of 20 cm.
 The ideal pH for establishing lawn should be 5.0 to 5.6
 If the soil is very acidic: Add 500 gm/m2 lime
 If the soil is alkaline: Gypsum of same quantity is added.

Leveling: The soil should be thoroughly leveled with spade, pebbles and weeds are handpicked. Weeds
specially Nut grass or Motha (Cyperus rotundus) should not be allowed to grow and should be removed
with roots for at least 2 – 3 times.

Methods of Lawn making

1. Seeding method: The most popular grass suitable for seeding is Doob grass.
 It has fast spreading mat forming habit, radially forms roots at the nodes.
 A lawn from seed is thought of only when grass roots are not available
 About 30 kg of seeds is required for planting 1 hectare area
 The seeds are mixed with double the quantity of finely sieved soil and should be rolled again
and again and watered liberally with rose can.
 The seeds takes 4 to 5 weeks to germinate
 The grasses are cut with Scythe for the few times and Lawn mower may be used for easy
maintenance and for its spreading.

2. Turfing method: This method is also known as Sod method.

 Turf means a piece of earth with compact grasses on it.
 Turf are cut into square or rectangular shape and are placed on the prepared ground site,
side by side and beaten down flat with turf beater.
 The cavities or interspace in between each turf should be filled with fine soil.
 This is the most expensive way of lawn making.

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3. Turf plastering method: In this method, the doob grass can be procured in large quantities free
from weeds and chopped properly into small bits of 5 – 7 cm long.
 Two baskets of chopped grass pieces should be mixed well with one basket each of garden soil
and fresh cow dung and a shovel full of wood ash with required quantity of water to form a
thick pasty substance.
 This mixture is then spread uniformly on the surface of previously wetted perfectly leveled
ground to a thickness of at least 2.5 cm and watering should be done with a rose can.
 The next day ground should be rolled and grass should be allowed to spread.
 The grasses will shoot-up in a fortnight.

4. Dibbling roots method: This is the cheapest but time consuming method among all
 Small pieces of grass roots should be dibbled 10 - 15 cm apart in a leveled ground when it is
wet after rain.

In this method aftercare should be taken which includes rolling, mowing, watering and restoration of
patchy places, which should be done regularly.

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 i. Fertilizing the lawn thrice a year is adequate to maintain rich greenness.
ii. Application of Urea or Ammonium sulphate @ 1 kg/50 m2 during Feb – March, June – July and Oct
– Nov. is quite beneficial. Apply 10 kg/m2 area for well decomposed compost as top dressing.
iii. A mower should not be employed until a grass sword has been formed.
iv. Mowing should be done at brief intervals and never allow to produce seed stalks.
v. The ideal height of most grasses is 3 -4 inches.
vi. Removing more than one-third of grass leaf in a single cutting is not recommended.
vii. Mow only on dry grass.
viii. The best time to water the lawn would be during the early hours of morning. Watering during this
time will allow the water to reach the roots without evaporating. Mid-afternoons may lead to
water getting evaporated soon and watering at night times can give rise to the possibilities of
diseases.
ix. If the lawn is placed on heavy slopes make sure that the water does not run-off.

5. Astro – turf method: It is a synthetic lawn popularly used in roof gardens as well as play grounds.
 One of the prime requisite is constant sprinkling of water to bind the synthetic fiber and to
provide a surface skin to a lawn carpet.
 A spacious lawn though beautiful will often be monotonous. So, to break the monotony, some
beautiful trees or shrubs is recommended as single specimen in the lawn.

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Plants suitable for planting in lawns as single specimen

 Trees: Amherstia nobilis, Callistemon lanceolatus, Magmolia grandiflora, Cupressus macrocarpa,
Pinus longifolia, Thuja oreintalis, Araucaria excels.
 Shrubs and Creepers: Agave americana, Furcraea gigantean, Musa superba, Bougainvillea
spectabilis, Cestrum nocturnum, Dombeya spectabilis, Hibiscus species.

Problems in Lawn
1. Chlorosis: Grass turns yellow with deficiency of Magnesium and Iron
 Control: For Iron deficiency – Apply ferrous sulphate 25 gm. in 10 liter of water per 100 m2.
For Magnesium deficiency – Apply magnesium sulphate 100 gm. in 10 liter of water.

2. Dog urine: Symptom is dead grass in the lawn

 Control: Re – plant in a circular manner.

3. Fertilizer burn: Grass browns specially in hot weather

 Control: Drench the lawn in injured areas to leach excess fertilizers deep into the soil.

4. Improper mowing: Lawns cut too closely turn yellowish and often look diseased or dried.
 Control: Mow enough to remove not more than 1/3rd height of the grass at a time. Keep mower
blades sharp.

5. Improper watering: Light sprinkling encourages shallow roots. Over watering causes diseases.
 Control: Water the lawn to wet the soil about 10 – 15 cm depth.

Pests and their control measures

 To control the Leaf hoppers (suck the juice from grass blades causing stripped white, then yellow
and finally brown leaves), spray Dimethoate 2 ml/liter.
 To control the Nematodes (affect the roots and lawn takes a bleached out appearance), apply
Furadon 40 gm. /m2.
AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Description of Lawn grass species

Botanical Name Common Name Texture Situation
Cynadon dactylon Hariyali or Doob grass Medium fine Open sunny situation,
Drought resistant
Stenotaphrum Buffalo grass Coarse texture Shady situation,
secundatum Requires frequent water
Sporobolus tremulus Chain grass Fine texture Saline soils,
Open sunny situations
Poa annua Annual blue grass Medium fine Acidic soils,
For higher elevations
Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass Rough texture Acidic soils,
For higher elevations
Zoisia japonicum Japan grass Coarse texture Poor sandy soil,
Open sunny situation,
Slow in growth
Zoisia matrella Manilla grass Medium texture Open sunny situation

Zoisia tenuifolia Korean grass or Velvet Fine texture Open sunny situation
grass or Carpet grass
Cynodon spp. Bermuda grass or Fine texture Open sunny situation,
Hyderabad grass Needs mowing
Cynodon spp. Dwarf Bermuda Medium texture Open sunny situation

Festuca spp. Fescue grass Coarse texture Shade tolerant,

Survive on inferior soils
Paspalum vaginatum Paspalum grass Medium texture Open sunny situation

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Styles of Gardening
Definition of Garden: A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation
or enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature.

