BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF PEOPLE'S POWER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

SANTIAGO MARIÑO POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION II

TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT

Professor:

Ing. Leonel Mujica.

Authors:
Brother David Pérez

CI: 18.129.317
Brother Luis Sánchez

CI:28.189.275

Section: YES

August 4, 2023.
 INTRODUCTION

In general, an attempt is made to carry out a route study that interconnects tension lines.
115kV at a power of 90MVA, in order to transmit energy to the southern towns of
Tubores municipality, Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela. That is to say, outline the best
route alternatives from the Juan Bautista Arismendi 115kV Corpoelec substation, located
in the population of Punta de Mangle, which is a very important electrical complex of the
region that has a thermoelectric plant of the same name; up to the town of
Punta de Piedras, where a strategic arrival point was determined that allows
interconnect the community and its surroundings for domestic, industrial and
commercials. The goal is to transmit the service from the substation to one of the places
mainly for the island's economy, as the system will distribute energy to Punta de
Piedras and Guamache, the main ports of Nueva Esparta.

Starting from the general standards manual for transmission line projects at 115
kV and 230 kV, the authors seek to conduct a proper route study that allows for acquisition
new knowledge and give a focus to electric transport projects. Therefore, it
It starts with the study of the terrain and the surrounding environment, and then outlines the routes and

determine the best drivers for the job. Always considering the criteria
of the manual design and that is feasible for the community. Later it will be shown
detailed the end of the transmission lines project, the characteristics, strengths, and
weaknesses of them to obtain the best alternative, all with the aim of
determine the mechanical calculation of the conductor.
 DEVELOPMENT

Selection of the conductor gauge

The selection of the conductor in transmission lines is the process of choosing the type and
appropriate size of electrical conductor to be used for transmitting electrical current
efficiently, safely, and economically. This decision is based on a series of factors.
technical and economic. The selection of the conductor gauge in transmission lines is
it is carried out considering several factors, among them:

1. Current capacity: the wire gauge must be able to handle the current
maximum that will circulate through the transmission line without overheating. This is
calculate taking into account the maximum load expected to be transmitted and the conditions
environmental.
2. Power losses: A larger gauge of conductor has a lower resistance,
which reduces power losses during transmission. However, a gauge
very large can also increase installation costs and handling difficulty
and maintenance of the line.
3. Transmission distance: As the transmission distance increases, so does
power losses increase. Therefore, one must take into account efficiency of
the transmission when selecting the conductor gauge.
4. Voltage drop: The selection of the conductor size must also take into account
the allowed voltage drop. An excessive voltage drop can affect performance
from the devices connected to the line.
It is important to analyze and balance these factors to select the conductor gauge.
suitable in transmission lines. Calculation tools and formulas can be used
specific to facilitate this process.
 Selection of the conductor by current capacity

The selection of the conductor by current capacity in transmission lines is

refers to the process of selecting the appropriate size of the electrical conductor based on its
capacity to transport the electrical current required by the transmission line without
exceed its thermal capacity limit. Selection of conductor for the study:

Data:

Supply voltage = 115kV

Load power = 90 MVA

Being a three-phase system, the current capacity is given by the formula:

=
√ 3.
90x106
=
√ 3.115000V
I = 451.84 A

Using the calculated current as a reference, the conductor to choose is a conductor.

Partridge, 266.6 kcmil, whose characteristics are as mentioned in the table at
the following characteristics were highlighted:
 Code Breakage current
(Ω/km)
wires
(2) CC(3)
individuals Nucleus Total AluminumSteel Total
DC a AC a A Ka
Ace Al
| Aluminum / Steel

