Approach Book

UPSC CSE Prelims

ENVIRONMENT
Key Features
Topic-Wise Breakdown for Targeted Preparation
Previous Year Questions with Answers
⁠Focus on High-Yield, High-Impact Topics
⁠Most Probable Themes for Prelims
⁠Precision Approach for Maximum Result
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PRELIMS APPROACH PAPERS

ENVIRONMENT

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How to Use the “Approach Book-UPSC CSE Prelims” to Maximize Your
Prelims Success
The UPSC Civil Services Prelims is as much about smart strategy as it is about hard work. This Approach Book has been
designed not just as a question bank, but as a strategic companion to help you crack Prelims with precision and confidence.
Here’s how to make the most of it:

1. Begin with the Topic-Wise Breakdown

Start by identifying the topics that UPSC frequently tests. The book gives you a topic-wise classification of PYQs, allowing
you to see patterns across subjects. This helps in:

• Prioritising important areas

• Recognizing how questions are framed from each topic

Tip: Align your study schedule with this breakdown – spend more time on topics with high question frequency.

2. Practice with Purpose Using Answer Keys

Use the book as a self-assessment tool. Attempt each question first without looking at the answer. Then, refer to the key
provided to check your accuracy. This practice builds your instinct for eliminating options and improves your decision-
making under pressure.

Tip: Mark questions you get wrong or are unsure about, and revisit them during your revision to strengthen weak areas.

3. Focus on High-Yield, High-Impact Topics

The book marks out high-yield topics – those that UPSC tends to revisit repeatedly. Strengthen your concepts and facts in
these areas, as they offer maximum return on your time investment.

Tip: These are the areas where 1 mark can make the difference between success and failure.

4. Identify and Track Most Probable Themes

Based on trend analysis, the book highlights the most probable themes for this year’s Prelims. Use these to fine-tune your
revision strategy and stay ahead of the curve.

Tip: Combine this with current affairs for a more integrated prep approach.

5. Apply the Precision Approach for Maximum Results

This book is designed around the concept of precision – doing the right things, the right way, at the right time. Use it to:

• Trim unnecessary content

• Focus on what's actually asked
• Improve accuracy under pressure

Tip: Regularly take mock tests and correlate your performance with the PYQs in this book.

In a high-stakes exam like the UPSC Prelims, it’s not just about how much you study – it’s about how strategically
you study. This Approach Book is your map to navigate the Prelims maze, with clarity and confidence.

To Get your Soft Copy contact: Officers IAS Academy, Delhi,

+91 73055 62226 / +91 78458 10226

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Contents
UPSC Previous Year Question Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
1. Topic: Concept of Ecology, Ecosystem, Environment and their Relationship ----------------------- 7
2. Topic: Functions of Ecosystem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3. Topic: Terrestrial Ecosystem ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
4. Topic: Aquatic Ecosystem ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
5. Topic: Environment Pollution 1 (Air, Water, Soil, Noise) ----------------------------------------------- 21
6. Topic: Environment Pollution 2 (Radioactive pollution, E-Waste, Solid Waste etc) ------------- 28
7. Topic: Renewable Energy-1 (Solar, Wind, Hydropower) ------------------------------------------------ 32
8. Topic: Renewable Energy-2 (Ocean Thermal Energy, Geothermal Energy, Fuel Cells) ---------- 34
9. Topic: Environmental Impact Assessment ------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
10. Topic: Biodiversity-1 (Basic Concepts and Floral Diversity) ------------------------------------------- 36
11. Topic: Biodiversity-2 (Faunal Diversity) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
12. Topic: Indian Biodiversity---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
13. Topic: Marine Organisms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
14. Topic: Protected Area network --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
15. Topic: Conservation Efforts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
16. Topic: National Parks of India ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
17. Topic: Biosphere reserve of India ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63
18. Topic: Tiger Reserves of India ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
19. Topic: Wildlife Sanctuaries in India --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
20. Topic: Endangered Fauna of India ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
21. Topic: Endangered Flora of India ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73
22. Topic: Climate Change-1 (Impact on India)------------------------------------------------------------------ 75
23. Topic: Climate Change-2 (Mitigation Strategies) ----------------------------------------------------------- 77
24. Topic: Climate Change Organisation-1 (UNFCCC) ---------------------------------------------------------- 80
25. Topic: Climate Change Organisation-2 (UNEP, REDD, REDD+, GEF, IPCC, etc) --------------------- 83
26. Topic: Ocean Acidification, Ozone Depletion---------------------------------------------------------------- 88
27. Topic: Environmental Acts --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
28. Topic: Environmental Policies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
29. Topic: Environmental Institutions and Measures ------------------------------------------------------- 100
30. Topic: Indian Environmental Organisations -------------------------------------------------------------- 102
31. Topic: International Environmental Conventions-1 ---------------------------------------------------- 105

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32. Topic: International Environmental Conventions-2 ---------------------------------------------------- 108
33. Topic: Environmental Issues and Health Effects --------------------------------------------------------- 110
34. Topic: Agriculture ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112
Topic: Miscellaneous ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116

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UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Functions of Ecosystem - - - - - - - - - 2 1 5 -

Functions of Ecosystem - - - 3 - - - 1 - - 2 3 1

Terrestrial Ecosystem - - - 3 - - 1 - - - - 2 -

Aquatic Ecosystem - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1

Environment Pollution 1 2 - 4 1 1 2 3 2 - 3 1 6 -

Environment Pollution 2 - - - 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 1

Renewable Energy-1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -
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Renewable Energy-2 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Environmental Impact
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Assessment

Biodiversity-1 2 1 1 3 - - - - - - - - -

Biodiversity-2 5 5 2 2 - 1 - - - - 2 1 1

Indian Biodiversity 2 1 - - 3 2 - - 1 2 1 2 2

Marine Organisms - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -

Protected Area network - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 2 - -

Conservation Efforts 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

National parks of India - - - - 4 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 1

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Biosphere reserve of
- - - - - 1 - - - - - - -
India

Tiger reserve of India - - - - 2 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1

Significant Wildlife
- - 1 - 2 1 1 1 - - - - -
Sanctuaries of India

Endangered Fauna of
- - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
India

Endangered Flora of
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
India

Climate Change-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Climate Change-2 - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1

Climate Change
- - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - - -
Organisation-1
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Climate Change
- - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 1 - -
Organisation-2

Ocean Acidification
- 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - 2
Ozone Depletion

Environmental Acts 1 - 2 - 2 3 1 2 - - - 1 1

Environmental Policies - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 3

Environmental
- - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
Institution and Measures

Indian Environmental
- - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1
Organisations

International
Environmental - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 2 - -
Convention-1

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International
Environmental - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - -
Convention-2

Environmental Issues and

1 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - -
Health Effects

Agriculture - - - - 2 1 2 - - - 2 1 2

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(TOPIC - 1)

Subject: Environment

Topic: Concept of Ecology, Ecosystem, Environment and their

Relationship

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Functions of Ecosystem - - - - - - - - - 2 1 5 -

Overview of the topic

 History of Ecology
 Environment and its components
 Levels of organisation in Ecology
 Individual
 Population
 Community
 Types of community
 Major community
 Minor community
 Structure of community ecosystem
 Components of ecosystem
 Abiotic components
 Biotic components
 Ecotone
 Niche
 Biome
 Aquatic zone
 Biosphere

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following is the best description of the term ‘ecosystem’? (2015)
(a) A community of organisms interacting with one another
(b) That part of the Earth which is inhabited by living organisms
(c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live
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(d) The flora and fauna of a geographical area

2. Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? (2014)

(a) Potential energy is released to form free energy
(b) Free energy is converted into potential energy and stored
(c) Food is oxidized to release carbon dioxide and water
(d) Oxygen is taken, and carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out

3. Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an
organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms? (2013)
(a) Ecotone
(b) Ecological niche
(c) Habitat
(d) Home range

4. In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession
because of (2013)
(a) insects and fungi
(b) limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients
(c) water limits and fire
(d) None of the above

5. With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: (2013)
1. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other.
2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species.
3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

6. Which of the following adds / add nitrogen to the soil? (2013)

1. Excretion of urea by animals
2. Burning of coal by man
3. Death of vegetation
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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HIGH YIELDING TOPIC

 Community
 Types of community
 Major community
 Minor community
 Structure of community ecosystem
 Components of ecosystem
 Abiotic components
 Biotic components
 Ecotone
 Niche
 Biome

PROBABLE TOPIC
 Environment and its components

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6

ANSWER C B B C A C

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(TOPIC - 2)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Functions of Ecosystem

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Functions of
- - - 3 - - - 1 - - 2 3 1
Ecosystem