• The garden can incorporate both Natural and Man-made materials.

• Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features
such as fountains, ponds, waterfalls, statuary, arbors and trellises.

• Follies: A costly ornamental building with no practical purpose, especially a tower built in a large
garden or parks.

• Arbor: (a type of framework) An arbor is a garden structure on which pants and vines grow.

• Trellises: A framework of light wooden or metal bars used as a support for fruit trees or creepers,
typically fastened against wall.

• Pergolas: Pergolas are designed to support climbing plants. Pergolas have post supporting an open
roof like structure. They are most commonly used to shade a walkway or a deck.

Lecture by: PRADEEP YADAV 9458122169

 History and Development of Gardening in India
 Gardening has been mentioned in classical literature of India
 Ashokavana of Ramayana was believed to be established with trees, shrubs and ponds
 The use of Brindavan (Landscaped city) and Raja-vanam (Large Park where Kings go for hunting)
did find very frequent mention in ancient literature.
 Many trees were considered “Sacred” to Hinduism. For example: Ficus religiosa, Saraca indica,
Aegle marmelos and Mimusops elengi.
 During Buddha’s period (about 563 B.C.) gardening received further encouragement.
 Gardening is considered as source of peace and solitude
 King Ashoka could be considered as “Father of Roadside Avenue planting” as he was the first King
to order planting of roadside avenue trees in India.
 From 6th century to 10th century, gardening received a great deal of encouragement from Indian
Kings.
 During the time of King Somaveda (11th century) and King Hamira (13th century) gardening
developed into a fine art.
 The period from the beginning of 14th century to the end of 16th century showed sudden change in
the style of gardening due to influence of Mughal emperors who ruled India during these
centuries.
 King Feroz Shah and King Babar brought with them the finest art of gardening from their country
and the Mughal style gardening were established in Delhi, Hyderabad, Agra, Kashmir, Lahore and
Pinjore.
 Garden at Fatehpur Sikri by King Akbar
 Mughal garden at Pinjore (Haryana) by King Fadai Khan
 Shalimar Bagh at Lahore by Shah Jahan
 Taj Mahal garden in Agra
 All these four gardens were laid out near rivulets, rivers, slope of hills or river banks.
 Running water is the Life and Soul of the garden and Water channels are paved with brilliant blue
colored tiles to reflect the sky and give the impression of depth.
 The modern gardens, developed during 19th and 20th century, involved the combinations of
Formal and Informal styles.

Styles of Gardening
 Formal style garden
 Informal style of garden
 Wild garden
 Formal style garden
History of Formal garden
 The gardens of Greece and Rome assured an emotional security though their formal style
 The Persian garden, Moorish garden of Spain and Mughal garden were also of the same kind and
were strictly formal, symmetrical and geometrical.
 The Italian renaissance garden was having intricate geometric designs, sheared trees, Trimmed
hedges and Edges to create formality.
 The impact of formalism influenced the French and British gardens also in the form of Prairie, the
much divided flower beds.
 The Moorish garden of Spain also had the impact of Mughal’s architecture and they were formal
and geometrical therefore Moorish gardens were exclusively meant ‘to beautify patios of large
mansions’.

General description of Formal garden

 Formal gardens are laid out in symmetrical or in a geometrical pattern.
 The design is stiff as everything is done in a straight and narrow way.
 Everything in planted in a straight line.
 The arrangement in formal garden indicates mirror image of each other.
 The flower beds, borders and shrubbery are arranged in geometrically designed beds.
 Trimmed formal hedges, Cypress, Ashoka trees and Topiary are typical features of a formal
garden.

Types of Formal garden: Mughal garden, Persian garden, Italian garden and French garden.

Features of Formal garden

i. Plan is made on the paper and the plan is symmetrical and geometrical with square, rectangular
shapes, roads are cut at right angles.
ii. Fountains, Water pools, Cascades etc. are used for further attraction.
 The only demerit of formal garden is that they have no secrets and the element of surprise is
lost from the garden.
 Informal style garden
Definition: An informal garden is naturalistic and usually includes asymmetrical placed design elements,
naturally shaped plants and beds, curved spaces, rustic looking furnishings and more casual paving.

 Hindu, Buddhist and Japanese garden laid no emphasis on formality.

 Woodlands (Vanams) and Running water (Streams and Rivers) was the main feature around
which the garden was created in natural way.
 Brindavan of Lord Krishna was woodland.
 The nature’s projection of mountains, oceans, rivers and lakes on a large canvas of earth’s surface
is informal with all its grandeur.
 The whole design looks informal, as the plans and the features are arranged in a natural way
without following any hard and fast rules.
 The creation will not be artistic and attractive.
 The idea behind their design is to imitate nature.
 Smooth curvaceous outlines and water bodies are more irregular.
 Hillocks (small hills) are made, water falls provided, lakes and islands, cascades, rocks, shola and
a rustic hutment are provided to create rural effect.

Note: Lanchlot ‘Capability’ Brown (1716 – 1783): She emphasized the use of colored flower and foliage,
tree form etc. in natural way.

Types of Informal garden: English garden and Japanese garden.

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 Wild style garden
 It was expounded by William Robinson in the last decade of 19th century.
 The concept of wild garden is not only against all formalism but it also breaks the rule of landscape
styles.
 His main idea was to naturalize plants in shrubberies.
 Another idea was to allow the creepers to grow over the trees naturally imitating those of the
forests.

Brief description of Formal style gardens

Mughal garden: The gardens laid out during the rule of Mughal emperors in India are known as Mughal
garden, which are similar to the style of gardens of Central Asia and Persia.

 Mughal gardens in India were first time laid by the Mughal emperor Babar.
 After Babar, this style was followed by Akbar, Janangir, Nur Jahan, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb in
India.

