CHAPTER 11

THE LINE OF ASTRONOMICAL POSITION

Definition
Fundamentals of astronomical position lines
The intercept
The azimuth
Assumptions
Drawing on the letter of an astronomical position line
The astronomical position
Determinants of a Position Line.
The graphical plotting of the lines of position
Circumferential position line
Other methods
Errors in the lines of astronomical position

Chapter 11 Questionnaire

Problems of Chapter 11

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 CHAPTER 11

THE ASTRONOMICAL POSITION LINE

DEFINITION
Any line drawn on the chart, in which the position is known.
a vessel, is a Line of Position. When that line has been obtained through an observation
astronomical, becomes an Astronomical Position Line.

FOUNDATION OF ASTRONOMIC POSITION LINES

When navigating close to the coast and obtaining a radar distance to an object
conspicuous; a semicircle is drawn on the map with the center at the object and a radius equal to
to the measured distance.
All points of the arc of the circumference drawn on the map are equidistant to the
object. That distance is equal to the distance from the ship to the object. Therefore, the ship is in
some place on the arc of that circumference.
In Astronavigation, the concept of Position Line is identical to the previous one.
The practical difference lies in that instead of a conspicuous object, the geographical position of the star is used.
whose coordinates are obtained with the date, HMGr, and Nautical Almanac. Instead of distance
Radar uses the distance to the geographic position of the celestial body, measured with the sextant.
For example:
The Sun is always directly overhead at some location on the surface of the
Earth. In that place (and only in that place), the Zenith Distance is 0.° and the Height is 90°. The
The latitude of that place is equal to the Declination and the Longitude, measured from the West from 0º to 360º, is
equal to the AHGr to the Sun. Both depend on the Hour and are obtained from the Nautical Almanac. In
consequently, the Geographic Position of the Sun can be placed on a Map.

Fig.- 11.1

If at that same moment, the Height of the Sun is measured from another location, and it is subtracted from 90º, it
obtains the Zenith Distance. The Zenith Distance, expressed in Nautical Miles, is exactly,
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the distance between the Observer and the Geographic Position of the Sun, at the moment of the
observation.
Then, drawing a circle around the Geographical Position of the star, in this
case of the Sun, with a distance equal to the Observed Zenith Distance (90º minus the altitude and then
multiplying the result by 60), an Astronomical Position Line will have been drawn.
So that the Geographic Position of the body is within the Chart where it is recorded
estimated position of the vessel, the distance between the geographical position of the star and that of the observer,
it must be small (height close to 90 degrees). For this reason, when a line is drawn from
The astronomical position in that manner is called the Circumzenithal Line of Astronomical Position.

THE ASTRONOMICAL POSITION

At the point where two or more astronomical position lines observed intersect in
In almost simultaneous form, it is called astronomical position. The expression Situation remains
reserved for the point where two or more Lines of Position intersect, obtained by methods
visuals to terrestrial objects, almost simultaneously and with appropriate cutting angles.

Fig.- 11.2

In practice, the distance in Nautical Miles to the Geographic Position of the celestial body can
to have a value between 0 M.N. (when the height is 90º) and 5400 M.N. (when the height is 0 degrees).
Therefore, it is most likely that the geographical position of the star will be outside the Chart of
navigation. To solve that inconvenience, there are numerous methods, but nowadays the
The most common is the Intercept method.

THE INTERCEPT
At the moment of observation, we have; the HMGr obtained from the reading of the
comparator (Held with one hand), and the height of the star, obtained from the reading of the
sextant (Supported with the other hand).
With the HMGr, obtained from the reading of the comparator, and the Nautical Almanac, we
You can obtain the Geographic Position of the Celestial Body, in terms of the Hour Angle and Declination. With the altitude
true, obtained from the reading of the sextant, the zenith distance can be obtained and the
the true distance between the astronomical object's geographic position and the observer.
Now, since the Latitude and Longitude of the observer are not known, a "ADOPTED" one is used.
Latitude and longitude, in the vicinity of the point where the ship is actually located. It
It is more common to adopt the same Estimated Point. "P.A.", in figures 11.3 and 11.4. In this way,
the three vertices of the astronomical position triangle are defined, and therefore, it can be
calculate the distance between the adopted position and the Geographic Position (G.P.) that the star had
in the moment of observation.
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 If the distance calculated this way is greater than the distance obtained through the
observation, as is the case in figures 11.3 and 11.4, is because the adopted point is outside
from the position circle. Moreover, the difference between both distances is the shortest distance.
that exists between the adopted point and the Position Line.
At that distance, which is small enough to be worked with
compass on the chart where the estimated position is marked is called INTERCEPT.
When the intercept is negative, it is because the adopted point is inside the circle.
of position.
In practice, it is not necessary to work with Zenith Distances, since the Intercept is
equal to; the Calculated Zenith Distance, minus Observed Zenith Distance.