Swan 4 2.12 2.12 2.12 6.36 2.05 58.1 27.4 85.5 845 1.32 1.70 139 3.2
Wiring Sparrow 2 2.67 2.67 2.67 8.01 2.58 92.3 43.6 136 1290 0.89 1,10 184 5.1
June 1 Robin 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 9:00 2.90 116.4 55.0 171 1612 0.658 0.884 211 6.4
Raven Division by zero
3.37is undefined.
3.37 3.37 10, 11 3.25 146.8 69.3 216 1985 0.522 0.717 241 8.0
Quail 2/0 3.78 3.78 3.78 11.35 3.65 185.1 87.4 273 2405 0.414 0.584 275 10.1
Pigeon 3/0 4.25 4.25 4.25 12.74 4,10 233.5 110.3 344 3003 0.328 0.479 313 12.8
Penguin 4/0 4.77 4.77 4.77 14.31 4,61 294.4 139.0 433 3787 0.260 0.396 355 16.1
Wiring Partridge 266.8 2,00 2,57 6,00 16.29 6.62 374.8 171.9 547 5120 0.209 0,255 458 20.3
26/7 Ostrich 300 2,12 2,73 6,36 17.28 7.01 421.5 193.3 615 5757 0.185 0.226 493 22.8
Linnet 336.4 2,25 2,89 6,74 6:30 PM 7.43 472.6 216.7 689 6400 0.165 0.202 530 25.6
Ibis 397.5 2,44 3,14 7,33 19.89 8.07 558.5 256.1 815 7386 0.140 0.171 589 30.2
Hawk 477 2,67 3,44 8,02 21.79 8.85 670.1 307.3 977 8863 0.117 0.142 661 36.3
Dove 556.5 2,89 3,72 8,67 23.53 9.55 781.8 358.5 1140 10248 0,100 0.122 728 42.3
Squab 605 3,01 3,87 9,04 24.54 9.96 850.0 389.7 1240 11041 0.0919 0.112 767 46.0
Grossbeak 636 3,09 3,97 9,27 25.16 10.21 893.5 409.7 1303 11429 0.0875 0.107 792 48.4
Gannet 666.6 3,16 4,07 9,49 25.75 10.46 936.5 429.4 1366 11979 0.0835 0.102 816 50.7
Starling 715.5 3,28 4,21 9,83 26.68 10.83 1005.2 460.9 1466 12858 0.0777 0.0949 853 54.4
Drake 795 3,45 4,44 10,36 28.13 11.42 1116.9 512.1 1629 14287 0.0700 0.0854 912 60.5
Wiring Brant 397.5 2.18 3.27 6.54 19.61 7.87 558.5 203.9 762 6641 0.141 0.172 585 30.2
24/7 Flicker 477 2,39 3,58 7,16 21.49 8,63 670.1 244.7 915 7784 0.117 0.143 657 36.3
Parakeet 556.5 2,58 3,87 7,74 23.21 9.32 781.8 285.5 1067 8989 0,100 0.123 724 42.3
Peacock 605 2,69 4,03 8,07 24.20 9.71 850.0 310.4 1160 9773 0.0924 0.113 763 46.0
Rook 636 2,76 4,13 8,27 24.81 9.96 893.5 326.3 1220 10273 0.0879 0.107 787 48.4
Flamingo 666.6 2,82 4,23 8,47 25.40 10.20 936.5 342.0 1279 10768 0.0839 0.102 811 50.7
Stilt 715.5 2,92 4,39 8,77 26,31 10.57 1005.2 367.1 1372 11558 0.0781 0.0954 848 54.4
Cuckoo 795 3,08 4,62 9,25 27.74 11,14 1116.9 407.9 1525 12666 0.0703 0.0859 906 60.5
Wiring Waxwing 266,8 3.09 3.09 3.09 15.46 6.00 374.8 58.4 433 3122 0.212 0.259 448 20.3
18/1 Merlin 336.4 3.47 3.47 3.47 17.36 6.74 472.6 73.7 546 3937 0.168 0.205 519 25.6
Chickadee 397.5 3.77 3.77 3.77 18.87 7.32 558.5 87.1 646 4511 0.142 0.174 576 30.2
Pelican 477 4.13 4.13 4.13 20.67 8.02 670.1 104.5 775 5334 0.118 0.145 646 36.3
Osprey 556.5 4.47 4.47 4.47 22.33 8.66 781.8 121.9 904 6223 0.102 0.124 712 42.3
Kingbird
636 4.77 4.77 4.77 23.87 9.26 893.5 139.3 1033 7111 0.0889 0.109 775 48.4

Wiring Piper 300 2.54 2.54 7.62 17.78 7.34 423.5 277.1 701 7013 0.184 0.225 498 22.8
30/7 Oriole 336.4 2.69 2.69 8.07 18,83 7.78 474.9 310.7 786 7864 0.164 0.201 536 25.6
Lark 397.5 2.92 2.92 8.77 20.47 8.45 561.2 367.1 928 9227 0.138 0.170 595 30.2
 Hen 477 3.20 3.20 9.61 22.42 9.26 673.4 440.5 1114 10803 0.116 0.142 668 36.3
Eagle 556.5 3.46 3.46 10.38 24.22 10.00 785.6 513.9 1300 12603 0.0994 0.121 736 42.3
Wood Duck 605 3,61 3,61 10,82 25.25 10.43 854.1 558.7 1413 13118 0.0914 0.112 776 46.0
Scooter 636 3.70 25.89 10.69 897.9 587.4 1485 13791 0.0870 0.106 800 48.4
Skimmer 795 4,13 4,13 12,40 28.94 11.95 1122.4 734.2 1857 17106 0.0696 0.0849 922 60.5