Features: borrowed from Persian style, which are as follows:

i. Site and Design: Mughal gardens are generally rectangular and square in shape. The site on hill
slopes with perennial rivulets or along the bank of river.
ii. Walls and Gates: The purpose of high walls was security and shelter against hot winds.
iii. Terrace: According to Islamic faith, the paradise has eight divisions and hence the gardens have
eight terraces corresponding to eight divisions.
iv. Running water (Nahars): This concept was also borrowed from Persians. The water canals were
paved with tiles (marbles) of blue color to create the illusion of depth. The water canals used to
have fountains to throw up the water high in the air. In the evenings, small lamps used to be
illuminated to create beautiful reflexions.
v. Baradari: An arbor like structure but made of stone and masonry and is a raised platform for
sitting. These were usually provided with twelve or occasionally more doors on all sides for the
emperors to watch the performance of dancing.
 vi. Tomb or Mosque: A common practice to have the gardens built around a tomb (e.g. Taj Mahal,
Akbar’s tomb at Sikandra). It is often said that Mughal garden were at their best when built around
a monument.
vii. Trees and Flowers: The trees and flowers are generally grown for particular symbols like Symbols
of Life, Youth and Death.
 Fruit trees: Symbols of Life and Youth
 Cypress: Symbols of Death and Eternity
 The seasonal flowers and flower beds were of geometrical pattern and constructed along
the water canals or near the main buildings.
 The favorite flowers were Rose, Jasmine, Carnation, Hollyhock, Delphinium etc.

Persian garden: It is one of the oldest styles of garden. The Persian style and Japanese style both were
based on their respective ideas of heaven.

 In Persian gardens crafted materials are used like Masonry, Carved and Pierced marble stones and
highly polished stones.
 Persian gardens were laid out by cutting terraces on hill slopes.
 They also tapped some natural spring to create a straight water-course through the gardens and
manipulated the water-course to undertake different movements along its run.
 If there was no natural source water then it was created artificially by diverting some rivulet or a
stream.
 So, the main stay of Persian garden was Nahars (Flowing canals) of water.
 The fruit trees represented the symbol of life while Cypress symbolized death and eternity.

Italian garden: Italian garden came into existence at the time of renaissance. There is similarity between
Persian and Mughal style with the Italian style.

 Lavish or Luxurious palaces are one of the features of Italian garden.

 Glamorous outdoor hall for entertainment and for showing off their wealth as well as status.
 Massive flight of stairs is the most important feature.
 Decorative urns, Fountains in combination with stone sculptures.
 The benefit, the Italian garden style brought to gardening is that it taught all of Europe that
gardening could be a most respectable form of art which demanded careful study.

French garden: Established in 16th century. French styles of garden designs were also very intricate and
artificial. French garden were copies of Italian styles.
  Designed by Le Notre, who served in Royal garden of Louis XIV from 1643 to 1700.
 Moral of French garden style of Le Notre seems to teach the lesson “How to think big”.
 The style of Le Notre can be termed as an evolution and mastery of the art of formal garden in its
perfection.
 His style dominated the gardens of civilized Europe for a long time.

Brief description of Informal gardens

English garden: Due to high rainfall, as a favorable climatic condition, the natural ground cover in
English countryside is grass. With this concept the famous British garden architects ‘Repton’ and
‘Capability Brown’ advocated the concept that English garden should like the countryside.

 The main idea was the garden should merge with the countryside without any artificial barriers
such as fences, hedges.
 History of gardening in England dates back of 14th century.
 English garden came into existence in 18th century.
 They started kitchen garden to supply vegetables and grow herb gardens for medicines.
 By the middle of 16th century the English gardens saw flower beds, Topiary and Terrace gardens.
 In middle of 18th century, gardens were laid out with more emphasis on architectural features.
During this period, the main features were curved paths, informal group of trees, rivulets and/or
streams, artificial waterfalls and clipped hedges.
 The flowering annuals, the main stay of an English garden, came into existence during the 19th
century.

Features of an English garden

 Lawn, mixed border of herbaceous annuals as well as perennials, shrubbery and rock gardens.
 English climates well also for the growth of herbaceous annuals.
 Most of flowering annuals that are seen in Indian gardens like Amaranths, Balsam, Gomphrena and
Marigold etc. were brought here by Britishers.
Japanese garden: The Japanese garden were based on their respective idea of Heaven. Their most
important feature is that they continued the same style for centuries but still remained popular. Rather
than a mixture of flowers, shrubs and trees some other elements such as simple path, group of rocks,
steeping stones, streams, waterfalls, bridges, stone lanterns are very important.

 The three most important elements to achieve these objectives are water, stones and plants.
 Low sculptured bushes and trained dwarfed trees look very attractive in a Japanese garden.

Features of Japanese garden

1. Ponds and Streams: The ponds are of irregular shape because of informality in garden. In old style
of garden, the bottom used to be made impervious by puddling clay but now a day, concrete-
bottomed ponds are used. The ponds are generally fed by a stream or a waterfall.
2. Wells: In old days, wells in the garden were features of utility. In modern times this feature is more
in the nature of an ornament then a utility. The frame of well is constructed of stone but
occasionally wood is used. The frame is generally raised above the ground level to a height of 45 –
60 cm. The well must be made very ornamental.
3. Bridges: Generally made of stones, polished or unworked earth, wood and other materials. The
aim is to prolong the crossing time so that the visitor gets enough time to enjoy the scenery
around.
4. Water basins: These days the basins have become nothing but ornamental features. The most
common shape of basins is in shape of an urn. A lantern is provided nearby for an illumination.
5. Stone lanterns: It is an important feature of Japanese garden. The usual stone used is granite but
sand stone or white marble may also be used. The latter one is specially used for snow-scene type
of lantern. The places of lanterns are near base of hill, on an island, on banks of a lake, near water
basin or a well, along a path, on boat-landing, near waterfalls and a bridge. Lanterns are used with
combination of rocks, fences, water basins, shrubs and trees.
 A lantern has six parts: Ornamental top, Cap, Light chamber, Middle stand, post and Base.
 The first lantern was erected in Japan in 7th century by the son of Emperor Suiko.
6. Stones: The only principle of arrangement of stones in garden is to make it look very natural.
7. Pagodas: Pagoda is the favorite feature of Japanese garden. It is also known as Stone tower,
structure consisting of two to five or more separately roofed stages.