Interceptor = [Link] - [Link] (Degrees).

But:
DZ. = 90 - Height. Degrees
Therefore:
Interceptor = 90 - AC. - ( 90 - Av.) = Av – Ac Degrees
" = (Av - Ac)⋅ 60 Nautical Miles.

In summary: intercept is the distance, in nautical miles, that exists between the point
adopted and the closest point of the astronomical position line.
On the other hand, since it is a difference of radii, between the calculated zenith distances and the
observed, the intercept is always perpendicular to the line of position

THE AZIMUTH
The direction, from the adopted point, towards the Geographic Position of the star, is equal to
calculated azimuth. Therefore, a point can be graphically located on a map,
near the Position Line. To do this, a Line is drawn from the adopted point,
the same direction of the calculated azimuth (towards the geographical position of the star), and on it, is measured
a distance equal to the Intercept.

Fig.11.3

Like the Position Line, it is an arc of the enormous circumference equidistant from the
Geographical position of the star, a line perpendicular to the azimuth, raised from the point where
the Intercept ends, it can be considered as a Line of Position.
When the Intercept is negative, the adopted point falls within the position circle.
Therefore, the closest point of the circumference is in the opposite direction.
(Reciprocal), to the azimuth obtained through calculation.
In this case, the Line is drawn in the direction opposite to the azimuth. On it, a measurement is made of a
distance equal to the intercept, and from this last point a perpendicular is raised. This method

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to draw lines of astronomical position, it was invented by a Dutch navigator named
Marcq St. Hilaire.

Fig.- 11.4.
ASSUMPTIONS
As the adopted point is close to the point where the ship actually is and
the distance between the Astronomical Geographic Position and the observer is very large, one can assume:
1st.- That the direction towards the Geographic Position of the Star (Azimuth) is the same from the Point
Adopted and from the point where the ship is actually located.
2nd.- That the arc of Position Line, despite being a circular arc, can be drawn in
the Letter as a Straight Line, in the vicinity of the place where the observer is located, due to
that the radius of the position circle is very large.
3rd.- That the direction to a fixed course (loxodromic) towards the geographical position of the star from the
adopted point (Straight line on the Map), is equal to the direction by the shortest path
(Orthodromic).

DIAGRAM ON THE CHART OF A LINE OF ASTRONOMICAL POSITION

The sector enclosed by the rectangle in figure 11.5 is an enlargement of the area in the
neighborhoods where the ship is located. Therefore, it could very well be the navigation chart.
where the estimated position is taken.
P.G.; is the Geographical Position of the star at the moment its altitude was measured (outside the
Letter).
"P.A." is the Adopted Position, in the vicinity where the ship is located.
The arc of the circumference "L P" is at a distance from "P.G." equal to the zenith distance.
True, which can be obtained from the Observed Height. For having been measured with the
sextant, it is a line of astronomical position and the ship is located somewhere along that.
Position Line.
The distance from the adopted point 'P.A.' to the geographical position of the star 'P.G.';
just like the Azimuth, can be obtained from the calculation, solving the spherical triangle whose vertices
North Pole (N.P.), Adopted Point (A.P.), and Geographic Position of the Star (G.P.).
The calculated distance from 'P.A.' to 'P.G.', minus the distance obtained through the
observation; that is, L.P. to P.G., is the distance that exists between the Adopted Point (with which it
resolved the spherical triangle), and the closest point of the Position Line. The value of that
distance is equal to that of the Intercept.
AZ is the Azimuth with which an observer at 'P.A.' would see the star whose Geographic Position
It is 'P.G.'. Therefore, it is also the direction towards the nearest Point of Position.
The Position Line 'L P' is perpendicular to AZ.
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 Fig. 11.5