Tern 795 2,25 3,38 6,75 27.01 10.72 1119.6 217.5 1337 10015 0.071 0.088 888 60.5
Wiring Ruddy 900 2,39 3,59 7,18 28.74 11.41 1267.5 246.3 1514 11085 0.063 0.078 958 68.5
45/7 Rail 954 2.47 3.70 7.40 29.59 11.75 1343.6 261.0 1605 11750 0.059 0.074 993 72.6
Ortolan 1033.5 2,57 3,85 7,70 30.79 12,23 1455.5 282.8 1738 12562 0.055 0.069 1042 78.6
Bluejay 1113 2,66 3,99 7,99 31.96 12.69 1567.5 304.6 1872 13528 0.051 0.064 1090 84.7
Bunting 1192.5 2,76 4,13 8,27 33.08 13,13 1679.4 326.3 2006 14495 0.047 0.060 1137 90.7
Bittern 1272 2,85 4,27 8,54 34.16 13.56 1791.4 348.1 2139 15461 0.044 0.056 1183 96.8
Dipper 1351.5 2,93 4,40 8,80 35.21 13.98 1903.4 369.8 2273 16427 0.042 0.053 1227 102.8
Bobolink 1431 3,02 4,53 9,06 36.24 14.39 2015,3 391.6 2407 17393 0.040 0.050 1270 108.9
Nuthatch 1510,5 3,10 4,65 9,31 37.23 14.78 2127.3 413.3 2541 18181 0.037 0.048 1312 114.9
Lapwing 1590 3,18 4,77 9,55 38.20 15,16 2239.3 435.1 2674 19138 0.036 0.046 1353 121.0
Wiring Condor 795 3.08 3.08 9.25 27.74 11.23 1122.4 407.9 1530 12787 0.071 0.089 889 60.5
5 Canary 900 3.28 3.28 9.84 29.51 11.95 1270.6 461,8 1732 14476 0.062 0.079 959 68.5
Wiring Cardinal 954 3,38 3,38 10,13 30.38 12.31 1346.8 489.5 1836 15345 0.059 0.075 994 72.6
54/19 Curlew 1033.5 3,51 3,51 10,54 31.63 12.81 1459.1 530.3 1989 16624 0.054 0.069 1044 78.6

Finch 1113 2,19 3,65 10,94 32.82 13.29 1571.3 559.3 2131 17718 0.050 0.065 1093 84.7
Grackle 1192.5 2,27 3,77 11,33 33.97 13.76 1683.5 599.3 2283 18984 0.047 0.060 1140 90.7
Pheasant 1272 2,34 3,90 11,70 35.09 14,21 1795.8 639.2 2435 19776 0.044 0.057 1185 96.8
Martin 1351.5 2,41 4,02 12,06 36.17 14.65 1908,0 679.2 2587 21012 0.042 0.054 1230 102.8
Plover 1431 2,48 4,13 12,41 37.22 15.07 2020, 2 719.1 2739 22248 0.039 0.051 1274 108.9
Parrot 1510.5 2,55 4,25 12,75 38.24 15.49 2132.5 759.1 2892 23484 0.037 0.048 1316 114.9
Falcon 1590 2,62 4,36 13,08 39.23 15.89 2244.7 799.0 3044 24720 0.035 0.046 1357 121.0
Wiring Chukar 1780 2,22 3,70 11,09 40.67 16.27 2458.0 580.2 3038 23110 0.031 0.038 1508 135.4
84/19 Bluebird 2156 2,44 4,07 12,21 44.76 17,91 2977.3 702.8 3680 27355 0.026 0.031 1702 164.0
Kiwi 2167 2,94 4,41 8,81 44.07 17.36 3005.8 374.7 3380 22599 0.026 0.032 1691 164.9
Thrasher 2312 2,07 4,43 10,34 45.78 18,24 3216.5 501.8 3718 25717 0.024 0.030 1763 175.9
Joree 2515 2.16 4.62 10.78 47.75 19.03 3498.9 545.9 4045 27975 0.022 0.027 1860 191.4
Wiring Petrel 101.8 2,34 2,34 7,02 11.70 4.54 143.4 235.0 378 4697 0.516 0.824 234 7.7
76/19 Minorca 110.8 2,44 2,44 7,32 12.20 4,73 156.0 255.8 412 5112 0.474 0.772 244 8.4
Wiring Legthorn 134.6 2,69 2,69 8,07 13.45 5.22 189.6 310.8 500 6165 0.390 0.669 269 10.2
December 7Guinea 159 2.92 2.92 8.77 14.62 5.67 223.9 367.1 591 7255 0.330 0.595 291 12.1
Dotterel 176.9 3,08 3,08 9,25 15.42 5.98 249.1 408.4 658 7865 0.297 0.554 306 13.5
Dorking 190.8 3,20 3,20 9,61 16.01 6.21 268.7 440.5 709 8483 0.275 0.527 317 14.5
Cochin 211.3 3,37 3,37 10,11 16.85 6.54 297.6 487.9 785 9394 0.249 0.494 332 16.1
 Check conductor for voltage drop