8. Fences and Gates: Two types of fences i.e. one is for partition while the other is for purpose of
screening which are called Sleeve fences. The latter type is so named as its shape resembles that of
the long sleeve of a lady is Kimono. The screen fences are meant for covering something which is
not pleasant in sight. This is made of wood or bamboo woven into patterns. There are two gates,
one is at front entrance and second is at back entrance.
9. Vegetation: After the stones, the secondary garden framework is evergreen plants. The trees are
of permanent nature. The aim of Japanese garden is to imitate nature by using natural elements.
The Japanese use both Needle-leaved and Abroad-leaved trees in their garden.
10. Islands: There are four types of islands present in the Japanese garden which are as follows –
a) Elysian isle (Horai-jima)
b) Wind’ swept isle (Fukiagae-jima)
c) Master’s isle (Shujin-to)
d) Guest’s isle (Kiakujin-to)

a) Elysian isle: This Island is constructed in the middle of lake and never connected by a bridge. The
beach is decorated with sand from sea, shells and pebbles. No fresh water vegetation is planted
over this island. Often this island is given the shape of tortoise.
 b) Wind’ swept island: It is an ocean isle and constructed in a similar way. In addition to sand and
shell, the beaches are decorated with sea rocks.
c) Master’s isle: It is placed in the foreground of landscape so that it can be easily approached by a
bridge from the bank. This isle has a summer house which is a thatched arbor. Besides arbor, some
selected trees, stones, stepping stones and one or two lanterns are included. Often the islands are
made a peninsula, connected to the mainland by a narrow neck of land instead of a bridge.
d) Guest’s isle: It is located in the background and is accessible by bridges and stepping stones. That’s
why it is named as Guest’s isle.
11. Waterfalls and Fountains are two other features of Japanese garden.

Some typical trees of Japanese garden

 Evergreen trees: Pines, Abies spp., Cryptomeria japonica, Podocarpus macrophylla and Juniperus
chinensis.
 Deciduous trees: Maples (Acer spp.), Poplars, Mulberry, Salix babylonica (Willow).
 Flowering: Prunus spp., Magnolia grandiflora.
 Shrubs: Aucuba japonica, Azaleas, Garnedia florida, Camellia, Lagerstromia indica and
Rhododendron.
 Flowers: Chrysanthemum, Asters (A. fastigiatus, A. glehnii, A. microcephalus), Carnation, different
Lilies, Irises, Lotus, Peonies and Orchids.
 Vines: Lonicera japonica, Ipomea hederacea, Ipomea purpurea, Wisteria sinensis.

Note: A paved path in entrance bordered by Bamboos.

Types of Japanese garden

1. Hill garden
Also known as Tsukiyama – niwa, meaning Hills and Water.
The main feature is water in form of stream or pond or waterfalls or all the three with/without
islands and also bridges, lanterns, stones and trees.
An island is generally a usual feature in a hill garden.

2. Flat garden
Also known as Hira – niwa, represents Mountain valley or a Meadow land.
The garden is laid out in flat ground without hills or ponds.
These gardens were popular during the Era of Muromachi (1392 – 1572).

Lecture by: PRADEEP YADAV 9458122169

 The usual feature to break the monotony of a flat garden are a well, water – basin made of
stone in shape of an urn, stones lying close to the ground.
In flat garden, the principle is to avoid strong vertical lines represented by tall pines.

3. Tea garden
Also known as Chaniwa garden.
This garden needs a space of at least about 200 m2 for its designing.
To protect the tea house from the noise of outer world, the tea gardens are divided into an
outer garden (soto-roji) and inner garden (uchi-roji).
The outer garden is a narrow area with a waiting place.
The inner garden contains the tea house. The ceremonial tea house itself having a capacity to
accommodate only 5 persons.
The most important feature at the entrance of tea house is a water basin or a well or both for
visitors to rinse their face before entering for the tea ceremony.

4. Passage garden
Also known as Roji – niwa, laid in narrow passages.
The garden layout should be simple and not over crowded.
There should be hardly any ornaments in the garden (Lanterns, Basins or other Man-made
features).
The common features are few key rocks, stone slabs and a couple of type of plant.
Bushy shrubs and Trees are unsuitable.
Plants with open form and slender shapes are selected.
Passage garden generally occur as an accidental necessity in a narrow passage.

5. Sand garden
Simplest style and totally devoid of plants but not linked by many.
Main feature is to arrange few vertical and prostrate stones in groups of two or three and to fill
in gap between the stones with fine white gravel.
This style of garden looks pleasant and effective only when confined to a limited area.

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 Special types of garden

A. Roof garden and Vertical garden

 Roof gardens are generally decorated with potted ornamentals, both flowering and foliage. These
may be arranged either systematically or carelessly.
 A roof garden is one which has close resemblance with the garden on the ground with various
features like Lawn, Flower beds etc.
 Two types of Roof garden: Private roof garden and Vertical roof garden
 Roof garden has Lawn, Flower bed, Edge, Rockery, Lily pool, Fountain, Arch, Bower, Lath house,
Statue, Sundial, Aquarium and Mini zoo as features.
 The pH of soil mixture is between 6.2 – 6.8
 1 kg of Oil cake seed of Neem or Mahua or Karanj, 1 kg of Bone meal and 0.05 m 3 of small charcoal
bits should be worked in every 10 m2 of newly prepared beds.

B. Water garden and Bog garden

 Planned planting of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants in and around pool is known as Water garden.
Water garden may be Natural or Artificial, Formal or Informal.
 Aquatic plants needs very little care.
 Some species grow very vigorously and need trimming to avoid over-crowding and smothering of
weaker spp.
 Sometimes, the water of ponds becomes green, popularly known as ‘Blanket of weed’, covers the
surface and side walls of the pool.
 Add 1 kg Potassium permanganate or 120 gm. Copper sulphte to every 24,000 liters of water.