If a point had been adopted, farther from the Geographical Position of the Star than the
adopted "P.A.", the distance calculated to "P.G.", would have been clearly greater than the one that was
it was obtained by calculating it from 'P.A.'. However, the observed distance is only one and does not change,
whatever point is adopted. Therefore, the difference between both distances, called
Intercepto would have been greater, but the Position Line 'L P' remains the same.
place.
On the other hand, if a point had been adopted, between the Geographic Position of the Star
"P.G." and the location where the ship is actually situated ("L.P"), the distance calculated to "P.G.",
it would be lower than that which would have been obtained by calculating it from a place situated in the same
"L.P.". But since the observed distance is a single one and does not change, regardless of the point adopted,
the difference between both distances, called Intercept, would have turned out negative. For this
reason, it should have been traced in the reciprocal direction of the azimuth and again, the Position Line "L "
P" remains in the same place.

DETERMINANTS OF A POSITION LINE

It is called a Determinant the set of data sufficient and necessary to be able to
draw on the Mercator Chart a Celestial Height Line of a Star. In the Marcq Saint method
Hilaire, the determinants are:
a) Estimated latitude
b) Estimated length
c) Azimuth
d) Height difference (Intercept)
Observation Time.

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THE GRAPHIC PLOTTING OF THE LINES OF POSITION
Despite being very unlikely, in practice there is no Scale Letter available.
appropriate for plotting Position Lines, during the execution of exercises, as well as in the phase
For practice and exams, a chart must be created to obtain the Position.
The requirements are: a sheet of paper (preferably graph paper), a protractor,
a ruler, pencil, eraser, and compass.
The procedure is as follows:
- A line is drawn, parallel to the base of the paper, representing the Latitude Parallel.
Dear, and another line perpendicular to the previous one, representing the Meridian of Longitude
Dear. The point where these two lines intersect is the point adopted to resolve the
Position triangle. "P.A." in figure 11.3 or 11.5
- With the center of the protractor placed on the Adopted Point, the Azimuth is marked.
obtained through calculation and a very smooth line is drawn in the direction of the Geographic Position
of the star, if the Intercept is positive, or in the opposite direction if it is negative.
- A scale of distances is chosen. For example: Half a centimeter (5 millimeters), equals one
Nautical Mile. The dimension of the Intercept will be equal to its value in M.N., multiplied by that
amount of millimeters.
- From the Adopted Point, the Intercept is measured towards the Geographical Position of the star, if
it is positive; or in the opposite direction if it is negative, and a point is marked.
- At the end of the Intercept, a perpendicular is raised to the Azimuth and is drawn.
Position Line. This line is symbolized with an arrow tip at each end and on it
the name of the star is recorded.
- The procedure is repeated for each star. The point where two or more Lines intersect
Astronomical positions, observed almost simultaneously, is the Astronomical Position
Observed.
- The coordinates of the observed astronomical position are obtained by measuring the
difference in latitude and deviation of the observed point with respect to the adopted one.
Example:
On January 25, 1992, at Lat. Est.: 19° 31.0' N° 32.0' W, the observed
star Regulus, to the HMGr: 07 55 04 obtaining a sextant height of: 27° 21.5' and Dubhe,
to the HMGr 07 57 13 with a sextant height of: 34° 53.0'
The index error was: +2.7'. The eye elevation was 7.3 meters. What is the Position?
observed astronomical?
Answer: See figure 11.4
1) The height and azimuth are obtained calculated from the Estimated Point to Regulus and Dubhe, in the
moment of observation:
Astro Regulus Dubhe
Height calc. = 27° 12.5' 34° 43.8'
Azimuth 273.8 degrees 333.1º
See solved example in Chapter 13.
The true heights are calculated.
Astro Regulus Dubhe
Ave. = 27° 17.5' 34° 49.5'
See solved example in Chapter 10.
3) The intercepts are calculated:
Astro Regulus Dubhe
Av. = 27° 17.5' 34° 49.5'
Ac. = 27° 12.5' 34° 43.8'
Interceptor = + 5.0' + 5.7'
4) A scale is chosen, for example; 1 cm = 1 M.N., and after defining the location of the point
Adopted, the Position Lines are drawn. The observed point is where both intersect.
Position Lines: 4.0 M.N. to the North and 4.8 M.N. to the West of the Adopted.
The [Link]. is: 4.8 / Cos Lat = 5.0’ W. Therefore;
The observed latitude is: 19° 31.0' + 4.0/60 = 19° 35.0' N. The observed longitude is: -25° 32.0' - 5/60
= 25° 37.0' W

