Charging system

The electrical system is made up of the charging circuit, the starting circuit, and the
ignition circuit. The electrical system differs between diesel and gasoline engines, in
that these last ones require an additional circuit to ignite the mixture
of fuel.
The charging circuit is responsible for supplying electrical current to the battery.
(accumulator) and all the systems and components that require electrical energy
during the operation of the engine. In this article, we are going to work on the System of
Load the car, its main parts and operation.
Operation
For the startup of the internal combustion engine, the battery supplies the
necessary current and discharges during this process. The alternator that is in
operation, sends current to the battery to recharge it and supply energy to
other system needs, the regulator controls the voltage and current, the battery
act together to control the voltage, the current, and indicate its flow.
When the engine stops, the alternator stops and ceases to generate current, in this
At this moment, the voltage in the generator is 0 and the battery is fully charged, therefore
reason tends to send current to the generator, to avoid damage to the alternator and the
battery discharge opens the circuit breaker or relay.
The charging electrical circuit is made up of: battery, alternator, regulator and
ammeter.
Braking system
The braking system is one of the most important safety elements of a
automobile. This mechanism offers protection, as it allows a vehicle to stop in
movement.
The first braking systems that were used were large pieces of wood.
that were placed in front of the tires to generate friction. Later on, it was
eliminated due to the enormous wear it caused on the tires. Leaving in the
After this rudimentary beginning, the braking system now offers a
efficient, adequate, and safe performance.
How does the brake system work?
The law of inertia is responsible for governing the braking system of a car.
The basic principle for the correct functioning of brakes is friction.
The braking process consists of one body coming into contact with another in
opposite directions. This generates a force known as friction, which is
opposes the movement of the body until it stops it.
Friction depends on 2 important elements:
Contact area between each body.
Force that is applied between bodies.
In a car, the contact area includes the elements that achieve that
the car stops. It refers to the contact area between the discs and the pads, which are
the braking elements. In the case of drum brakes, they use bands and
bellies. Other areas of contact are the tires and the surface where it runs.
automobile.
Lighting system
The lighting system of an engine consists of the group of lighting devices
mounted or installed on the front, side or rear of a vehicle. Its purpose
to provide lighting to its driver in order to make the car function with
safety in low visibility conditions, increasing the clarity of the vehicle and
offering other road users information about the presence, position,
size or direction of the vehicle and the driver's intentions regarding
direction and speed.
Operation
The lighting in the car is a key element in several ways: thanks to the lights,
we can see where we're going in low visibility conditions and they can see us
other drivers, and for this reason it can be considered an active safety system (or
sea, a system that prevents accidents.
Lubrication system
They are the different methods of distributing oil throughout the engine parts. It consists of
to apply a film of lubricant oil to each of the surfaces of the parts
that are moving between themselves, primarily to avoid excessive wear and tear.
prematurely thus reducing the lifespan of the internal combustion engine.
Considerations
In most engines, only 23 to 35% of the energy is used efficiently.
generated by the combustion of the fuel in the cylinders, the rest dissipates into
thermodynamic and mechanical losses including friction, in such a way
that in the ring - piston pair you have almost half of these losses. The decrease of
the weight of the piston, the use of better materials in the rings and cylinders, allows
reduce this value by about 25%.
The function of the lubrication system is to prevent wear of the engine parts.
creating a layer of lubricant between the parts that are always rubbing.
Lubricant is usually collected (and stored) in the lower crankcase (the piece that closes the
motor from below).
The lubricant and its viscosity can greatly influence the performance of an engine.
In addition, there are several systems for its distribution.

Ignition system
For an engine to work, it needs an explosion caused by a reaction.
chemistry between air oxygen and gasoline or petrol.
For this chemical reaction to initiate, it is necessary to provide energy, such that
the reaction begins at a point in the combustion chamber.
The energy will be used to ignite the gasoline, causing the spread of the flame.
producing combustion inside the cylinder.
This necessary energy is provided in the form of a spark between the electrodes of the spark plug.

To achieve combustion, a spark must occur between the electrodes of the spark plug.
that must apply a voltage of thousands of volts, but the low voltages of the
batteries (See more about batteries) need to be converted to high voltages,
function that performs an ignition coil.
Conventional ignition
Conventional ignition systems were used in vehicles until the middle
from the 1990s approximately.

Basically, a conventional ignition system is composed of the following

Battery: it is responsible for providing the energy for the operation of the circuit.
Ignition key: Closes the circuit so that the ignition system is activated.
functioning.
Ignition coil: Transforms the low battery voltage into high voltage.
Distributor: It is the component responsible for distributing the spark at the precise moment.

Platinum: It is the one who connects or disconnects the primary circuit of the ignition coil.
It is located in the axis of the distributor, containing as many sides as it has cylinders.
motor.
Capacitor: Controls the high voltage spikes produced in the secondary of the coil
of ignition.
Rotor: It is an element that distributes along with the contacts of the distributor cap,
the spark to the different spark plugs.

Ignition advance: These systems are necessary for the proper functioning
of the engine. Because combustion does not occur immediately, it is necessary
advance the spark jump in the different engine regimes.
Spark plug wires: They are necessary to transmit the current from the system to the spark plugs.

Spark plugs: They are usually located in the combustion chamber, they are the
in charge of generating the spark for combustion to occur.
Starter motor system
Operation. The starting system consists of the ignition engine, the
switch, the accumulator, and the wiring. ... In the case of automobiles, the engine of
The start is uncoupled by a lever activated by a solenoid (an electromagnet)
which is attached to the starter motor body.
The starting system is responsible for providing the initial turns to the engine.
combustion to ignite. For this, it uses a repulsion electric motor (start)
and its operation is based on the principle of the law of magnetic charges.