Overview of the topic

 Energy flow
 Food chain
 Types of food chain
 Food web
 Ecological pyramids
 Pyramid of numbers
 Pyramid of biomass
 Pyramid of energy productivity
 Bioaccumulation
 Biomagnification
 Pollutants and trophic level
 Biotic interaction
 Bio geo chemical cycle
 Nutrient cycle
 Gaseous cycle
 Sedimentary cycle
 Ecological succession
 Primary succession
 Secondary succession
 Autogenic and Allogenic succession
 Autotrophic and heterotrophic succession

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. In which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main
source of release of nutrients to enter the cycle? (2021)
(a) Carbon cycle
(b) Nitrogen cycle
(c) Phosphorus cycle
(d) Sulphur cycle

2. Which of the following are detritivores? (2021)

1. Earthworms
2. Jellyfish
3. Millipedes
4. Seahorses
5. Woodlice
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

3. Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship with other
organisms? (2021)
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what
could be its likely consequence/consequences? (2017)
1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected
2. There could be drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants
3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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5. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? (2014)
(a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings
(b) Crustaceans-Diatoms-Herrings
(c) Diatoms-Herrings-Crustaceans
(d) Crustaceans-Herrings-Diatoms

6. Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are
actually a symbiotic association of (2014)
(a) algae and bacteria
(b) algae and fungi
(c) bacteria and fungi
(d) fungi and mosses

7. Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing
productivity? (2013)
(a) Oceans, lakes, grasslands, mangroves
(b) Mangroves, oceans, grasslands, lakes
(c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans
(d) Oceans, mangroves, lakes, grasslands

8. With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism
is/are known as decomposer organism/organisms? (2013)
1. Virus
2. Fungi
3. Bacteria
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

9. With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: (2013)
1. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other.
2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species.
3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

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10. The Millenium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of
ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one
of the following is supporting service? (2012)
(a) Production of food and water
(b) Control of climate and disease
(c) Nutrient Cycling and crop pollinator
(d) Maintenance of diversity

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Energy flow
 Food chain
 Types of food chain
 Ecological pyramids
 Pyramid of numbers
 Pyramid of biomass
 Pyramid of energy productivity
 Bio geo chemical cycle
 Nutrient cycle
 Gaseous cycle
 Sedimentary cycle

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Bioaccumulation
 Biomagnification
 Ecological succession
 Primary succession
 Secondary succession
 Autogenic and Allogenic succession
 Autotrophic and heterotrophic succession

Answer Key

QUESTIO1N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANSWER C C D C A B C B A C

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(TOPIC - 3)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Terrestrial Ecosystem

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Terrestrial Ecosystem - - - 3 - - 1 - 1 - - 2 -

Overview of the topic

 Terrestrial Ecosystem
 Types
 Forests
 Grasslands
 Desert
 Tundra
 Distribution
 Characteristics
 Temperature
 Rainfall
 Adaptations
 Biodiversity (flora and fauna)
 Threats to terrestrial Ecosystem (Ex: Development, Climate Change etc.…)

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface
without soil? (2021)
1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 3 and 4
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2. "Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result the soil surface is often
almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach
up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the
upper branches of trees." This is the most likely description of (2021)
(a) coniferous forest
(b) dry deciduous forest
(c) mangrove forest
(d) tropical rain forest
3. The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive
areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one
or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions?
(2021)
1. Burrowing animals and termites
2. Fire
3. Grazing herbivores
4. Seasonal rainfall
5. Soil properties
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 4 and 5
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 5
4. Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?
(2018)
1. Hard and waxy leaves
2. Tiny leaves
3. Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

5. With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following
statements: (2016)
1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India.
2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rainforest areas of South India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 Only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
6. Consider the following State: (2013)
1. Chhattisgarh
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2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Odisha
With reference to the State mentioned above, in terms of percentage of forest cover to the
total area of State, which one of the following is the correct ascending of order?
(a) 2-3-1-4
(b) 2-3-4-1
(c) 3-2-4-1
(d) 3-2-1-4
7. Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests?
(2013)
1. Presence of tall, closely set trees with crowns forming a continuous canopy
2. Coexistence of a large number of species
3. Presence of numerous varieties of epiphytes
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Terrestrial Ecosystem
 Types
 Forests
 Grasslands
 Desert
 Tundra
 Distribution
 Characteristics
 Temperature
 Rainfall
 Adaptations
 Biodiversity (flora and fauna)

PROBABLE TOPICS

All topics covered under High yielding topics

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANSWER C D C D A C D

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(TOPIC - 4)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Aquatic Ecosystem

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Aquatic
- - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Ecosystem

Overview of the topic

Aquatic Ecosystem
 Aquatic organisms
 Neuston
 Periphyton
 Plankton
 Nekton
 Benthos
 Factors limiting the productivity of the habitat
 Photic zone
 Aphotic zone
 Lake ecology
 Eutrophication
 Harmful algal blooms
 Wetland ecosystem
 Estuary ecosystem
 Mangroves
 Coral Reefs
 Government measures to protect mangrove forest and coral reefs
 Key initiatives to protect marine and coastal environment
 Ganga Action Plan
 Namami Gange Program
 Clean Ganga Fund

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. "If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function
as its kidneys." Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above
statement? (2022)
(a) The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and
evaporation.
(b) Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, mollusks, birds, reptiles
and mammals thrive.
(c) Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and soil
stabilization.
(d) Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.
2. Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2021)
1. Copepods
2. Cyanobacteria
3. Diatoms
4. Foraminifera
Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
3. Which one of the following is an artificial lake ? (2018)
(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)
(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)
(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh)

4. Consider the following statements (2018)

1. Most of the world’s coral reefs are in tropical waters.
2. More than one-third of the world’s coral reefs are located in the territories of
Australia, Indonesia and Philippines.
3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical
rainforests.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

5. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (2017)

(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions
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6. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014)
1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2. Gulf of Kachchh
3. Gulf of Mannar
4. Sunderbans
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

7. With reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements: (2012)
1. The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is recorded
more in Gujrat as Compared to other states
2. In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands is larger than that of inland
wetlands
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

Aquatic Ecosystem
 Aquatic organisms
 Neuston
 Periphyton
 Plankton
 Nekton
 Benthos
 Wetland ecosystem
 Coral Reefs

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Factors limiting the productivity of the habitat

 Photic zone
 Aphotic zone
 Lake ecology
 Eutrophication
 Harmful algal blooms
 Estuary ecosystem
 Mangroves
 Government measures to protect mangrove forest and coral reefs

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 Key initiatives to protect marine and coastal environment
 Ganga Action Plan
 Namami Gange Program
 Clean Ganga Fund

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANSWER D B A D C A A

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(TOPIC - 5)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environment Pollution 1 (Air, Water, Soil, Noise)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Environment
2 - 4 1 1 2 3 2 - 3 1 6 -
Pollution 1

Overview of the topic

 Pollutants
 Air pollution
 Major air pollutants and their sources
 Smog
 Indoor air pollution
 Fly ash
 Effects of air pollution
 Control measures
 Government Initiatives
 Air pollution in India
 Measures to mitigate Delhi air pollution
 Water pollution
 Effects of water pollution
 Control measures
 Soil pollution
 Noise pollution

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the
largest source of Sulphur dioxide emissions? (2024)
(a) Locomotives using fossil fuels
(b) Ships using fossil fuels
(c) Extraction of metals from ores
(d) Power plants using fossil fuels

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2. With reference to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are used in
making many consumer products, consider the following statements: (2024)
1. PFAS are found to be widespread in drinking water, food and food packaging
materials.
2. PFAS are not easily degraded in the environment.
3. Persistent exposure to PFAS can lead to bioaccumulation in animal bodies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements. (2022)
1. The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 µg/m³ and the annual mean of
PM2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m³.
2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during the periods of inclement
weather.
3. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream.
4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 2 only

4. Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both
methane and nitrous oxide? (2022)
(a) Cotton
(b) Rice
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Wheat

5. With reference to polyethylene terephthalate, the use of which is so widespread in our daily
lives, consider the following statements: (2022)
1. Its fibers can be blended with wool and cotton fibers to reinforce their properties.
2. Containers made of it can be used to store any alcoholic beverage.
3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into other products.
4. Articles made of it can be easily disposed of by incineration without causing
greenhouse gas emissions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2 and 3

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6. Consider the following: (2022)
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Nitrogen oxide
3. Ozone
4. Sulfur dioxide
Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are cause(s) of acid rain?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4

7. With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: (2021)

1. It is a product of oil refineries.
2. Some industries use it to generate power.
3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into the environment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

8. Consider the following statements: (2020)

1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.
2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the
environment.
3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

9. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?
(2019)
(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems.
(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children.
(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields.
(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.

10. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Agriculture soils release nitrogen oxides into the environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into the environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into the environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

11. Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”? (2018)
(a) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
(b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere
(c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere
(d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about hr the
increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

12. Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in
riverbeds? (2018)
1. Decreased salinity in the river
2. Pollution of groundwater
3. Lowering of the water-table
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1 ,2 and 3

13. With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements : (2018)
1. A high content of organic matter in soil drastically reduces its water holding capacity.
2. Soil does not play any role in the sulphur cycle.
3. Irrigation over a period of time can contribute to the salinization of some agricultural
lands.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

14. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (2017)

(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions

24 Plot No 11/5B, 2nd Floor, Param Tower, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110005 (Metro- Rajendra Place, Pillar No 131, 132)
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15. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of
bioremediation technique? (2017)
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation
process that occurs in nature.
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and
completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganism specifically designed for
bioremediation
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

16. What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in

agriculture? (2015)

1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur.

2. Increase in the acidity of soil can take place.
3. Leaching of nitrate to the ground-water can occur.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

17. With reference to ‘fly ash’ produced by the power plants using coal as fuel, which of the
following statements is/are correct? (2015)
1. Fly ash can be used in the production of bricks for building construction.
2. Fly ash can be used as a replacement for some of the Portland cement contents of
concrete.
3. Fly ash is made up of silicon dioxide and calcium oxide only, and does not contain
any toxic elements.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only

18. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use
of ozone-depleting substances? (2015)
(a) Bretton Woods Conference
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Kyoto Protocol
(d) Nagoya Protocol
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19. Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India?
(2014)
1. Oxides of sulphur
2. Oxides of nitrogen
3. Carbon monoxide
4. Carbon dioxide
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1,2, 3 and 4

20. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of
India? (2013)
1. Arsenic
2. Sorbitol
3. Fluoride
4. Formaldehyde
5. Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

21. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (2013)

(a) NO2, 03 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(b) CO, 02 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(c) CO, CO2 and N02 at low temperature
(d) High concentration of N02, O3 and CO in the evening

22. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by (2013)

(a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen
(b) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
(c) ozone and carbon dioxide
(d) nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide
23. Which of the following is / are the characteristic / characteristics of Indian coal? (2013)
1. High ash content
2. Low sulphur content
3. Low ash fusion temperature
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Pollutants
 Air pollution
 Major air pollutants and their sources
 Smog
 Indoor air pollution
 Fly ash
 Air pollution in India
 Measures to mitigate Delhi air pollution
 Water pollution
 Effects of water pollution
 Control measures
 Soil pollution

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Pollutants
 Air pollution
 Effects of air pollution
 Control measures
 Government initiatives
 Air pollution in India
 Measures to mitigate Delhi air pollution
 Water pollution
 Control measures

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ANSWER D D B B A B D D A D A B

QUESTION 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

ANSWER B C C C A B D C A D A

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(TOPIC - 6)

Subject: Environment

Topic: Environment Pollution 2 (Radioactive pollution, E-Waste,

Solid Waste etc)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Environment Pollution 2
- - - 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 1

Overview of the topic

 Radioactive pollution
 Types of radiation
 Types of radiation particles
 Sources and effects
 Control measures
 E-waste
 Sources and its health effects
 E-waste in India
 E-Waste management rules 2016
 Solid waste
 Plastic waste
 Plastic waste management rules , 2016
 Bio-medical waste management rules,2016
 Source of generation of waste particles
 Effects
 Types
 Treatment and disposal of solid waste
 Thermal pollution
 Plastic pollution
 Bioremediation
 Environmental pollution and health
 Acid rain
 Categorization of industrial sectors
 Technologies to manage these wastes
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 Government policies/measures to handle wastes

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? (2021)

1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as

environmental pollutants from which of the following? (2021)
1. Brakes of motor vehicles
2. Engines of motor vehicles
3. Microwave stoves within homes
4. Power plants
5. Telephone lines
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

3. Steel slag can be the material for which of the foll0wing? (2020)
1. construction of base road
2. Improvement of agricultural soil
3. Production of cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. In rural road construction, the use of which the following is preferred for ensuring
environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint? (2020)
1. Copper slag
2. Cold mix asphalt technology
3. Geotextiles
4. Hot mix asphalt technology
5. Portland cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

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(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 4 and 5 only
(d) 1 and 5 only

5. As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following
statements is correct? (2019)
(a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories.
(b) The Rules are applicable to notified urban local bodies, notified towns and all
industrial townships only
(c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of the sites
for landfills and waste processing facilities.
(d) It is mandatory on the part of the waste generator that the waste generated in one
district cannot be moved to another district.
6. Due to improper / indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which
of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (2013)
1. Beryllium
2. Cadmium
3. Chromium
4. Heptachlor
5. Mercury
6. Lead
7. Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
7. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by (2013)
(a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen
(b) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
(c) ozone and carbon dioxide
(d) nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide

8. Lead, ingested or inhaled, is a health hazard. After the addition of lead to petrol has been
banned, what still are the sources of lead poisoning? (2012)
1. Smelting units
2. Pens pencils
3. Paints
4. Hair oils and cosmetics
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
30 Plot No 11/5B, 2nd Floor, Param Tower, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110005 (Metro- Rajendra Place, Pillar No 131, 132)
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HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Radioactive pollution
 Types of radiation
 Types of radiation particles
 Sources and effects
 E-waste
 Source and its health effects
 E-waste in india
 E-Waste management rules 2016
 Solid waste
 Plastic waste
 Plastic waste management rules , 2016
 Source of generation of waste particles
 Effects
 Treatment and disposal of solid waste
 Plastic pollution
 Bioremediation
 Environmental pollution and health
 Acid rain
 Government policies/measures to handle wastes

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Radioactive pollution
 Control measures
 Solid waste
 Types
 Bio-medical waste management rules,2016
 Technologies to manage these wastes

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ANSWER B D D A C B D B

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(TOPIC-7)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Renewable Energy-1 (Solar, Wind, Hydropower)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

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2012
Renewable
- - 1 - - - - - - - - - -
Energy-1

Overview of the Topic

 Sources of renewable energy

 Solar
 Wind
 Tidal
 Hydropower
 Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy
 Technical devices to capture renewable energy
 Indian government policies/measures to promote renewable energy
 International Solar Alliance
 Renewable Energy targets
 Small hydropower programme

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements: (2022)

1. Gujarat has the largest solar park in India.
2. Kerala has a fully solar-powered International Airport.
3. Goa has the largest floating solar photovoltaic project in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

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High Yielding Topics

 Sources of renewable energy

 Solar
 Indian government policies/measures to promote renewable energy

Probable Topics

 Sources of renewable energy

o Wind
o Hydropower
 Indian government policies/measures to promote renewable energy
o International Solar Alliance
o Renewable Energy targets

Answer Key

Q. No 1

Answer B

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(TOPIC-8)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Renewable Energy-2 (Ocean Thermal Energy, Geothermal

Energy, Fuel Cells)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Renewable
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Energy-2

Overview of the Topic

 Sources of renewable energy

 Biomass
 Ocean thermal energy
 Geothermal Energy
 Fuel Cell technology
 Indian government policies/measures to promote renewable energy
 National Biofuel Policy
 National Green Hydrogen Mission

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

NIL

High Yielding Topics

NIL

Probable Topics

 Sources of renewable energy

 Biomass
 Fuel Cell technology
 Indian government policies/measures to promote renewable energy
 National Biofuel Policy
 National Green Hydrogen Mission
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(TOPIC-9)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environmental Impact Assessment

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

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2012
Environmental Impact
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Assessment

Overview of the Topic

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

 Concept and legality of EIA
 Process of EIA
 Environmental component of EIA
 Issues of Environmental Clearance
 Main participants of EIA
 Importance of EIA in environmental protection

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

NIL

High Yielding Topics

NIL

Probable Topics

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

 Process of EIA
 Importance of EIA in environmental protection

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(TOPIC-10)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Biodiversity-1 (Basic Concepts and Floral Diversity)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

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2012
Biodiversity-1 2 1 1 3 - - - - - - - - -

Overview of the Topic

 Biodiversity Basic Concepts

 Levels of Biodiversity
 Genetic diversity
 Species diversity
 Ecosystem/ Community diversity
 Measurement of Biodiversity
 Species richness
 Alpha diversity
 Beta diversity
 Gamma diversity
 Species evenness
 Biodiversity Services
 Ecosystem services
 Biological services
 Social services
 Causes for Biodiversity Loss
 Natural causes
 Man-Made causes
 Modes of Conservation
 Ex-situ conservation
 In-situ conservation
 Floral Diversity

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following plants: (2024)

1. Groundnut
2. Horse-gram
3. Soybean
How many of the above belong to the pea family?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) None
2. Which one of the following shows a unique relationship with an insect that has coevolved
with it and that is the only insect that can pollinate this tree? (2024)
(a) Fig
(b) Mahua
(c) Sandalwood
(d) Silk cotton
3. Consider the following statements: (2023)
1. Some mushrooms have medicinal properties.
2. Some mushrooms have psycho-active properties.
3. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties.
4. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
4. With reference to "Gucchi," sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following
statements: (2022)
1. It is a fungus.
2. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas.
3. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of northeastern India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 2 and 3
5. Consider the following statements: (2021)
1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous evergreen tree.
2. Tamarind tree is endemic to South Asia.
3. In India, most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce.
4. India exports tamarind and seeds of moringa.
5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
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(b) 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5