Plants for Water garden

 Surface flowering aquatics: Nelumbo lutea (American lotus), Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus),
Nymphaea spp. (Water lilly), Victoria regia.
 Oxygenators: Elodea Canadensis, Vallisneria spiralis (Oxygenator means an aquatic plant which
enriches the surrounding water with oxygen).
 Floating plants: Eichornia crassipes, Lemna gibba.

 Bog garden is also known as Marsh garden.

 A pond is not an essential feature of any bog garden but if there is any adjacent pond, called the
overflow, the overflow water can be used to keep the Marsh garden moist.
 The main criterion of a Marsh garden is to keep it moist and in swampy state all throughout. For
this reason, the site of the marsh garden should be low lying where the surface drainage water
will collect naturally.
  Plants which love 5-10 cm of standing water are the required plants for this garden and these
plants are termed as Swamp dwellers.
 Plants which live on or little above the waterline, with their roots standing in water-object soil are
used good for bog garden.
 Plants which grow above the saturated soil but near enough to send their roots in search of water
are best suited for marsh/bog garden. For example: Acorus calamus, Iris spp., Alocasia sp.

C. Terrariums
 A terrarium is an arrangement of plants together in one container, often which other things like
rocks, stones or miniature figures or items.
 Terrarium planting is a specialized part of home gardening.
 Terrarium was first time started by ‘Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward’.
 The concept of terrarium first time came out from his published book “On the growth of plants
in closely glazed cases” which was published in 1842. Second edition of this book was
published in 1852.
 Materials required: Coarse sand or Fine gravel, Charcoal chips, Synthetic fabrics or Nylon or
Screen to act as a soil separator and potting mix appropriate to the plants used.
 Containers: Any glass container, A fish bowl or an Aquarium.
 Soil mixture: Clean and sterilized peat moss based soil less mix with vermiculite or perlite to
enable the soil to hold moisture and oxygen.
 Add charcoal to absorb odor.
 Sand and Limestone can be used for desert terrariums.

Terrarium tools

1. Twizzers and long sticks: These are used to dig holes, move items and support plants while they
are being planted.
2. Long thin spoon: Helpful in placing soil and drainage material.
3. Household scissors: For pruning plants.
4. An atomizer or Bulb type sprayer: For spraying and watering plants in terrarium.
5. A stick with a wire loop on the end: Used for lowering plants into large terrariums with small tops.

Advantages of using terrariums

I. Ideal environment for plants that require constant moist soil or atmosphere
II. Plants grow slowly and evenly
III. Easily moveable and fun to make
IV. Safe around children and pets
V. Good for miniature specially gardens.

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 Types of Terrariums

1. The upside down terrarium: A unique little terrarium which looks great. It includes soil, seeds,
sphagnum moss and pearl stone for drainage.
2. Apothecary jar terrarium: It is very attractive and small enough for beginner with a large mouth
for easy access.
3. Moss terrarium: It is very popular among all. Moss, Rocks, Plants, Wood pieces from the outside
world can carry insects with them. First it should be quarantined in a sealed transparent container
for up to a month.
4. Desert themed container: A variety of cacti and succulents which don’t require a lot of water and
very tolerant of sunlight are used.
5. Carnivorous terrarium: The soil is extremely acidic and often very wet. Bright light is required by
carnivorous plants.
 Some important points to remember
Hindu type of garden: Vanams (Vanavasam) was the part of life of Vikramaditya, Rama and
Pandavas.
There are four types of Rajavanam: Promododyan, Udayan, Vriksha vatika and Special one.
Promododyan: It is a private garden for King and Queen. It would be attached to the forts when
queen resided.
Udayan: The Kings passed their leisure time in playing chess, enjoying dance and listening to
music.
Vriksha vatika: It is meant for Ministries and Courties where they made merry with courtesans.
Special gardens dedicated to God with water pools studded with lotuses and lilies.

Tapovanam: It is meant for Sages and Hermits who would proper to be in tone with nature and
meditate to explore the self and universal god head.
Guttadia speciosa (Panneer), Butea frontosa (Vedic tree, real flame of forest), Ficus bengalensis
and Nuclea cadamba (Kadamba) are the special trees of Tapovanam.

Brindavanam: An advanced version of Tapovanam and is a place of eternal bliss.

Trees with showy, colorful flowers to express the absolute joy would be grown in Brindavans.

Ashokavanam: A place where Royal ladies (Queens and Princess) relax. Ashoka trees (Saraca
indica) were grown in woodlots.

Nandavanams: Small gardens established around village temples. There are flowering shrubs
whose flowers can be offered to various deities are grown for daily rituals. For example: Hibiscus,
Tecoma, Nerium, Occimum sanctum, Jasmines etc.

Indus and Harappan civilization: This civilization existed between 2500 B.C and 1750 B.C.
Harappan pots were generally decorated with designs of tree – Pipal, Mango and Neem. The trees
of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) and Banyan (F. bengalensis) served mankind and fauna in many different
ways and were considered as Symbol of fertility.

Aryavartha period: The period existed between 1600 B.C. Aryavartha means the country of lotus
and Sunshine. Lotus signifies the Soul and Sun signifies the God heads. They used flowers on
religious and social ceremonies. They named kids after the flowers. For example: Kamal,
Champagam, Madhavi, Chameli, Rukmani and Mallika.
As per the Japanese legend, Sanshu No jinji, the three sacred objects given to Sun god are: Sword,
Jewell and Mirror.
Sword: Muscle power
Jewell: Money power
Mirror: Self knowledge

History of Japanese cult/fashion –

592 – 628 A.D: Empress Suito originated garden style with Rocks, Water, trees and Plants.
646 – 794 A.D: Nara – Chinese influence introduced Birds, Animals and Fishes.
794 – 1185 A.D: Hein – Korean architecture influence introduced an open space, pond with an
island, hill and a stream of water.
1185 – 1392 A.D: Buddhist influence through Silk route. Flat gardens (Hira – niwa) came into
existence, stones and trees were arranged on a ground adjoining vihars to bring the desired effect.
1603 – 1867: Gardens were beautified with large lakes and islands surrounded by paths leading to
the structure of garden.