The voltage drop method is a technique used to calculate the appropriate size of
an electric cable based on the length of the cable, the current load, and the maximum drop
of allowed voltage. It refers to the decrease in voltage measured at the receiving end
(load) as a result of electrical losses along the conductor. The appropriate design
help to minimize these losses. Subsequently, a second calculation is made for the drop of
tension taking into account the distance and physical characteristics of the conductor through the
formula for a three-phase system:

.
= 2 . 100
. . (%)
Where:

S= conductor section

P = power in watts

L = length of the cable

γ=conductivity of the conductor (copper 56 and aluminum 35)

nominal tension

e = permissible voltage drop (expressed in volts)

The value of conductivity can be taken from the following table:

The conductor section is calculated using the formula:

A = π .r 2= d2
4
A =208.41mm20.000208m2

In this case, the needed data is solved which would be the voltage drop e, then the equation
it would be as follows:
 . √. 3
= 2 x 100
. .

90 MVA6970m.3 √
= x 100
(
35.71115kV. )2
208.41mm 2

1.10%

Another way to calculate the drop is through Ohm's law

Δv = IxR

Where:

R = resistance of the conductor

I = line current

Then we calculate the resistance of the conductor using the formula:

Where:

ρ = resistivity of the material

L = length of the total line of the 3 phases

S = driver's sanction
2
R = 0.0280Ω

Ω 23x6970m
R = 0,0280
208.41mm2

= 2.809 Ω

So using Ohm's law:

Δv = 451.84.2,809Ω = 1269,218V
Δv
Δ %=
A
1269,218
Δ %= x100
115000
1.10%
 Initial conditions or starting limits for mechanical calculation of
conductor
For the mechanical calculation of a conductor, different starting limits are considered.
according to the type of conductor and the specific application. Below are mentioned some
of the common limits that must be taken into account:
1. Maximum allowable voltage: Each type of conductor has a maximum allowable voltage.
to prevent damage to the insulation and ensure safety. This maximum voltage is usually
to be specified by the manufacturer of the driver.
[Link] voltage: The service voltage is the nominal voltage that it will be subjected to.
the driver during its normal operation. The mechanical calculation must take into account
this tension to determine if the conductor is suitable to withstand it without suffering
deformations or breakages.
3. Maximum permissible load: The mechanical calculation must also consider the load.
maximum that the driver can withstand without suffering excessive deformations. This load
It may be due to the weight of the driver, wind loads, snow loads, or others.
mechanical loads.
4. Maximum allowable temperature: The conductors have a maximum temperature
admissible to avoid damage to the insulation. This maximum temperature may depend
of the type of insulation used. If the conductor temperature exceeds this limit, it can
a deterioration of the insulation and a reduction in the lifespan of the conductor occurs.
5. Safety factor: To ensure the durability and safety of the conductor, it
apply a safety factor in mechanical calculations. This factor takes into account possible
variations in the actual operating conditions and ensure that the driver is
able to withstand the expected loads without exceeding the initial limits.
In the current study project, taking as a reference the condition in which they are
conducting the study on Margarita Island where the conditions of the land and environment
were determined.

Static limit: maximum tension (CADAFE STANDARD)

Article 27.1 of the RLAT states that the maximum tension to which a cable can be subjected is:
of its breaking stress (TR) divided by a safety coefficient of less than 3, the stress
The calculated value will be the one applied under less favorable temperature and overload conditions.
in the area where the conductor will be installed.

Airlines have a safety coefficient of ≥3, thus allowing them to do without

of conductor breakage. In the project, CADAFE standards are used as a reference,
whose safety factors are:

For this case study, the maximum tension is calculated using the data from the conductor.
selected which is 5120 Kg/f and the safety factor of K= 1.5, because it is used a
steel support in lattice in construction, so it has:
TR
=
cs
5120 kgf
=
1.5
3413.33 kgf

Dynamic limits in Venezuela: TCD and THF (CADAFE STANDARD AND

Environmental Conditions
EI RLAT, in its article 27.2, establishes that the conductors must be calculated
that they remain protected from vibratory phenomena (caused by the wind). However,
it does not set any limits in this regard. Experience indicates that the higher the mechanical tension
the longer the cable, the greater the possibility of being affected by vibrations: hence the
convenience of keeping said tension below certain limits to avoid as much as possible
the breakage due to vibrations.
The concepts of dynamic limits can be mentioned below:
a) Daily tension (TCD-EDS): tension limit at 20 ºC, without overloads
 Every Day Stress: EDS.
This limit takes into account the wind vibrational phenomenon under temperature conditions.
most common media at the international level, which is set at 15 ºC. According to the standards
CADAFE that temperature level varies each day depending on the area in question, however,
In general, it is understood that the average value is 20ºC. But in the project in question, this
the temperature oscillates between 30-32ºC.

b) Tension in the cold hours (THF-CHS): tension limit at 5 ºC, without overloads (in
Cold Hours Stress: CHS.
It also takes into account the vibrational phenomenon due to the wind, but under conditions of
the most common minimum temperature at the international level, which is set at -5 ºC. According to the

CADAFE standards, that temperature level varies according to the area in question, however, to
At a general level, the minimum value is 5ºC for the country.
ClGRE: International Conference on Large Electric Grids.