6. In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface
without soil? (2021)
1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 3 and 4

7. Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (2021)
(a) Congress grass
(b) Elephant grass
(c) Lemongrass
(d) Nut grass

High Yielding Topics

 Floral Diversity

Probable Topics

 Levels of Biodiversity
 Genetic diversity
 Species diversity
 Ecosystem/ Community diversity
 Measurement of Biodiversity
 Species richness
 Alpha diversity
 Beta diversity
 Gamma diversity
 Species evenness

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer C A D C B C C

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(TOPIC-11)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Biodiversity-2 (Faunal Diversity)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Biodiversity - 2 5 5 2 2 - 1 - - - - 2 1 1

Overview of the Topic

 Vertebrates
 Fish
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Birds
 Mammals
 Non-Vertebrates
 Annelids
 Mollusks
 Arthropods
 Arachnids
 Echinoderms
 Protozoa
 Insects
 Crustaceans

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The organisms “Cicada, Froghopper and Pond skater” are: (2024)

(a) Birds
(b) Fish
(c) Insects
(d) Reptiles

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2. Consider the following pair: (2024)

Sl. No. Country Animal found in its natural habitat

1. Brazil Indri
2. Indonesia Elk
3. Madagascar Bonobo

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None

3. Consider the following statements: (2024)

1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
2. Unlike most other big cats, Cheetahs don't roar.
3. Unlike male Lions, male Leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. Consider the following:

1. Butterflies
2. Fish
3. Frogs
How many of the above have poisonous species among them? (2024)
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None

5. Consider the following: (2024)

1. Carabid beetles
2. Centipedes
3. Flies
4. Termites
5. Wasps
Parasitoid species are found in how many of the above kind of organisms?
(a) Only two
(b) Only three
(c) Only four
(d) All five

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6. Consider the following statements: (2023)
Statement-I : Marsupials are not naturally found in India.
Statement-II : Marsupials can thrive only in Montane grasslands with no predators.
Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I.
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct
explanation for Statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct.

7. Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate
the direction and the distance to a source of their food? (2023)
(a) Butterflies
(b) Dragonflies
(c) Honey Bees
(d) Wasps

8. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian squirrels: (2023)

1. They build nests by making burrows in the ground.
2. They store their food materials like nuts and seeds in the ground.
3. They are omnivorous.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None

9. Consider the following statements: (2023)

1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling
point of water.
2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures below the
freezing point of water.
3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environments with a pH below 3.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
10. Which of the following makes a tool with a stick to scrape insects from a hole in a tree or a
log of wood? (2023)
(a) Fishing cat
(b) Orangutan
(c) Otter
(d) Sloth bear
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11. Which of the following is not a bird? (2022)
(a) Golden Mahseer
(b) Indian Nightjar
(c) Spoonbill
(d) White Ibis

12. Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of
fungi? (2022)
(a) Ant
(b) Cockroach
(c) Crab
(d) Spider

13. Consider the following animals: (2021)

1. Hedgehog
2. Marmot
3. Pangolin
To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls
up/roll up and protects/protects its/their vulnerable parts?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 3

14. Which one of the following is a filter feeder? (2021)

(a) Catfish
(b) Octopus
(c) Oyster
(d) Pelican

15. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Some species of turtles are herbivores.
2. Some species of fish are herbivores.
3. Some species of marine mammals are herbivores.
4. Some species of snakes are viviparous.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

16. Consider the following: (2014)

1. Bats
2. Bears
3. Rodents
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The phenomenon of hibernation can be observed in which of the above kinds of animals?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Hibernation cannot be observed in any of the above

17. Among the following organisms, which one does not belong to the class of other three?
(2014)
(a) Crab
(b) Mite
(c) Scorpion
(d) Spider

18. Consider the following animals: (2013)

1. Sea cow
2. Sea horse
3. Sea lion
Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

19. Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2012)

1. Bat
2. Bee
3. Bird
Which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

High Yielding Topics

 Vertebrates
 Fish
 Birds
 Mammals
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Non-Vertebrates
 Arthropods
 Arachnids
 Protozoa

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 Insects
 Crustaceans

Probable Topics

 Non-Vertebrates
 Mollusks
 Annelids

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer C D A C B C C B C B

Q. No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Answer A A D C D C A B D

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(TOPIC-12)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Indian Biodiversity

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2012
Indian Biodiversity 2 1 - - 3 2 - - 1 2 1 2 2

Overview of the Topic

 Ecosystem Diversity
 Hotspots of Biodiversity
 Faunal Biodiversity
 Vertebrates
 Fish
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Birds
 Mammals
 Non-Vertebrates
 Annelids
 Mollusks
 Arthropods
 Arachnids
 Echinoderms
 Protozoa
 Insects
 Crustaceans
 Floral Biodiversity
 Uniqueness of Indian Biodiversity and Associated regional specificity
 Conservation of BioDiversity

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following: (2024)

1. Cashew
2. Papaya
3. Red sanders
How many of the above trees are actually native to India?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None

2. Consider the following statements: (2024)

Statement-I : The Indian Flying Fox is placed under the “vermin” category in the Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
Statement-II : The Indian Flying Fox feeds on the blood of other animals.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain
Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

3. Consider the following statements: (2023)

1. In India, the Biodiversity Management Committees are key to the realization of the
objectives of the Nagoya Protocol.
2. The Biodiversity Management Committees have important functions in determining
access and benefit sharing, including the power to levy collection fees on the access
of biological resources within its jurisdiction.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

4. With reference to Indian elephant, consider the following statement: (2020)

1. The Leader of an elephant group is a female
2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
4. Among the states in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
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5. With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon Frogmouth, Coppersmith Barbet, Gray-
chinned minivet and white-throated redstart are (2020)
(a) Birds
(b) Primates
(c) Reptiles
(d) Amphibians

6. Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?
(2020)
1. Askot Wildlife sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas national Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only

7. Consider the following statements:

1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2019)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

8. Consider the following pairs:

Sl. No. Wildlife Naturally found in

1. Blue-finned Mahseer Cauvery River
2. Irrawaddy Dolphin Chambal River
3. Rusty-spotted Cat Eastern Ghats

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (2019)

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
9. With reference to ‘Red Sanders’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following
statements: (2016)
1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India.
2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rainforest areas of South India.
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Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

10. In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the `Great
Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat? (2016)
(a) Sand deserts of northwest India
(b) Higher Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Salt marshes of western Gujarat
(d) Western Ghats

11. With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements
is/are correct? (2015)
1. It is a herbivorous marine animal.
2. It is found along the entire coast of India.
3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only

12. Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India? (2015)
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial

13. If you walk through the countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the
cattle to seize the insects, disturbed by their movement through grasses.
Which of the following is/are such bird/birds? (2014)
1. Painted Stork
2. Common Myna
3. Black-necked Crane
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only

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14. Consider the following: (2013)
1. Star tortoise
2. Monitor lizard
3. Pygmy hog
4. Spider monkey
Which of the above are found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

15. In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? (2013)
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Kerala
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

16. What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru? (2012)
(a) Oryx is adapted to live in hot and arid areas whereas Chiru is adapted to live in
steppes and semi-desert areas of cold high mountains
(b) Oryx is poached for its antlers whereas Chiru is poached for its musk
(c) Oryx exists in western India only whereas Chiru exists in north east India only.
(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct.

17. Consider the following: (2012)

1. Black necked crane
2. Cheetah
3. Flying squirrel
4. Snow leopard
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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High Yielding Topics

Indian Biodiversity

 Species Diversity
 Flora Diversity (Plant)
 Fauna Diversity (Wild Life)
 Distribution
 Scientific name
 Characteristics
 Uniqueness of Indian Biodiversity and Associated regional specificity
 Conservation of BioDiversity

Probable Topics

Indian Biodiversity

 Ecosystem Diversity
 Hotspots of Biodiversity

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Answer A C C A A A A C A D C C B A A A B

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(TOPIC-13)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Marine Organisms

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Marine
- - - 1 - - - - - - - - -
Organisms

Overview of the Topic

 Plankton
 Phytoplankton
 Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Biodiversity (Light, Nutrient, Temperature, etc)
 Importance of Phytoplankton
 Zooplankton
 Sea grass
 Seaweeds

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2021)

1. Copepods
2. Cyanobacteria
3. Diatoms
4. Foraminifera
Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4

High Yielding Topics

 Plankton
 Phytoplankton

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Probable Topics

 Phytoplankton
 Factors Affecting Phytoplankton Biodiversity (Light, Nutrient, Temperature, etc)
 Importance of Phytoplankton
 Zooplankton
 Sea grass
 Seaweeds

Answer Key

Q. No 1

Answer B

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(TOPIC - 14)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Protected Area network

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Protected Area network - 1 - - 2 - - - - - 2 - -