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 Let's assume now that instead of adopting the estimated point, previously, it is adopted
another point located a few nautical miles to the northwest of it. Let's say, Lat.: 19° 40' N,
Lon.: 025° 40' W.
As the time of observation does not change, neither does the geographical position of the
Astros. That is to say, they maintain their AHGr and Dec. The observed height does not change either nor the ...
True. The only thing that will change is the calculated height and naturally, the intercepts. See
figure 11.6

Fig. 11.6

Calculation of the new intercepts:

Astro Regulus Dubhe
HMGr = 07 55 04 (25) [Link]
AHGr Astro = 90° 39.7' 77° 22.3' A.N. See Chapter 12
Lon. = 025° 40.0' W 025° 40.0' W
AHH = 64° 59.7' 51° 42.3'
Lat = 19° 40.0' N 19° 40.0' N
Dec = 12° 00.2' N 61° 47.3' N A.N. Stars
Av = 27° 17.5' 34° 49.5'
Ac = 27° 20.6' 34° 55.2'
I = -3.1' -5.7'
As 273.7º 333.1º
Graphing the azimuths from the new position adopted, in their reciprocal directions.
due to negative intercepts, and raising the perpendiculars that represent the Lines
From Position, it is obtained; a d. Lat.= 5.0' S and a Apart. = 2.8' E. Dividing the latter by the
Cosine of the Latitude, there is a d. Lon.= 3.0' E.
Therefore, the observed point remains; Lat. Obs.: 19° 35.0' N° 37.0' W.
See figure 11.7.
If a point situated on a Line of Position had been adopted, the Intercept to that
Astro would have resulted in zero. If a point had been adopted at the same observed point, the
Intercepting all the stars would have resulted in zero.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL POSITION LINE

To draw a circumferential Line of Position, the Position is located on the Chart.
Geography of the Star, in the form indicated at the beginning of this chapter.
A circle, drawn around that point, with a radius equal to the Zenith Distance,
expressed in Minutes (M.N.), is an Astronomical Position Line.
The observation of a circumferential height is not easy, due to the difficulty that arises.
it presents in practice, to identify the vertical plane of the star, on which it is measured
precisely the altitude. In other words, when changing the azimuth, it does not appear that the altitude of the star varies. For

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Another part, it is uncommon for Latitude to coincide with Declination and the appropriate time, so that
the AHGr is equal to the Length. For these reasons, the Circumferential Position Line,
rarely used.
OTHER METHODS
There are other methods to plot the Line of Position on the Chart, also based on
the resolution of spherical triangles.
For example, assuming only the Latitude of a place located to the South of the estimated Position,
it is possible to calculate the Length at which vertex Z of the Position triangle P, Z, A is located
whose latitude was assumed.
To do this, a position triangle is solved in which all three sides are known.
P, Z = 90 - Adopted Latitude
P, A = 90 - Declination y
Z, A = 90 - Average.

Fig. 11.7

The angle at the Pole (P) can be obtained using the same formula used to calculate the
heights

Cos P (Sin Av - Sin Lat·Sin Dec)/(Cos Lat·Cos Dec.)

Finally, added P (if the star is located to the West), or subtracted P (if the star is located ...
to the East), to the AHGr the star the length (measured from the west of 0º to 360º) of vertex Z is obtained.
Then a different Latitude is assumed to the North of the estimated position, and the calculation is redone.
length of the new vertex.
The line that connects both points is the Position Line arc.
Although these methods have the advantage of being a bit shorter, using a single
formula and to be something more precise, have fallen into disuse because for other objectives of the
astronavigation requires formulas similar to those used to calculate height and the
azimuth.

ERRORS IN ASTRONOMICAL POSITION LINES

Suppose that three astronomical observations are made, with cutting angles.
appropriate, from a stationary position.
If the measured zenith distances have no error of any kind (constant or
variable), the corresponding position lines will necessarily intersect at a point,
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that represents the real position of the observer. In figures 11.8 and 11.9, these lines of
position, they are labeled with '0'. Parallel to each of the three previous lines, there
he has drawn position lines with a constant error in the observed zenith distances.
Those observed zenith distances, which are less than the actual zenith distance, have
a positive error and they have been labeled +1. Those zenith distances observed, which measure
more than the actual zenith distances, they have a negative error and have been labeled - 1.
Regarding the azimuths from which the stars were observed, they can be presented
two cases;
That the geographical position of the stars is found on only one side of the horizon.
That is to say, their azimuths differ by approximately 60º, and therefore there remains a sector of
horizon greater than 180º without any geographical positions of observed celestial bodies in that
direction. In graph 11.8, the three azimuths are greater than 180º and less than 360º. Okay
There is no azimuth between 000º and 180º.
As can be seen in figure 11.8 on the left, if an observer were to graph
the position lines observed with a constant error of "+1" in the zenith distances,
the triangle 'A' would be produced. On the other hand, if the same observer makes an observation
of the same stars, but this time without considering a constant error in the zenith distance of
-1
Observer is outside the triangle.