Distances

The distance of the conductor refers to the physical separation between the conductors of a
line, whether with ground, with support or between themselves. In electrical transmission lines, the
conductors are arranged in parallel and are used to transport electrical energy from a
place to another. The distance between the drivers is very important, as it affects several
aspects of performance and security of the line.

One of the most important aspects is the risk of short circuits. If the conductors
they are too close to each other, there is a greater probability that a
short circuit. On the other hand, if the conductors are too far apart, there can be problems.
of stability and efficiency in energy transmission.

Distance of the Conductors to the ground or to the soil

The minimum distance of the conductors to the ground is calculated with the following equation. Without

embargo, later emphasis will be placed on the distance according to CADAFE regulations. So:

DT = 5.3 +
150
 115
DT = 5.3 + = 6,067m
150
In this way, the overall minimum distance extracted from the texts is calculated. Now, according to
the CADAFE regulations obtain the minimum distances between the conductor and the ground with the
table

In this case, the distance will use crossings with paved roads, as it presents
the same in the population and crosses over them. Taking this into account, at the distance
4.5m is added to the minimum to thus adjust it to the regulations:

= 6,067m + 4.5 = 10.567

Distance between the conductors

The minimum distance at which the conductors will be placed from each other is determined by the
equation:

= √ + +
150
The value of K is obtained with the following table:
 According to the indication, the angle of oscillation is calculated with the expression:

fhv
=
fvp

The horizontal force due to the wind is found using the equation:

1
fhv = Pv . ∅c . Sm+ Pv. . AC/A. Nisolated
2
From here, the wind pressure at 9kph (average speed) is determined:

Pv = 0.00481V2 / 2

Pv = 0.00481(9)2 / 20.38961 kg/m2

Then, the diameter of the conductor is extracted from the table and the span is obtained through a simple calculation.

means:

∅c = 16,29mm = 0.01629m

Sm =280m

The area of an insulator:

1 254mm. 146mm
AC/A= b.. h = 18542mm20.0185m2
2 2
Then, with the obtained data, the data is substituted into the general equation:

1
fhv = 0,38961 kg/m20.01629m .280m +0.38961 kg/m20.0185m215
2
fhv = 1.777 + 0.05418 = 1.831kg

The vertical force due to weight is found with the equation:

1
fvp = wr . Sg+ Pc
.
2
 Weight of the chain of the threaders = 90kg

The total load on the conductor is calculated, in this case only due to the wind because
The area is tropical and has no ice due to the average temperature.

+2
= ( )
1000
Where:

Wind load in kg/m

Pv: Wind pressure in kg/m2

cable diameter in mm2.

weight per unit length of the conductor (kg/m)

e = ice crust

Pv = 0.00481V2 / 2

Pv = 0.00481(9)2 / 20.38961 kg/m2

It is substituted in the given equation and it becomes:

16,29 +2(0)
= 0,38961 kg/m2( )
1000
Wv = 0.00635 kg/m

Now, the total load of the conductor is obtained:

= (√ + ℎ) + 2 2

√
= (0.547 2
kg/m + 0) + (0.00635) 2

W_r = 0.54704 kg/m

The vertical force due to weight is determined:

1
fvp = 0.54704 . 302+ 90
. =21020kg/m
2
With both data obtained, it is substituted into the equation of the oscillation angle:

fhv
=
fvp
 1,831
= 0.5
210,20
Now we seek the maximum arrow with the initial conditions and move to the conditions
maximum temperatures:
2 2
= =
8C 8T
(290)2 0.547 kg/m
f1 = = 5,616
8(1024kg

= (√ + ℎ) + 2 2

Where:

Wr = Total unit load or apparent weight

Wc = unit weight of the conductor

Wv = horizontal wind action

Wh = weight of the ice sleeve.