A typical garden is a quadrant pattern with water channels dividing the garden into four sections
and this design is called as Char Bagh design.
Garden of Panipat and Arambagh garden at Agra were established by Mughal emperor Babar.
Mughal gardens categorized into two: (i) Pleasure gardens of Kings and Queens, and (ii) Tomb
garden.
Symbolism of Mughal garden: Water as source of life
: Cross of intersection of water channel meeting with god.
: Eight divisions: Eight divisions of Koran.
: Alternate planting of Cypress and Flowering trees indicated
Immortality and Renewal of life.
: Bauhinia alba as a symbol of Youth and Life.
Italian garden also known as Roman garden.
Medieval garden: The largest part of area was devoted to orchards of Plums, Pears, Apples,
Peaches, Almonds, Walnuts and Hazel nuts.
French garden: Embroidery pattern were created.
The origin of Pleasure garden is Persia (Iran and Central Asia).
Greeks copied the act of gardening from Persians.
Romans borrowed it from Greeks.

In 14th century, Monks introduced garden craft in England which were planted with fruits,
vegetables with a sole purpose of getting food for monasteries and herbs for medicinal purpose.
 In 16th century, statue of Greek god were scaled on architectural fantasies which are formal in
design with Topiary and carpet design.

There are four types of Rockeries:

1. Cold weather rockery of annuals like Alyssum, Calendula, Candytuft, Dianthus, Ageratum,
Gailardia, Verbena, Zinnia.
2. Rockery of succulents for dry areas.
3. Rockery of Fern in humid area.
4. Rockery in the fernery.

Color scheme: Partially used in British gardens –

1. Monotone: The use of one Hue only.
2. Complementary: The use of two colors directly opposite to each other one the color wheel plus
their respective tints, shades and tones create a complementary harmony.
Hue: Pure color with no addition of black or white.
Tints: Lightening of basic hue by addition of white.
Shades: Deepening of basic color by addition of black.
Tone: A chromatic change of pure hue by addition of black and white i.e. Grey.
Value: Describes the color intensity of hue.
3. Analogues: Neighboring colors are in Harmony with each other because they have a common
denominator. For example: Blue and Violet both contains Blue; Red and Orange both contain Red.
4. Triadic: It is the use of three colors in the triangle Yellow, Red and Blue or Violet, Orange and
Green.

Note: This color scheme concept was introduced by Willian Kent for Balance, Proportion, Unity,
Movement, Surprise, Skyline, Rhythm and Harmony.

In Royal botanical garden, Psychic garden at Chelsea and Cottage gardens, the lawn was
introduced into a meadow form.
The basins of trees were planted with Bulbous plants.
AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Bonsai
 Meaning: Bon – Sigh means ‘Tree in a tray’ or ‘Plant in a pot’.
 It is an art of cultivating ornamental, artificial dwarfed trees and shrubs.
 Definition: An art of growing and training of a plant to a miniature form having a natural look of
old age is known as Bonsai.
 Bonsai is originated from China but it was called as Japanese art.

History
 Although the Bonsai is Japanese, the art originated in Chinese empire as well over 2000 years ago.
 About 1000 years ago, the Japanese copied the Chinese art and adopted it to their local
circumstances.
 In 13th century, the Japanese collected and potted wild tree that have been dwarfed by nature.
These naturally formed miniatures were the first bonsai. OR
 1185 – 1333, Zen Buddhism, originally collected from wild and singular trees which were cultivated
later.
 In West, Bonsai was introduced recently (late 19th century) where it becomes increasingly popular.
 In Western world, Bonsai popularized at Chicago exposition in 1898 and Paris world exposition in
1900.

Where Bonsai succeeds???

i. Under open sunny conditions

ii. Under air conditions, and
iii. As indoor plant near windows only

Rules for making Bonsai –

 For trunk :
• Height can be 6 times the caliper of trunk
• Should lean towards the viewer
• Should anchor the plant
• Roots should radiate
• No eye poking roots
• Should taper as it ascends
• Should not move back.
AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

 For branches:
• Should not cross the trunk
• No eye poking branches
• First branch should be at 1/3rd height of the tree
• No belly branches and secondary branches are to be alternate
• Should be opposite
• Should diminish in size as it ascends.

Principles of Bonsai (The bonsai should look for –

a. Small leaves or needles

b. Shorter internodes
c. Attractive bark or roots
d. Branching characteristics.

Styles of Bonsai
i. Formal upright
ii. Informal upright
iii. Slanting
iv. Cascade
v. Semi – Cascade
vi. Broom
vii. Wind-blown or Wind’ swept
viii. The Clasped-to-stone

Formal upright type

It is the basis of all bonsai

Easy for beginners because it requires least experimentation
One of the most natural style as it has straight, erect trunk from base to apex.
The branches should alternate left to right to suggest the age
The bottom three branches are removed and the remainder is drawn downward
The form of tree is either conical or rounded.

Informal upright type

It is achieved with ease using wire or cords
It is appropriate for conifers as with deciduous trees
The container required for informal upright type is may be an oval or rectangular shape
The tree should be planted not in the center of container but a third of the distance from one end.
It has curved trunk with an apex over the base.

Slanting type
The name ‘Slanting’ because the general slope of trunk is highly pronounced
Slanting trees naturally called as ‘Leaners’ which means trees that have forced by the wind and
gravity into non-vertical growth.
The branches should lie horizontal or droop slightly downward
The plant grows and looks best if planted in the center of a round or square container.

Cascade type

The trunk starts by growing upward from the soil, then turns downward abruptly and reaches a
point below the bottom edge of the container. For this reason, the container should be placed on
the edge of the table or on a small stand.
This style is representative of a natural tree that is growing down the face of an embankment.
A cascading planting usually looks best in a round or rectangular container that is higher than its
width.
OR A cascade is may be defined as a dwarf tree that has trunk which bends sharply down and tip
of the cascade is below the feet of the container.