Fig. 11.8

b) That the geographic position of the observed stars is distributed throughout the
horizon. It is worth saying that the azimuth of the observed stars differs by angles of
approximately 120º and therefore, there is no sector of the horizon greater than 180º without the
existence of some azimuth to the geographical position of a star.
In figure 11.9, on the left, the triangle that would be produced is drawn.
observer, if I were to graph all the observed zenith distances, without considering an error
constant of '+1'. In contrast, in the figure on the right, the triangle has been drawn that is associated with it.
would produce to the observer if the measurements of observed zenith distance, to the same stars,
they would have been graphed with a constant error of "- 1".
In both cases, it can be observed that this time, the formed triangle has two
different characteristics from the previous case;
1st) The size of the triangle is much larger than in the previous case.
2nd) The real position of the observer is found at the center of the triangle formed.
due to the cut of the positioning lines.
In all the previous cases, we have assumed that only constant errors exist.

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 Fig. 11.9

The actual position of the observer can be found in both cases, assuming a
index error not considering and redoing the graphic work until the position lines
they intersect at a point. Another method consists of bisecting the azimuths at each of the vertices
of the triangle. For example;
Assuming that due to a partially overcast sky, only three could be observed.
astros whose respective azimuths resulted; star No. 1 at 218°, star No. 2 at 354°, and star No. 3 at
262º. When graphing the position lines, a triangle is formed like the one shown in the figure,
11.10.

Fig. 11.10

The bisector of azimuth 1 and 2 is drawn at the vertex of the west (left) in direction
286º – 106º ((218+354)/2), the bisector of azimuths 3 and 2 is drawn at the north vertex at
direction 308º - 128º, and the bisector of azimuths 1 and 3, is drawn at the southern vertex in direction
240º - 060º. The three bisectors intersect at a point that can be considered the position of
observer, only if there has been a constant error of equal magnitude, in all the
height observations. This procedure to find the position was discovered by a
Italian captain named Alessio.
When there is an error of variable or unknown magnitude, it is most likely that the
the position is at the center of the triangle.
Another small error can occur when the intercepts are very long and are drawn.
about a mercator map as straight lines instead of doing it as a great circle arc. This
error is almost proportional to the tangent of the height and to the square of the distance between the point

11
adopted and the position. On the other hand, this error is greater at the equator than at high latitudes. In
the practical work this error is rarely considered, but the H.O. Tables 229 have
instructions and procedures to correct it.

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QUESTIONNAIRE OF CHAPTER 11

1.- Explain the basis of an astronomical position line.

2.- Explain the difference between estimated and adopted latitudes and longitudes.

3.- Explain the three assumptions made when plotting an astronomical position line.
by the intercept method (Marcq St. Hilaire).

4.- Explain with the help of a graph, the reason why a Position Line drawn by the
The intercept method does not change position when changing the adopted latitude and longitude.

5.- Explain with the help of a graph the difference between observing three lines of position.
leaving a larger sector of 180º of horizon without azimuth and doing it by observing azimuth in sectors
of approximately 120º.

PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 11

1.- A ship observes the altitude of the Sun, at the moment when the solar AHGr is 119º 47.0’ and its
Declination is 21º 33.0' S. If the ship is actually located at Lat: 35º 17' S, Lon: 075º 39'
W, indicate;
a) If the star is located to the East or to the West of the observer
b) What is the true height from the observation point?
c) What intercept and azimuth do you obtain, using the estimated position coordinates?
(35º 10.0’ S, 075º 28.0’ W)
d) What intercept and azimuth do you get, using the coordinates of the adopted position?
(35° 00.0' S, 075° 47.0' W).
e) Why when graphing the position lines obtained from the estimated point and the
obtained from the adopted point, they overlap and both pass through the real position of the
ship?