Now, the total load of the conductor is obtained:

√
= (0.547 kg/m + 0) + (0)2 2

Wr = 0.547 kg/m

The equation of change of conditions (ECC) relates two different states of a cable.
stretched between two points. That is, for a given cable, stretched over a span of given length,
if the tension or the deflection is known at a temperature and an overload (initial state),
we can know the tension or deflection of the conductor at another temperature and another overload

(final state). The equation is given by:

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ 2 ]+ ( 2− 1) − 1}
24 24t1
 (208,416)(6300)290)2 (0.547)2
=
24
2
(208:416)(6300290)2 (0.54704)2
= 2{ 2+ [ ]
24(1024)2

+ (208,416)(6300)(23x10−6 )(50° - 32°) − 1}

3 2(
2+ 2832,681 - )
1376673690 =0

2= 893,138 kg

Therefore, the maximum arrow is:

(290)2 (0,547)
á = = 6438 m
8(893,138)

Finally, the distance between the conductors is calculated taking into account that the
the length of the suspension chain is 4.8m according to the calculations made in the document
previous. So:

= √ + +
150
115
Dc = 0,60√6,438 + 4,8 +
150
= 2,778 m

Distance between conductors and supports

For this, the following equation is used, which must have at least one distance.
from 0.2m:

DA = 0.1 +
150
115
DA = 0.1 + = 0,867m
150
In this way, each of the distances required for the project has been calculated.
Where 0.867m is the distance between the conductor and the tower.
 Repositioning or localization of supports in the topographic profile
Using the data from the route study, the delineation of the terrain profile will be made. Under these conditions, work will be done to the
elaboration of the parabola graph.
Topographical profile of the project.
 Construction of template for localization of supports

Catenary curve under minimum conditions (Pmin), maximum conditions (Pmáx), and safety conditions (Pdt).

Minimum, maximum parabola scale, and ground distance

 For these data, the state change equations were previously calculated.
where:
maximum parabola = maximum vertical arrow = 6.438 meters
minimum parabolic = minimum vertical deflection = 5.616 meters
distance to ground parabola = 6.067 m
The distance of the conductors to the ground was calculated using the formula (DT):

DT = 5.3 +
150
As a rule, the distance to the ground must be at least 6 meters, which would be the distance of

security to the land. Taking, as a reference, the 18-meter pole minus the distance of
safety or maximum arrow the result would be 11.57 m and comparing with the distance of
ground safety that would be 6 meters, we would be above the safety of 5.57 of the arrow
maximum.
For the calculation of the parabola which is a simplified approximation of the catenary of the
line through the equation:
2
=
2
In this case, the c is found in the deduction of the catenary equation:

Where:
height (arrow) (m)
x = span length (m)
C = Tension parameter or parabola parameter
T0= cable tension at the lowest point (kg/mm)2)
Wc: Weight of the driver in kg/m
Wc = 547 kg/km, we convert this data to kg/m.
0.547 kg/m
T0= 893,138 kg

Table 893,138
= =
0.547
C= 1632,793 m
Then, select 1 opening for the calculation of this data at the discretion of the designer:
x = 290 m
semi vano = 145
x2
Y=
2C
1452
Y=
21632,793
Y =6438 m

In this way, the template is built with the data obtained earlier, whose curve
will be presented below, which is distributed in each previously located opening:

Repeating the process until completing the localization in each of the openings of the
project, taking into account the deflections of each edge and the tensioning table that will be carried out

later.
 Ideal regulation span or fictitious span

The ideal regulation gap or fictitious gap in transmission lines is a concept

used in the calculation of the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the transmission line.
It does not refer to a real physical distance between two supports, but rather to a distance
hypothetical or 'ideal' used to simplify calculations.
This concept originated from the fact that the actual transmission lines on land
accident or mountainous terrain do not always follow a straight trajectory and can have
various openings of different lengths and heights. Therefore, to simplify the calculations of
load and performance of the line, engineers can refer to the 'ideal regulation span'
the "fictitious void" that is considered to have an "average" or "ideal" length.
Therefore, the ideal regulatory void is not a measure, but rather a measure
concept that is used in design and engineering calculations. In this case, a will be used.
regulation vane obtained from the location of the supports and is determined with the equation:

290.06m ≈290m

Regulation arrow
It is a fictitious span whose length is a function of the real lengths of the spans that
they integrate the canton. The calculation of the conductor is a laborious task that involves applying at least

six times the so-called condition change equation (ecc). In practice it can
to do so comfortably by taking the
The values of the calculation tables include electricity companies, which
they present the calculation of a certain conductor for a wide range of lengths of
regulation vane. Now, the regulation arrow of the project is presented:
2
=
8T
(290)2 0.547
= = 5,6156
8(1024)
 Regulation tension
The regulation arrow refers to the V.I.R. arrow corresponding to the temperature.
of laying, and it is provided by the generic laying table, along with its
corresponding tension or regulation tension, which is set at 1024 kg as
students' criteria.
The regulation tension is a common value for all the spans of a canton and would be the
the only necessary data to carry out the regulation (adjustment of the proper tension of the conductor) in
the laying operation if it were carried out according to the tension measurement. It occurs, however,
that in M.T. Lines the regulation is commonly effective by means of arrow and this
It depends, for a given common tension, on the length of each span.

Mechanical calculation of the conductor

The mechanical calculation of the conductor in transmission lines refers to the process of
determine and evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the conductor used in a line of
electric transmission. This involves analyzing and its capacity to support the loads and
conditions to which you will be exposed during the operation. Next, I present you with
some important aspects to consider in the mechanical calculation of the conductor in lines of
transmission.