Semi – Cascade type

The trunk of this style is allowed to grow straight for a certain distance and then is cascaded down
at a less abrupt angle than in a cascade style.
The semi-cascade should not reach below the bottom of the container but should go below the
level of soil surface.
Plants for cascade and semi-cascade styles are Prostate junipers and flowering plants such as
Chrysanthemum, Wisteria, Willow and Star Jasmine.

Broom type

This type has straight trunk that begins to divide and sub-divide into many branches.
Characteristics are its thick and finely branched crown.
Trees used: Beech, Elm, False cypress and Maple.

Wind-blown or Wind’ swept type

It is rare in nature
This kind of tree is found on cliffs or mountains
 The trunk, branches and twigs are trained in a single direction to give the effect of a strong wind
and storm.
Wind’ swept has most of its limbs slanting in the same direction.

The Clasped-to-style
Much loved style but difficult to create.
The size and shape of the rock should complement the plant that is set on a gravel or water dish.
A whole chapter of this style could be spent on this style.

Shaping of Bonsai
1. Overall design
• For this design “Rule of thirds” is a simple concept to use as a basis for obtaining a pleasing
form of Bonsai.
• “Rule of thirds” assures getting the proper division of space, the total space id divided into
thirds both horizontally and vertically.
2. Pruning
• Make all cuts above the bud, a side branch or main fork of the tree
• Leave stubs flush with the stem
• Avoid cutting back so far that weakens the main branches.
3. Nipping
• A tree usually requires one heavy pruning in its life to establish its basic form
• After this initial pruning, shaping is done
• Nipping (also called Pinching back) is done to shape and develop the trunk and to control the
overall size of plant
• Nipping controls new growth before it becomes so dense that it must be pruned.
4. Wiring
• Wiring and Bending of branches give bonsai its shape, which is very unique.
• Wiring is done after pruning when trees have been thinned to essential branches.
• Copper wire is generally used for this purpose because it is flexible.
• Size of copper wire should be in numbers i.e. No. 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18.
• Wire no. 8 is heavy and should be used only for trunk while Wire no. 16 is used for very thin
branches and for tying rather than bending.
• Apply wiring on evergreen trees only during their dormant period when branches can be
shaped without damaging growth.
• Apply wiring on deciduous trees only during their growing seasons.

Note: Wiring should be kept on plant for not more than one year.
 Techniques for Bonsai
Propagation methods

In Bonsai, propagation is done by Seeds, Cuttings, Layering and Grafting.

 Seeds: It is a slow process and maximum height will be 6 inches. This method is applicable
for Pines and Junipers.
 Cuttings: Make cuttings in Late Spring and Early Summer just before the opening of buds.
This method is applicable in Ficus, Pomegranate, Mulberry and Bougainvillea.
 Layering: It is the most convenient method. Mid Spring is best time for layering. This
method is applicable in Jasmine, Ixora, Bougainvillea and Pomegranate.
 Grafting: It is complex method and is applicable for Mango, Sapota and Citrus.

Potting and Re-potting method

 1/3rd of roots and Long tap roots are to be trimmed

 Excessive branches are thinned out
 Balanced nutrition and adequate watering is must
 Potting is not advisable during winter and hot months
 Repotting is done after 2-3 years.

After care

 Pinching: Done once or twice

 Pruning: Done for its shape
 Training: To provide desirable shape

Note: All these can be achieved through Copper wire OR Polythene tape.

Containers to be used

 Mostly terracotta or Ceramic which small in size

 Square or Round or Rectangle or Oval is shape
 Most preferred containers are Oval or Rectangular.
 In Round and Square shaped containers the plant is to be in the center while in others placed in
the sides of the containers.
Planting media: The media consists of Loam soil (2 parts): Leaf mould (1 part): Coarse sand (a little bit).
Media can be covered with Moss and one/two pebbles can be placed to give a natural look.

Season and Seasonal care

 Feb – March and July – August (Best time is before opening of buds).
 Spring care must be necessary because in this season new bonsai are planted and this is the time
for any pruning and training of last season’s bonsai.

Plants suitable for Bonsai making

 Plants should have small leaves or leaves that become small under bonsai culture.
 Plants with overly large leaves, such as Avocado, will look out of proportion if chosen for Bonsai.
 To give the appearance of age, the upper 1/3rd of root structure of a mature bonsai is often
exposed.
 Species: Evergreen, Deciduous, Tropical (any plant with a woody trunk).
 Size of tree: Mame bonsai (one hand): up to 6 inches (or 15 cm)
Chumono bonsai (two hands): up to 24 inches
Dai bonsai (four hands): up to 48 inches.

What is Mame bonsai?

 The bonsai known for their small size. In Japanese, Mame means “Bean”. Their size varies between
four to eight inches. E.g. Salix spp., Acer spp.

What is Chumono bonsai?

 Considered as two handed bonsai trees, and grow between 16 to 36 inches in height.

Some other Bonsai tree size classifications

 Divided into three main categories i.e. miniature, medium and large bonsai tree.

Miniature bonsai

I. Kenshitsubo: Smallest size, Size varies between 1-3 inches in height, Also known as Poppy seed
sized trees.
II. Shito: Known as Fingertip size, Height varies between 2-4 inches.
III. Shohin: Height varies between 2-6 inches, Also known as Palm bonsai because they easily fit in
palm.
IV. Mame bonsai
V. Komono bonsai: Height varies between 6-10 inches.

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 Medium sized bonsai

I. Katade-Mochi: Height varies between 10-18 inches. This is best size because they are neither
too small to prune nor too large to handle.
II. Chumono bonsai

Large sized bonsai

I. Omono and Dai: Height varies between 30-48 inches.
II. Hachi-Uye: Known as six hand trees because makes 3 peoples to move the tree. Height varies
between 40-60 inches.
III. Imperial: Largest and most majestic of all bonsai trees. Height varies from 60-80 inches. They
are known as eight handed bonsai.
 Suitable plants: Ficus spp., Bougainvillea, Bottle brush, Black olive, Brazilian raintree, Cashew,
Casuarinas, Chinese banyan, Chinese mini orange, Duranta gold, Golden cypress, Hamelia patens,
Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Jackaranda, Jasmine kamini, Juniper chinensis, Karonda, Lavender, Mango,
Murraya spp., Neem, Pine, Pomegranate mini, Powder puff (Calliandra), Poinsettia mini, Sapota,
Silver oak, Surinam cherry, Tamarind, Wood apple, West Indian cherry, Wrightia religiosa.
 Plants recommended for the beginner of Bonsai are:
1. Firethorn (Evergreen with small leaves)
2. Dwarf pomegranate (Deciduous and has tiny green leaves)
3. Juniper (Hardy evergreen with heavy foliage that takes well to pruning).