Response:
a) The star is located to the West of the observer because the angle of horizon to the Sun is greater than the
west longitude. Therefore it is a P.M. observation.
b) The true altitude from the observation point is; 49º 12.5’
c) The height calculated from the estimated position is 49º 04.5’ at 277.3º. Therefore, the
Intercept is; + 8. 0’.
d) The height calculated from the adopted position is 49º 21.2' at 277.3º. Therefore the
Intercept is; - 8.7'.
e) There are three spherical triangles that share two common vertices: the North Pole and the
geographic position of the star.
In the triangle whose third vertex is the observer's actual position, the zenith distance
corresponds to 90º - True height. Therefore, the distance in miles between the actual position
of the ship and the geographical position of the star is; (90º - 49º 12.5’) 60 = 2447.5’.
In the triangle whose third vertex is the estimated position, the zenith distance corresponds to
90º - Height calculated. Therefore, the distance from the estimated position to the position
The geographical location of the star is; (90º – 49º 04.5’) · 60 = 2455.5’. This means that the position
dear, it is 8.0' farther from the geographical position of the star than the position
observed. (2455.5 – 2447.5).
In the triangle whose third vertex is the adopted position, the zenith distance corresponds to
90º - Height calculated. Therefore, the distance from the position taken to the position
The geographical coordinates of the star are; (90º – 49º 21.2') · 60 = 2438.8'. This means that the position
adopted, is located 8.7' closer to the geographical position of the star than the position
observed. (2447.5 – 2438.8).

2.- Identify, calculate the azimuth and intercepts, and obtain the observed point graphically:

13
January 25, 1992° 31° N, Lon. Est.: 25° 32' W. Ei: 2.7'. Elev. ojo: 7.3 m.
HZL: 05 50. Hcp: 7 50 00. ea: 00 03 21.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 01 43 00 03 52 00 08 19
Ai. : 27° 21.5' 34° 53.0' 54° 50.1'
Azimuth : 274 333 211
Response :
Regulus, Dubhe, Spica. Lat., Obs: 19° 35.0' N. Lon. Obs: 025° 37.0' W

January 26, 1992° 09' S, Lon. Est:132° 39' W Ei: -2.3'. Elev. eye: 6.2m.
HZL:18 44. Ea: 01 12 24
Astro : 1 2 3
HCr : 02 32 17 [Link] 02 40 57
Ai. : 74° 01.5' 51° 45.0' 60° 43.3'
Azimuth : 346 256 191
Response :
Menkar, Diphda, Acamar. Lat. Obs: 11° 35.0' S. Lon. Obs:132° 36.0' W

January 26, 1992° 14° N, Lon. Est.: 151° 23' W. Ei: -2.6'. Elev. ojo: 4.3 m.
HZL:18 06. HCp: 04 00 00. Ea: 11 59 51.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 03 41 00 06 32 00 09 25
Ai. : 35° 05.7' 50° 02.8' 65° 02.3'
Azimuth : 124 077 022
Response :
Rigel, Elnath, Mirfak. Lat. Obs: 27° 19' N. Lon. Obs:151° 28' W

January 26, 1992° 32° S. Lon. Est: 163° 19' W Ei: 1.8'. Elev. eye: 4.6 meters.
18 34
Astro : 1 2 3
HCr : 05 46 34 [Link] 05 51 50
Ai. : 37° 25.0' 35° 13.9' 58° 59.2'
Azimuth : 216 108 331
Response:
Ankaa, Sirius; Hamal. Lat. Obs: 03° 27.0' S° 24.0' W

January 26, 1992° 18' S. Lon. Est.: 041° 34' E. Ei: -1.9'. Elev. ojo: 3.7 m.
04 58
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 03 27 00 07 03 [Link]
Ai. : 46° 01.8' 59° 51.5' 37° 41.9'
Azimuth : 102 158 218
Response:
Antares, Rigil Kent, Avior. Lat. Obs.:34° 14.0' S° 53.0' E

January 26, 1992° 05' N. Lon. Est.: 045° 02' E. Eye: -2.7'. Elevation eye: 3.8 meters.
18 27
Astro : 1 2 3
HCr : 01 11 33 01 13 41 01 18 07
Ai. : 33° 45.2' 51° 56.5' 48° 07.6'
Azimuth : 339 088 053
response
Shedar, Bellatrix, Elnath. Lat. Obs.: 06° 10.0' N. Lon. Obs.: 045° 05.0' E