Verification of the conductor load hypotheses

The conductor load hypothesis in transmission lines refers to the

assumptions made when designing and calculating the load capacity of the line
transmission. These assumptions are related to the physical loads that the conductors
can withstand due to environmental conditions (wind, temperature, ice) and
operational. According to CADAFE regulations, for aluminum alloy conductors the loads
mechanics shall not exceed the limit values indicated below and under the
corresponding hypotheses:

Maximum stress hypothesis: 50% of breaking load. Minimum temperature and wind
maximum.
Hypothesis of unit stresses.
a) Initial tension, average wind, average temperature; no greater than 3.37 kg/mm2
b) Initial tension, no wind, average temperature; not greater than 4.4 kg/mm2
c) Initial tension, no wind, minimum temperature; not greater than 4.1 kg/mm2

Starting from the presented hypotheses, the calculation of each one begins.
by the maximum tension according to CADAFE standards:

Hypothesis 1:

Maximum tension.

50% CR = 2560kg

5°C

120 kph

First, the total load on the conductor is calculated, in this case only from the wind.
due to the fact that the area is tropical and does not have ice because of the average temperature given. So,

The wind load is calculated directly as 1.1283 kg/m and the total load.
es:

√
= (0.547 2
kg/m + 0) (1,1283 kg/m 2

Wr = 1,254 kg/m

Then, the change of state of the conductor is calculated, considering the hypothesis of
the maximum tension. So:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ 2 ]+ ( 2− 1) − 1}
24 24t1
 (208:416)(6300)(290)2 (1,254)2
=
24
2
(208:416)(6300)290)2 (0.54704)2
= 2{ 2+ [ ]
24(1024)2

+ (208,416)(630023x10−6 (5°C - 32° ) − 1}

3 2( )
2+ 2-526,296- 7236742338 =0

2= 2125.756

With the tension obtained in the hypothesis, the deflection is calculated to later compare.
the variations in each hypothesis in the tension table. Meanwhile, it is found with the equation:

(290)2 (0.547)
2= = 2705 m
8(2125.756)

Hypothesis 2:

Initial tension.

Tmax = 50°C

Vprom = 12kph

First, the total load on the conductor is calculated, in this case only due to the wind.
because the area is tropical and has no ice due to the average temperature given. So,
the wind load is calculated directly as 0.00635 kg/m and the overload
total is:

√
= (0.547 kg/m + 0) +6352 kg/m 2

W_r = 0.54704 kg/m

Then, the change of state of the conductor is calculated, taking into account the hypothesis of
the unit tension a. So:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ 2 ]+ ( 2− 1) − 1}
24 24t1
 (208,416)(6300)(290)2 (0.54712)2
=
24
2
2
(208:416)(6300)290)2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ ]
24(1024)2

+ (208,416)(623 times 10−6 (50° - 32°) − 1}

3 2(
2+ 2832,681 - )
1377277783 =0

2= 893,2925 kg
With the tension obtained in the hypothesis, we proceed to calculate the deflection to then compare.
the variations in each hypothesis in the tension table. Meanwhile, it is found with the equation:

(290)2 (0.547 kg/m)

2= = 6,389 m
8(893,2925)

Hypothesis 3:

Initial tension.

= 3 2°

V=0

First, the total load on the conductor is calculated, in this case only for the wind.
due to the fact that the area is tropical and does not have ice because of the average temperature given. So,

The wind load is directly calculated to be 0 and the total load is:

√
= (0.547 kg/m + 0) (0) 2 2

W_r = 0.547 kg/m

Then, the change of state of the conductor is calculated, taking into account the hypothesis of
the unit tension b. Thus:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ 2 ]+ ( 2− 1) − 1}
24 24t1
 (208,416)(6300)290)2 (0.547)2
=
24
2
(208:416)(6300)290)2 (0.54704)2
= 2{ 2+ [ ]
24(1024)2

+ (208:416)(6300)23 times 10−6 )(32°C - 32° ) − 1}

3 2( )
2+ 2289.09 -1376673690 =0

2= 1023.946
With the tension obtained in the hypothesis, we proceed to calculate the deflection to then compare.
the variations in each hypothesis in the tension table. Meanwhile, it is found with the equation:

(290)2 (0.547)
2= = 5,6159 m
8(1023.946)

Hypothesis 4:

Initial tension.