Overview of the topic

 National Initiatives
 Biosphere Reserves
 Wildlife sanctuary and National Parks
 Tiger Reserves
 Conservation reserves and community reserves
 Coastal protected areas
 Sacred groves of India
 National biosphere reserve program
 Export prohibited items
 Global Initiatives
 Man and biosphere
 World network of biosphere reserves
 Biodiversity hotspots
 World heritage sites

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements:

Once the Central Government notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’: (2023)
1. The Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such
forest.
2. Hunting is not allowed in such area.
3. People of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce.
4. People of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
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(c) Only three
(d) All four

2. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (2020)
1. Nagarhole National Park
2. Papikonda National Park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 Only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

3. Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-
species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and
exclusively graminivorous? (2020)
(a) Kanha National Park
(b) Manas National Park
(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife sanctuary

4. With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(2014)
1. Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972.
2. The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of
human activities, in those zones except agriculture.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

5. The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional
human life is the establishment of (2014)
(a) biosphere reserves
(b) botanical gardens
(c) national parks
(d) wildlife sanctuaries

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 National Initiatives
 Wildlife sanctuary and national parks

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PROBABLE TOPICS

 National Initiatives
 Conservation reserves and community reserves
 Coastal protected areas
 Sacred groves of India
 Global Initiatives
 Man and biosphere
 National biosphere reserve program
 World network of biosphere reserves
 Biodiversity hotspots
 World heritage sites

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5

ANSWER B C A D A

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(TOPIC - 15)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Conservation Efforts

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Conservation Efforts 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

Overview of the topic

 Project Tiger
 Tiger reserve
 Core zone
 Buffer zone
 National Tiger Conservation Authority
 Estimation of Tiger population

 Project Elephant
 Elephant corridor
 Threats to elephant corridors
 MIKE program
 Hathi mere sathi

 Vulture
 Diclofenac sodium as the probable cause
 Significance of vultures
 Vultures safety zone
 Vultures restaurants
 Breeding centres in India
 Measures taken to conserve vultures
 India’s role in conservation

 One horned Rhinoceros

 Indian Rhino Vision 2020

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 Project Snow Leopard
 Why to conserve the high altitude ecosystem
 Secure Himalayas
 Sea Turtle project
 Crocodile conservation project
 Project Hangul
 Captive breeding
 Dolphin
 Government measures
 India Adopt
 SAWEN

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements: (2022)

1. Gujarat has the largest solar park in India.
2. Kerala has a fully solar-powered International Airport.
3. Goa has the largest floating solar photovoltaic project in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

2. With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: (2018)
1. The National Programme for Organic Production’ (NPOP) is operated under the
guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development.
2. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority’
(APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP.
3. Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic State.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. Vultures used to be very common in the Indian countryside some years ago but are rarely
seen nowadays. This is attributed to (2012)
(a) the destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species
(b) a drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle
(c) Scarcity of food available to them
(d) a widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them

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HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Vulture
 Diclofenac sodium as the probable cause
 Significance of vultures
 Vultures safety zone
 Vultures restaurants
 Breeding centres in India
 Measures taken to conserve vultures
 India’s role in conservation

PROBABLE TOPICS

 One horned Rhinoceros

 Indian Rhino Vision 2020

 Project Snow Leopard

 Why to conserve the high altitude ecosystem
 Secure Himalayas
 Sea Turtle project
 Crocodile conservation project
 Project Hangul
 Captive breeding
 Dolphin
 Government measures
 India Adopt
 SAWEN

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3

ANSWER B B B

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(TOPIC - 16)
Subject: Environment

Topic: National Parks of India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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National parks of India - - - - 4 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 1

Overview of the topic

 Important National Parks in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Flagship Species
 Species in News
 Rivers flowing through National Parks

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. With reference to India’s Desert National Park which of the following statement are correct?
(2020)
1. It is spread over two districts.
2. There is no human habitation inside the park.
3. It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian Bustard.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (2020)
1. Nagarhole National Park
2. Papikonda National Park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife Sancturary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 Only
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(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

3. Which one of the following protected areas is well-known for the conservation of a sub-
species of the Indian swamp deer (Barasingha) that thrives well on hard ground and
exclusively graminivorous? (2020)
(a) Kanha National Park
(b) Manas National Park
(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Tal Chhapar Wildlife sanctuary

4. Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?
(2020)
1. Askot Wildlife sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas national Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only

5. Which one of the following National Parks lies completely in the temperate alpine zone?
(2019)
(a) Manas National Park
(b) Namdapha National Park
(c) Neora Valley National Park
(d) Valley of Flowers National Park

6. Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in
Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (2017)
(a) Corbett National Park
(b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Sariska National Park

7. Which of the following National Parks is unique in being a swamp with floating vegetation
that supports a rich biodiversity? (2015)
(a) Bhitarkanika National Park
(b) Keibul Lamjao National Park
(c) Keoladeo Ghana National Park
(d) Sultanpur National Park

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8. Which one of the following National Parks has a climate that varies from tropical to
subtropical, temperate and arctic? (2015)
(a) Khangchendzonga National Park
(b) Nanda Devi National Park
(c) Neora Valley National Park
(d) Namdapha National Park

9. Consider the following pairs: (2013)

1. Nokrek Bio-sphere Reserve : Garo Hills
2. Logtak (Loktak)Lake : Barail Range
3. Namdapha National Park : Dafla Hills
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

10. Consider the following pairs (2013)

Sl. No. National Park River flowing through the Park

1. Corbett National Park Ganga
2. Kaziranga National Park Manas
3. Silent Valley National Park Kaveri

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None

11. In which one among the following categories of protected areas in India are local people
not allowed to collect and use the biomass? (2012)
(a) Biosphere reserves
(b) National parks
(c) Wetlands declared under Ramsar convention
(d) Wildlife sanctuaries

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Important National Parks in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Flagship Species
 Species in News
 Rivers flowing through National Parks
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PROBABLE TOPICS

All topics covered under High Yielding

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

ANSWER C C A A D B B D A D B

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(TOPIC - 17)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Biosphere Reserves of India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Biosphere reserve of
- - - - - 1 - - - - - - -
India

Overview of the topic

 Important Biosphere Reserves in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Flagship Species
 Species in News
 Rivers flowing through Biosphere Reserves
 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Tiger Reserves part of Important Biosphere
Reserves

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve? (2019)

(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve
(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley
National Park
(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda wildlife Sanctuaries; and
Mukurthi National Park
(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam
Tiger Reserve

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Important Biosphere Reserves in India

 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Tiger Reserves part of Important Biosphere
Reserves
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PROBABLE TOPICS

 Important Biosphere Reserves in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Flagship Species
 Species in News
 Rivers flowing through Biosphere Reserves

Answer Key

QUESTION 1

ANSWER A

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(TOPIC - 18)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Tiger Reserves of India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2012
Tiger reserve of India - - - - 2 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1

Overview of the topic

 Important Tiger Reserves in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Rivers flowing through Tiger Reserves

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “critical tiger
habitat”? (2020)
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans

2. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (2020)
1. Nagarhole National Park
2. Papikonda National Park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 Only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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3. Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve? (2019)
(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve
(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley
National Park
(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda wildlife Sanctuaries; and
Mukurthi National Park
(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam
Tiger Reserve

4. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assume importance in being a
good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats? (2017)
(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
(b) Nallamala Forest
(c) Nagarhole National Park
(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

5. The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2017)
(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna
(b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves
(c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System
(d) Security of National Highways

6. Consider the following pairs (2014)

1. Dampa Tiger Reserve Mizoram

2. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary Sikkim
3. Saramati Peak Nagaland

Which of the above pairs is /are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

7. Consider the following protected areas: (2012)

1. Bandipur
2. Bhitarkanika
3. Manas
4. Sunderbans
Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
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HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Important Tiger Reserves in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Rivers flowing throughTiger Reserves

PROBABLE TOPICS

All topics given under High Yielding

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANSWER C C A A B C B

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(TOPIC - 19)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Significant Wildlife
- - 1 - 2 1 1 1 - - - - -
Sanctuaries of India

Overview of the topic

 Important Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Rivers flowing through Wildlife Sanctuaries

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. "Biorock technology" is talked about in which one of the following situations? (2022)
(a) Restoration of damaged coral reefs
(b) Development of buildings using plant residues
(c) Identification of areas for exploration/extraction of shale gas
(d) Providing salt licks for wild animals in forests/protected areas

2. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (2020)
1. Nagarhole National Park
2. Papikonda National Park
3. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
4. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 Only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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3. Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat?
(2020)
1. Askot Wildlife sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas national Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1 and 4 only

4. Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve? (2019)

(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve
(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley
National Park
(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda wildlife Sanctuaries; and
Mukurthi National Park
(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam
Tiger Reserve

5. In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located? (2018)
(a) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Manipur
(c) Meghalaya
(d) Nagaland

6. Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in
Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (2017)
(a) Corbett National Park
(b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary
(c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary
(d) Sariska National Park

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Important Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

 Distribution
 Significance
 Rivers flowing through Wildlife Sanctuaries

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PROBABLE TOPICS

All topics given under High Yielding

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6

ANSWER A C A A A B

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(TOPIC-20)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Endangered Fauna of India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Endangered Fauna of India - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1

Overview of the Topic

 IUCN classification
 Extinct
 Extinct in wild
 Critically Endangered
 Endangered
 Vulnerable
 Near threatened
 Least Concern
 Data Deficient
 Not Evaluated

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following fauna of India: (2013)

1. Gharial
2. Leatherback turtle
3. Swamp deer
Which of the above is/are Critically Endangered?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None

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2. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(2012)
(a) Great Indian bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetah, Blue Bull, GIB
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey, Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion Tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur, Cheetah

High Yielding Topics

 IUCN classification
 Endangered

Probable Topics

 IUCN classification
 Critically Endangered
 Vulnerable

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2

Answer A A

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(TOPIC-21)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Endangered Flora of India

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Endangered Flora of India - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Overview of the Topic

 IUCN classification
 Extinct
 Extinct in wild
 Critically Endangered
 Endangered
 Vulnerable
 Near threatened
 Least Concern
 Data Deficient
 Not Evaluated

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

NIL

High Yielding Topics

NIL

Probable Topics

 IUCN classification
 Extinct
 Extinct in wild

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 Critically Endangered
 Endangered
 Vulnerable

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(TOPIC-22)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Climate Change -1 (Impact on India)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Climate Change-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Overview of the Topic

Impact of Climate Change on India:

 Impact on Indian Agriculture:
 Rainfall Productivity
 Impact on water situation in India
 Melting of Himalayan Glaciers
 Changing courses of rivers
 Faster withdrawal of groundwater due to rising population
 Impact on Coastal States of India
 Flooding of coastal land due to sea-level rise
 Saltwater percolation into groundwater
 Threat to species living along the coastline
 Existence of Coral reefs threatened due to rising salinity
 Impact on India’s biodiversity
 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Himalayas causing serious damage to biodiversity in
downstream areas
 Expansion of desertification into bordering states of Rajasthan
 Coral bleaching

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

NIL

High Yielding Topics

NIL
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Probable Topics

 Impact on India’s biodiversity

 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Himalayas causing serious damage to biodiversity in
downstream areas
 Expansion of desertification into bordering states of Rajasthan
 Coral bleaching

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(TOPIC-23)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Climate Change-2 (Mitigation Strategies)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Climate Change-2 - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1

Overview of the Topic

Mitigation Strategies:
 Carbon Sequestration
 Types of Sequestration – Geological, Terrestrial and Ocean
 Carbon Sink
 Blue Carbon
 The Blue Carbon Initiative
 International Cooperation
 Carbon Credit
 Carbon Offsetting
 Carbon Tax
 Geo-engineering

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The "Miyawaki method" is well known for the: (2022)

(a) Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas.
(b) Development of gardens using genetically modified flora.
(c) Creation of mini forests in urban areas.
(d) Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces.

2. What is blue carbon? (2021)

(a) Carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems.
(b) Carbon sequestered in forest biomass and agricultural soils.
(c) Carbon contained in petroleum and natural gas.
(d) Carbon present in the atmosphere.

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3. In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring
environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint? (2020)
1. Copper slag
2. Cold mix asphalt technology
3. Geotextiles
4. Hot mix asphalt technology
5. Portland cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 4 and 5 only
(d) 1 and 5 only

4. Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”? (2018)

(a) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
(b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
(c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere.
(d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the
increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

5. In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions
of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration?
(2017)
1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams
2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
3. Subterranean deep saline formations
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
6. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)
1. Contour bunding
2. Relay cropping
3. Zero tillage
In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon
sequestration/storage in the soil?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of the above
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High Yielding Topics

Mitigation Strategies:
 Carbon Sequestration
 Types of Sequestration – Geological, Terrestrial and Ocean
 Carbon Sink
 Blue Carbon
 Geo-engineering

Probable Topics

Mitigation Strategies:
 Carbon Sink
 The Blue Carbon Initiative
 Carbon Credit
 Carbon Tax

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6

Answer C A A A D B

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(TOPIC-24)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Climate Change Organisation-1 (UNFCCC)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Climate Change
- - - - - - 1 - 2 1 - - -
Organisation-1

Overview of the Topic

UNFCCC:
 Origins of UNFCCC
 Kyoto Protocol (COP-3)
 Targets
 Mechanisms – Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanism, Emissions
Trading Mechanism
 Bali Meet
 Bali Roadmap
 Bali Action Plan
 COP15 – Copenhagen Summit
 COP16 – Cancun Summit
 Cancun Agreements
 Mechanisms – Technology Mechanism, Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund
 COP21 – Paris Climate Change Conference
 Objectives
 Nationally Determined Contributions
 COP 27 - Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt
 COP 28 - UAE
 COP 29 - Baku, Azerbaijan

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. “Momentum for Change : Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)

(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(b) The UNEP Secretariat
(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat
(d) The World Meteorological Organisation

2. The term 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' is sometimes seen in the news in
the context of (2016)
(a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-
affected Middle East
(b) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change
(c) capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank
(d) plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable
Development Goals

3. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the
following statements is/are correct? (2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into
effect in 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in
average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2 °C or even
1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming
and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing
countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (2015)
1. It is intended to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to
counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World
Bank.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 Only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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High Yielding Topics

UNFCCC:
 COP16 – Cancun Summit
 Cancun Agreements
 Mechanisms – Technology Mechanism, Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund
 COP21 – Paris Climate Change Conference
 Objectives
 Nationally Determined Contributions

Probable Topics

UNFCCC :
 COP 27 - Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt
 COP 28 - UAE
 COP 29 - Baku, Azerbaijan

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4

Answer C B B A

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(TOPIC-25)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Climate Change Organisation-2 (UNEP, REDD, REDD+, GEF,

IPCC, etc)

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Climate Change
- - - 1 - - 2 2 2 2 1 - -
Organisation-2

Overview of the Topic

 UN Environment Program (UNEP)

 REDD & REDD+
 India’s position on REDD & REDD+
 India’s initiatives related to REDD+
 The Global Environment Facility
 Climate Smart Agriculture
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 Assessment Reports
 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)
 Global Climate Finance Architecture
 Forest Investment Program
 Biocarbon Fund
 Clean Technology Fund
 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
 Special Climate Change Fund
 Green Climate Fund
 Adaptation Fund
 Global Climate Change Alliance
 Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund
 UN REDD Programme

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The ‘Common Carbon Metric', supported by UNEP, has been developed for: (2021)
(a) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world
(b) Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission
trading
(c) Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their
countries
(d) Assessing the overall carbon footprint caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world
in a unit time

2. With reference to the 'Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)', which of the
following statements is/are correct.''? (2018)
1. GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Summit held in Paris in 2015.
2. Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations.
3. India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA.
Select the correct answer using the code given:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries
transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018)
(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg
(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro
(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris
(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi

4. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’ which of the following statements is/are
correct? (2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to
integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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5. Consider the following statements: (2017)
1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a
unique initiative of G20 group of countries.
2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

6. With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

(TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)
1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.
2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of
biodiversity.
3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and
capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

7. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ programme can significantly
contribute to:
1. protection of biodiversity
2. resilience of forest ecosystems
3. poverty reduction
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

8. Which of the statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct? (2015)
1. It is intended to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to
counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World
Bank.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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9. With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements
is/are correct? (2015)
1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous
peoples.
2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved
in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation
technologies for sustainable forest management.
3. It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation+)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical
assistance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

10. With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are
correct? (2014)
(a) It serves as a financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and
‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’.
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level.
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to
underdeveloped countries with specific aims to protect their environment.
(d) Both (a) and (b).

High Yielding Topics

Climate Change Organisations – 2

 UN Environment Program (UNEP)
 REDD & REDD+
 India’s position on REDD & REDD+
 India’s initiatives related to REDD+
 The Global Environment Facility
 Climate Smart Agriculture
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 Assessment Reports
 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)
 Global Climate Finance Architecture
 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
 Green Climate Fund
 Global Climate Change Alliance
 UN REDD Programme

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Probable Topics

Climate Change Organisations – 2

 Global Climate Finance Architecture
 Forest Investment Program
 Biocarbon Fund
 Clean Technology Fund
 Special Climate Change Fund
 Adaptation Fund

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer A B B A B C D A C A

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(TOPIC - 26)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Ocean Acidification, Ozone Depletion

UPSC Previous year question analysis

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Ocean Acidification Ozone
- 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - 2
Depletion

Overview of the Topic

 Ocean Acidification
 CO2 effect on ocean acidification
 Influence of other factors
 Acid Rain
 Eutrophication
 Effect of ocean acidification
 Mitigation
 Saturation horizons
 Short and long-term fate of carbon in the system
 Winners and losers

 Ozone Depletion:
 Sources:
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Nitrogen Oxides
 Other Substances – Bromine, Carbon Tetrachloride
 Role of Polar Stratospheric Clouds in ozone depletion
 Antarctic Ozone depletion vs Arctic Ozone depletion
 Environmental effects of Ozone Depletion
 Effects on human and animal health
 Effects on Terrestrial Plants
 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
 Effects on biogeochemical cycles

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following: (2023)

1. Aerosols
2. Foam agents
3. Fire retardants
4. Lubricants
In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four

2. Consider the following: (2022)

1. Carbon monoxide
2. Nitrogen oxide
3. Ozone
4. Sulfur dioxide
Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are cause(s) of acid rain?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4

3. Which one of the following statements best describes the term social cost of carbon ?
(2020)
(a) Long term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year
(b) Requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens,
based on the burning of those fuels.
(c) Efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
(d) Contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet earth.

4. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use
of ozone-depleting substances? (2015)
(a) Bretton Woods Conference
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Kyoto Protocol
(d) Nagoya Protocol

5. What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason?
(2012)
1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected.
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2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected.
3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

6. Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone depleting substances are used (2012)

1. In the production of plastic foams
2. In the production of tubeless tyres
3. In cleaning certain electronic components
4. As pressurizing agents in aerosol cans
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
7. The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern?
(2012)
1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected
2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected
3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplankton larvae will be adversely
affected
4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Ocean acidification
 CO2 effect on ocean acidification
 Influence of other factors
 Acid Rain
 Effects of ocean acidification
 Mitigation
 Short and long-term fate of carbon in the system
 Ozone Depletion:
 Sources:
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 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Nitrogen Oxides

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Ocean acidification
 Influence of other factors
 Eutrophication
 Effects of ocean acidification
 Saturation horizons
 Winners and losers
 Ozone Depletion:
 Antarctic Ozone depletion vs Arctic Ozone depletion
 Environmental effects of Ozone Depletion
 Effects on human and animal health
 Effects on Terrestrial Plants
 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
 Effects on biogeochemical cycles

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ANSWER C B A B A C A

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(TOPIC - 27)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environmental Acts

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012
Environmental Acts 1 - 2 - 2 3 1 2 - - - 1 1

Overview of the topic

 Environmental Acts:
 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
 Provisions
 Schedules
 Fauna Covered
 Flora Covered
 Environment Protection Act, 1986
 Provisions
 Significance
 Biological Diversity Act, 2002
 Objectives
 Provisions
 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006
 Provisions
 Significance
 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
 Significance
 Provisions
 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016
 Coastal Regulation Zone Rules, 2018
 Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019

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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements: Statement-I: (2024)

Statement-I : The Indian Flying Fox is placed under the “vermin” category in the Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
Statement-II : The Indian Flying Fox feeds on the blood of other animals.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-
I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain
Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

2. With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements:
(2022)
1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government.
2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled to equal protection
whether it is found in protected areas or outside.
3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is
sufficient ground for its capture or killing.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

3. Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986? (2022)
(a) Central Water Commission
(b) Central Ground Water Board
(c) Central Ground Water Authority
(d) National Water Development Agency

4. Consider the following statements : (2020)

1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited" or “critical” by the central
ground water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was formed under the Environment protection act.
3. India has the largest area of underground water irrigation in the world.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only

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5. If a particular plant species is placed under schedule VI of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972,
what is the implication? (2020)
(a) A license is required to cultivate that plant.
(b) Such a plant cannot be cultivated under any circumstances.
(c) It is a genetically modified crop plant.
(d) Such a plant is invasive and harmful to the ecosystem.

6. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the
right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.
2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.
3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

7. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning
Authority exists at both National and State levels.
2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation Programmes
carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

8. Consider the following statements: (2019)

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to
1. State the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental
protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought.
2. Lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from
various sources.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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9. Consider the following statements: (2018)
1. The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act,
2006.
2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights.
3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and
declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of
India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

10. According to the Wildlife [Protection] Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be
hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? (2017)
1. Gharial
2. Indian wild ass
3. Wild Buffalo
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

11. In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply? (2017)
(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger.
(b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and
now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.
(c) It is endemic to a particular region of India.
(d) Both b) and c) stated above are correct in this context.

12. Under the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006, who shall be the authority to initiate the process for determining the
nature and extent of individual or community forest rights or both? (2013)
(a) State Forest Department
(b) District Collector/Deputy Commissioner
(c) Tahsildar /Block Development Officer / Mandal Revenue Officer
(d) Gram Sabha

13. The National Green Tribunal act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the
following provisions of the Constitution of India? (2012)
1. Right to healthy environment, construed as a part of Right to life under article 21
2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in the scheduled areas for
the welfare of scheduled tribes under article 275(1)
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3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under article 243 (A)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

 Environmental Acts:
 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
 Provisions
 Schedules
 Fauna Covered
 Flora Covered
 Environment Protection Act, 1986
 Provisions
 Significance
 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest
Rights) Act, 2006
 Provisions
 Significance
 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
 Significance
 Provisions
 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016

PROBABLE TOPICS

 Environmental Acts:
 Biological Diversity Act, 2002
 Objectives
 Provisions
 Coastal Regulation Zone Rules, 2018
 Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019

Answer Key

QUES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

ANSWER C B C B A B A B A D A D A

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(TOPIC - 28)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environmental Policies

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Environmental Policies - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 2

Overview of the topic

Environmental Policies
 National Forest Policy, 1988
 Targets
 Provisions
 Significance
 National Policy on Biofuels
 Various Generations of Biofuels
 Provisions
 Targets
 Significance
 National Action Plan on Climate Change
 Various Missions under the Plan
 Objectives
 Provisions
 Significance
 National Bamboo Mission:
 Objectives
 Significance
 National Mission for Electric Mobility
 Objectives
 Significance
 National Green Hydrogen Mission
 Objectives
 Significance
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UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. According to India’s national policy on biofuels which of the following can be used as raw
material for the production of biofuels? (2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnuts seeds
4. Horse Gram
5. Rotten Potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

2. If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented how will it impact the
country? (2012)
1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste water.
2. The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of
water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of
ocean water.
3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India
4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore wells and for installing motors
and pump sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the
Government.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

3. Consider the following statements about sub-missions under the National Mission on
Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). (2012)
1. Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) scheme primarily proposes
accelerating the shift from local to global energy appliances.
2. Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development (FEEED) provides for
development of fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency.
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) None

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HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

Environmental Policies
 National Policy on Biofuels
 Various Generations of Biofuels
 Provisions
 Targets
 Significance
 National Action Plan on Climate Change
 Various Missions under the Plan
 Objectives
 Provisions
 Significance

PROBABLE TOPICS

 National Mission for Electric Mobility

 Objectives
 Significance

Answer Key

QUESTION 1 2 3

ANSWER A B B

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(TOPIC - 29)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environmental Institutions and Measures

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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Environmental Institution
- - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
and Measures

Overview of the topic

Environmental Institutions and Measures:

 National Wildlife Action Plan
 Strategy for Action
 National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board
 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority
 Joint Forest Management Committees
 Social forestry
 Lighting a Billion Lives
 Eco-Mark Scheme
 Biodiversity Conservation & Rural Livelihood Improvement Project
 National Clean Energy Fund
 Science express - biodiversity special
 Mangroves for the Future

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following
statements: (2014)
1. It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
2. It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public
awareness.
3. It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
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(d) 1, 2 and 3

HIGH YIELDING TOPICS

Environmental Institutions and Measures:

 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

PROBABLE TOPICS

Environmental Institutions and Measures:

 National Wildlife Action Plan
 Strategy for Action
 Joint Forest Management Committees
 Social forestry
 Lighting a Billion Lives
 Eco-Mark Scheme
 National Clean Energy Fund
 Mangroves for the Future

Answer Key

QUESTION 1

ANSWER C

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(TOPIC-30)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Indian Environmental Organisations

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2012
Indian Environmental
- - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1
Organisations

Overview of the Topic

Indian Environmental Organisations

 Animal Welfare Board
 Central Zoo Authority
 Central Ground Water Authority
 Central Pollution Control Board
 National Biodiversity Authority
 Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
 National Lake Conservation Plan
 National Tiger Conservation Authority
 National Ganga River Basin Authority
 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986? (2022)
(a) Central Water Commission
(b) Central Ground Water Board
(c) Central Ground Water Authority
(d) National Water Development Agency

2. Consider the following statements : (2020)

1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited" or “critical” by the Central
Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was formed under the Environment Protection Act.
3. India has the largest area of underground water irrigation in the world.
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Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only

3. How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) (2018)
1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an
executive order of the Government.
2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in
the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and
aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

4. Consider the following statements: (2018)

1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning
Authority exists at both National and State levels.
2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation Programmes
carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

5. Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority
(NGRBA)? (2016)
1. The river basin is the unit of planning and management.
2. It spearheads the river conservation efforts at the national level.
3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States through which the Ganga flows becomes the
Chairman of NGRBA on rotation basis.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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6. Consider the following statements: (2014)
1. Animal Welfare Board of India was established under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986.
2. The National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3. The National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
7. How does the National Biodiversity Authority help in protecting Indian agriculture?
1. NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic
resources.
2. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification
of crop plants.
3. Applications for intellectual property rights related to genetic/ biological resources
cannot be made without the approval of the NBA.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? (2012)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

High Yielding Topics

Indian Environmental Organisations

 Animal Welfare Board
 Central Ground Water Authority
 Central Pollution Control Board
 National Biodiversity Authority
 National Tiger Conservation Authority
 National Ganga River Basin Authority
 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority

Probable Topics

 Central Zoo Authority

 Wildlife Crime Control Bureau

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer C B B A A B C

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(TOPIC-31)
Subject: Environment

Topic: International Environmental Conventions-1

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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International Environmental
- 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 2 - -
Convention-1

Overview of the Topic

 Nature Conservation
 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora
(CITES)
 Montreux Record
 Wetlands International
 The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)
 Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT)
 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
 United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)
 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
 Global Tiger Forum (GTF)

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. ‘Invasive Species Specialist Group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs
to which one of the following organizations? (2023)
(a) The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(b) The United Nations Environment Programme
(c) The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
(d) The World Wide Fund for Nature

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2. The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries
transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018)
(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg
(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro
(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris
(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi

3. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)
1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement
between governments.
2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural
environments.
3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not
take the place of national laws.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does
it imply? (2014)
(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in
the wetland as a result of human interference.
(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human
activity within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland
(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of
certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein
should not be destroyed
(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’

5. With reference to a conservation organization called Wetlands International, which of the

following statements is/are correct? (2014)
1. It is an intergovernmental organization formed by the countries which are
signatories to the Ramsar Convention.
2. It works at the field level to develop and mobilize knowledge, and use the practical
experience to advocate for better policies.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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High Yielding Topics

 United Nations Conference On Environment And Development (UNCED)

 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
 Montreux Record
 Wetlands International
 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Probable Topics

 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

 The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5

Answer A B B A B

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(TOPIC-32)
Subject: Environment

Topic: International Environmental Conventions-2

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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International
Environmental - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - -
Convention-2

Overview of the Topic

 Hazardous material
 Stockholm Convention
 Basel Convention
 Rotterdam Convention
 Land
 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
 Marine environment
 International Whaling Commission (IWC)
 Atmosphere
 Vienna convention and Montreal Protocol
 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 Kyoto Protocol

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. What is/are the importance/importances of the ‘United Nations Convention to Combat

Desertification’? (2016)
1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and
supportive international partnerships.
2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its
Secretariat facilitates the allocation of major portions of financial resources to these
regions.
3. It is committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local
people in combating the desertification.

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Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

2. Consider the following international agreements: (2014)

1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3. The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use
of ozone-depleting substances? (2015)
(a) Bretton Woods Conference
(b) Montreal Protocol
(c) Kyoto Protocol
(d) Nagoya Protocol

High Yielding Topic

 Land
 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
 Atmosphere
 Vienna convention and Montreal Protocol

Probable Topics

 Hazardous material
 Stockholm Convention
 Basel Convention
 Rotterdam Convention

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3

Answer C D B

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(TOPIC-33)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Environmental Issues and Health Effects

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2012
Environmental Issues and
1 - - - - - 1 - - - 2 - -
Health Effects

Overview of the Topic

 Toxicology Effects (Lead, Mercury, Fluorine, etc)

 DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane)
 Lead in Paints
 Trans Fat
 High Caffeine in Energy Drinks
 Pesticides in Human Blood
 Testing of Pesticide Toxicity
 Diseases caused by Environmental degradation (Minamata Disease, Itai Itai, Blue Baby
Syndrome, etc)

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements: (2024)

Statement-I : Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of
environmental pollution.
Statement-II : Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain
Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
2. Consider the following: (2018)
1. Birds
2. Dust blowing
3. Rain

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4. Wind blowing
Which of the above spread plant diseases?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
3. Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and
upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? (2014)
1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
4. There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used
by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? (2014)
1. They can accumulate in the environment, and contaminate water and soil.
2. They can enter the food chains.
3. They can trigger the production of free radicals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

High Yielding Topics

 Toxicology Effects (Lead, Mercury, Fluorine, etc)

Probable Topics

 DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane)

 Trans Fat
 Diseases caused by Environmental degradation (Minamata Disease, Itai Itai, Blue Baby
Syndrome, etc)

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4

Answer A D C D

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(TOPIC-34)
Subject: Environment

Topic: Agriculture

UPSC Previous year question analysis

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2012
Agriculture - - - - 2 1 2 - - - 2 1 2

Overview of the Topic

 Crop and its Classification

 Tillage
 Cropping System and Pattern
 Farming System
 Sustainable Agriculture
 Organic Farming
 Integrated Farming System
 Soil Science

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. What is/are the advantage/advantages of zero tillage in agriculture? (2020)

1. Sowing wheat is possible without burning the residue of the previous crop.
2. Without the need for a nursery of rice saplings direct planting of paddy seeds in the
wet soil is possible.
3. Carbon sequestration in the soil is possible.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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2. What is the use of biochar in farming? (2020)
1. Biochar can be used as a part of the growing medium in vertical farming.
2. When Biochar is a part of the growing medium, it promotes the growth of nitrogen-
fixing microorganisms.
3. When biochar is a part of the growing medium it enables the growing medium to
retain water for a longer time.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. Consider the following statements: (2019)

1. Agriculture soils release nitrogen oxides into the environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into the environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into the environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

4. With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: (2018)
1. The National Programme for Organic Production’ (NPOP) is operated under the
guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development.
2. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority’
(APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP.
3. Sikkim has become India’s first fully organic State.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

5. With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements : (2018)

1. A high content of organic matter in soil drastically reduces its water holding capacity.
2. Soil does not play any role in the sulphur cycle.
3. Irrigation over a period of time can contribute to the salinization of some agricultural
lands.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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6. What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in
agriculture? (2014)
1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur.
2. Increase in the acidity of soil can take place.
3. Leaching of nitrate to the ground-water can occur.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

7. What are the significances of a practical approach to sugarcane production known as

‘Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative’? (2014)
1. Seed cost is very low in this compared to the conventional method of cultivation.
2. Drip irrigation can be practiced very effectively in this.
3. There is no application of chemical/ inorganic fertilizers at all in this.
4. The scope for intercropping is more in this compared to the conventional method of
cultivation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

8. Consider the following organisms (2013)

1. Agaricus
2. Nostoc
3. Spirogyra
Which of the above is / are used as biofertilizer / biofertilizers?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only

9. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

1. Contour bunding
2. Relay cropping
3. Zero tillage
In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon
sequestration/ storage in the soil?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of them

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10. Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2012)
1. Bacteria
2. fungi
3. flowering plants
Some species of which of the above kinds of organisms are employed as biopesticides?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

High Yielding Topics

 Crop and its Classification

 Tillage
 Cropping System and Pattern
 Sustainable Agriculture
 Organic Farming
 Soil Science

Probable Topics

 Integrated Farming System

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer D D D B B C B B B D

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Subject: Environment

Topic: Miscellaneous
1. Consider the following statements: (2022)
1. "The Climate Group" is an international non-profit organization that drives climate
action by building large networks and runs them.
2. The International Energy Agency, in partnership with the Climate Group, launched a
global initiative “EP100.”
3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy
efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction
goals.
4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the "Under2 Coalition."
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

2. What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati? (2019)
(a) Recently discovered uranium deposits
(b) Tropical rain forests
(c) Underground cave systems
(d) Water reservoirs

3. With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards
a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct? (2017)
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote
socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate
shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to
reduce poverty and to promote access-to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only

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4. Consider the following statements : (2017)
1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a
unique initiative of G20 group of countries;
2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
5. Which of the following statements is / are correct regarding vegetative propagation of
plants? (2014)
1. Vegetative propagation produces a clonal population.
2. Vegetative propagation helps in eliminating the virus.
3. Vegetative propagation can be practiced most of the year.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
6. Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the sustainable solutions to the power crisis
in India. In this context which of the following statements are correct? (2012)
1. Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husks can be used in biomass gasification.
2. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification consist of hydrogen and
carbon dioxide only.
3. The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification can be used for direct
heat generation but not in internal combustion engines.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
7. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the
atmosphere, because it absorbs (2012)
(a) the water vapour of the air and retains its heat.
(b) the UV part of the solar radiation.
(c) all the solar radiations.
(d) the infrared part of the solar radiation.

Answer Key

Q. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer B D B B C A D

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