Note: Dwarf pomegranate and Juniper plants are best for Indian climatic conditions whereas
Firethorn is not suited to Indian conditions.

Some important points to remember

 Optimum size of Bonsai may be only 30 cm to 60 cm in height but miniature size of below 25 cm
has also been preferred.
 Bonsai requires special type of containers. They should be usually shallow with 5 cm to 7.5 cm
deep (except for Cascade type of bonsai for which deep pots can be used).
 Round, Hexagonal or Square shaped containers with 25 – 30 cm diameters are preferred.
 Plants adaptable for extreme dwarfing like Juniper, Pine, Elm, Maple and Cypress are suitable for
bonsai culture.
 In tropical places of India, the tree species like Manilkhara, Sapota, Bassia, Tamarind and Ficus
spp. and shrubs like West Indian cherry are well suited.
 Trunk and branches may be bent, forced and tied by coiling them with heavy wire.

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  The bonsai plants may be trained to different shapes like twisted trunk, Upright, S-shaped, Semi-
cascade, Cascade, Slanting or any other formal shape.
 The bonsai plant is fed sparingly of week fertilizer solution containing major and minor nutrients.
Sometimes extracts of oil cakes may also be added.
 It is advisable to water twice a day to plants to plants kept in shallow containers and once a day to
plants kept in deeper containers/pots.
 Maple and Oak trees usually respond well to bonsai culture.
 Plants of small leaves and needles are Spruce, Pine, Zelkova, Pomegranate and certain Oaks and
Maples are best recommended for bonsai culture.
 Mature bonsai plants also can be imported from Japan, but only deciduous varieties ship well.

**********

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AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Some Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Ques 01: Dilkhusha garden of Lahore was built by –

a. Shah Jahan b. Jahangir c. Fadai Khan d. Akbar

Ques 02: Baradari is an important feature of –

a. Mughal garden b. French garden c. English garden d. French garden

Ques 03: Which of the following is not included in Japanese garden?

a. Tea garden b. Hill garden c. Flat garden d. Vertical garden

Ques 04: Rashtrapati Bhawan garden at New Delhi was laid out by –

a. Sir Edwin Lutyens b. Lord Curzon c. Shah Jahan d. Lady Hardinge

Ques 05: Symbol of death and eternity by Mughals was represented by which plant/tree?

a. Chenar b. Kachnar c. Peach d. Cypress

Ques 06: Roshnara Park and Buddha Jayanti Park belongs to –

a. English style b. Japanese style c. Persian style d. Italian style

Ques 07: Flat garden of Japanese style is also known as –

a. Uchi-roji b. Roji-niwa c. Raithai-seki d. Hira-niwa

Ques 08: Brindavan garden was laid out near which river?

a. Cauvery b. Krishna c. Brahmaputra d. Ravi

Ques 09: Hooghly River is related to –

a. Govt. Botanic garden c. Lloyed Botanic garden

b. Indian Botanic garden d. National Botanical Research Institute

Ques 10: Lotus flower was first time seen in which type of garden?

a. Promododyan b. Udayan c. Nandanvan d. Vriksha vatika

Answers:

(1). B (2). A (3). D (4). A (5). D (6). B (7). D

(8). A (9). B (10). C
AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Ques 11: Floral clock is an important feature of which garden?

a. Lal bagh b. Pinjore garden c. Nishat bagh d. Taj Mahal garden

Ques 12: National Research Centre for Orchids is located in which state?

a. West Bengal b. Sikkim c. Assam d. Meghalaya

Ques 13: AICRP on floriculture was started in –

a. 1980 b. 1983 c. 1976 d. 1970

Ques 14: During year 2018-19, largest exporter of floriculture (in quantity in MT) from India was –

a. Netherlands b. United Kingdom c. U.S.A d. Germany

Ques 15: Among the following, which Indian state has maximum area under flower production?

a. Tamil Nadu b. West Bengal c. Andhra Pradesh d. Karnataka

Ques 16: After Rose, which of the following flower crop is most important crop for cut flower purpose?

a. Gladiolus b. Tuberose c. Marigold d. Chrysanthemum

Ques 17: Popular cut flower crop in India for Eastern part of country is –

a. Gladiolus b. Tuberose c. Jasmine d. Orchid

Ques 18: Which of the following is the nodal organization for promotion of agri-exports including
flowers?

a. MPEDA b. NBRI c. NHB d. APEDA

Ques 19: Which type of variety of bonsai plant ships well when imported from Japan?

a. Evergreen b. Deciduous c. Tropical d. All of these

Ques 20: Lotus is also national flower of –

a. England b. Italy c. Spain d. Egypt

Ques 21: The plants which turn a barren landscape into a show case of color is called –

a. Succulents b. Palms c. Ferns d. Junipers

Answers:

(11). A (12). B (13). D (14). C (15). D (16). A (17). B

(18). D (19). B (20). D (21). A
AGRIANS ACADEMY DEHRADUN 9458122169

Ques 22: Which of the following is the element of landscaping?

a. Unity b. Balance c. Color d. Rhythm

Ques 23: Plant height of mame bonsai is –

a. 10 cm b. 15 cm c. 22 cm d. 30 cm

Ques 24: Which of the following is dwarf ornamental hedge?

a. Murraya b. Lantana c. Hibiscus d. Karonda

Ques 25: ‘Pride of India’ is –

a. Terminalia b. Pongamia c. Ixora d. Lagerstromia

Answers: (22). C (23). B (24). B (25). D

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