5°C

V=0

First, the total load on the conductor is calculated, in this case only due to the wind.
due to the fact that the area is tropical and lacks ice because of the average temperature given. So,
The wind load is calculated directly as 0 and the total load is:

√
= (0.547 kg/m + 0) + (0)2 2

W_r = 0.547 kg/m

Then, the change of state of the conductor is calculated, taking into account the hypothesis of
the unit tension c. Then:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 2{ 2+ [ 2 ]+ ( 2− 1) − 1}
24 24t1
 (208,416)(6300290)2 (0.547)2
=
24
2
(208.416)(6300)(290)2 (0.54704)2
= 2{ 2+ [ ]
24(1024)2

+ (208:416)(6300)23 times 10−6 (5°C - 32° ) − 1}

3 2( )
2+ 2-526,296- 1376673690 =0

2= 1318.362
With the tension obtained in the hypothesis, we proceed to calculate the deflection to then compare.
the variations in each hypothesis in the tension table. Meanwhile, it is found with the equation:

(290)2 (0.547)
2= = 4.362
8(1318,362)

Maximum allowable gap

The maximum allowable gap in transmission lines refers to the maximum distance that
it can be allowed between two support structures (towers or poles) that hold the
line conductors, without compromising the safety and integrity of the transmission of
energy. The gap depends on several factors, including line voltage, current
transported, the characteristics of the terrain and the design specifications of the line.

In general, to determine the maximum allowable span, load studies are conducted and
structural resistance, considering wind loads, the weight of the conductors, the load
of ice and other relevant variables. Engineers specialized in line design of
transmission uses specific calculations and models based on principles of mechanics
structural, to determine the maximum admissible span. According to the text assigned to the course the

the equation is expressed as follows:

á
á = √
á

Whose maximum allowable deflection is calculated with the equation:

 −
á = = ( 150 ) −

12,505 −
á = = ( 150 ) -4.8 = 14.76
60

Now yes, the maximum opening allowed for the project is:

14.76
á = 290√ = 439.16
6,438 m

Complying with CADAFE regulations of less than 500m between spans.

Tension Table

Hypothesis of laying

No. Vano of Conditions Tensed Arrow

regulation

1 Initial tension, temperature 893,2925 kg 6,389 m

maximum

2 Maximum tension, temperature 2125.756 2,705 m

minimum and maximum wind
290m
3 Initial tension, temperature 1023.946 5,6159 m
average and no wind

4 Final tension, temperature 1318.362 4.362

minimum and no wind
 Location sheet or table. Arrows by opening

In transmission lines, the sag per span refers to the amount of deflection or
vertical deviation experienced by the drivers in a specific span between two
support structures (towers or poles). It is a measure of the way the conductors are
curved due to the loads and stresses they are subjected to.

To calculate the spans by deflections, we first look for the regulation deflection:
2
=
8T
(290)2 0.547
= = 5,6156
8(1024)
And finally, it is extracted with the average span and the spans to calculate the arrows for each
empty. In this case, only 3 will be calculated, which will serve as a guide for the rest:

2.
= 2

(280)2 5,6156
fi1 = = 5,235 m
(290)2

3002 . 5,6156
2= = 6,0095 m
(290)2

(320)2 . 5,6156
fi3 = = 6,8375 m
(290)2

And so on until all the openings of the project are completed. Thus concluding the
115kV transmission line project at 90MVA.
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Transmission systems today are a fundamental part of every life

person, as they are responsible for maintaining interaction between individuals and teams that
they make it easier to carry out daily activities. In this time when it was studied
The topic, it was noticeable how interesting and diverse it is to transmit energy from one point to another.

taking into account the general rules for 115 kV transmission line projects and
230 kV. Of which, four alternative routes were outlined that connect the Juan substation
Bautista Arismendi 115kV and the reduction plant of Punta de Piedras, in order to benefit
the industrial activities of the area.

The design of this network reveals all the benefits as well as the setbacks that
it can cause the mere act of connecting conductors between transmission towers. Therefore,
It is essential to have the right equipment for each situation, to use protection when being close.
of these teams and, above all, to evaluate each process in detail so as not to harm the
work. The optimal conductors for the line were shown, which are resistant to corrosion and
the environmental factors, in addition to the supports whose height complies with the regulations
and the towers are at a safe distance from the population. Therefore, the best was selected
alternative route that meets the distance of 30 meters or more from the residences, the passage
perpendicular to the roads and the greatest distance from the sea to reduce the levels of
corrosion. Highlighting the expropriation of the land of a house that leads to the areas
greens at the endpoint of the line, reducing costs and deforestation.

Learning to make a good investment to enjoy the long-term benefits.

period, in this way a very good alternative was presented to connect two populations and
because not, to be an important point in the economic activities of the community to
distribute this quality service. Our recommendation is to study the processes of
transmission that is vital for the engineer and this can improve over time until
to the point of designing high voltage lines that are optimal for the
evolution of industrial, technological and social processes. Knowledge is power, among
the more one reads and learns in day-to-day life, the more possibilities there are to achieve all goals
raised. Personally, although it was complicated, we were able to learn the steps.
basics for carrying out 115kV transmission line projects at 90MVA.