January 27, 1992° 14' N. Lon. Est.: 021° 37' W. Ei: 2.7'. Elev. eye: 4.1 meters.
18 45

14
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp. : 00 07 01 00 10 51 00 14 20
Ai. : 44° 53.1' 63° 24.8' 47° 10.3'
Azimuth : 120 085 038
Response:
Rigel, Aldebaran, Capella. Lat. Obs.: 16° 11' N. Lon. Obs.: 021° 31' W

January 26, 1992° 27' N. Lon. Est: 136° 18' W. Ei: -2.3'. Elev. Eye: 5.7 m.
06 56
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 06 21 00 09 46 00 13 37
Ai. : 46° 38.7' 52° 33.3' 59° 14.8'
Azimuth : 124 079 356
Response :
Rasalague, Vega, Kochab. Lat. Obs.: 43° 29' N. Lon. Obs: 136° 12' W

January 25, 1992° 28° N. Lon. Est.:024° 23' W. Ei: 1.9'. Elev. eye: 7.1 m. HZL.
05 47. HCp: 07 43 00. Ea: 11 58 30.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 06 18 00 08 25 00 10 56
Ai. : 57° 50.7' 51° 49.1' 47° 21.1'
Azimuth : 208 272 340
Response:
Spica, Denebola, Alioth. Lat. Obs.: 17° 23' N. Lon. Obs.: 024° 27' W

January 25, 1992° 31° N. Lon. Est.:168° 28' W. Ei: -2.9'. Elev. eye: 4.1 m.
HZL: 17 49. Handicap: 04 35 00. EA: 00 00 19.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 04 33 00 06 31 00 09 14
Ai. : 39° 23.7' 64° 00.4' 23° 46.0'
Azimuth : 298 236 197
Response :
Deneb, Alpheratz, Diphda. Lat. Obs.: 46° 37' N. Lon. Obs: 168° 24' W

January 25, 1992° 27° N° 31' W. Ei: -2.9'. Elev. ojo: 6.4 mts.
HZL: 07 05. Hcp: 08 00 00. Ea: 11 58 14.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 06 50 00 10 57 00 14 07
Ai. : 32° 51.6' 39° 42.6' 48° 53.9'
Azimuth : 209 253 321
Response :
Spica, Denebola, Dubhe. Lat. Obs.:41° 32' N. Lon. Obs.: 019° 27' W

January 26, 1992° 17° S. Lon. Est.: 74° 41' W

HZL:21 45. Ea: 11 58 17.
Astro : 1 2 3
Hcr : 02 29 04 02 34 02 [Link]
Ai. : 46° 25.8' 47° 32.2' 56° 23.8'
Azimuth : 140 017 243
Answer :
Acrux, Sirius, Achernar. Lat. Obs.:58° 21.0' S. Lon. Obs.:074° 37.0' W

January 26, 1992° 03' N. Lon. Est.: 138° 16' W. Ei: -2.4'. Elev. ojo: 7.2 mts.
17 39
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 01 55 00 05 29 00 09 05

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Ai. : 44° 21.4' 44° 42.8' 56° 10.0'
Azimuth : 154 118 073
Response :
Menkar, Aldebaran, Capella. Lat. Obs.: 46° 59° N. Lon. Obs.: 138° 21' W

January 26, 1992° 44° S. Lon. Est.: 083° 27' W. Ei: -2.9'. Elev. ojo: 3.7 m.
HZL: 20 29. Ea: 00 03 21.
Astro : 1 2 3
Hcr : 02 25 11 02 28 33 02 31 48
Ai. : 59° 42.6' 62° 45.6' 49° 48.1'
Azimuth : 144 285 031
Response :
Miaplacidus, Acamar, Sirius. Lat. Obs.:53° 49.0' S. Lon. Obs.: 83° 29.0' W

January 27, 1992° 41° N. Lon. Est.: 031° 18' W. Ei: 1.8'. Elev. ojo: 5.3 m.
HZL; 06 55. Hcp: 08 50 00. Ea: 11 58 23.
Astro : 1 2 3
Cp : 00 06 49 00 10 39 00 14 04
Ai. : 62° 35.4' 72° 40.0' 47° 42.5'
Azimuth : 211 167 127
Response :
Arcturus, Alphecca, Rasalague. Lat. Obs.: 43° 47° N. Lon. Obs.: 031° 14' W

16