1.
Concept and Nature of Education
Education is the process of bringing desirable changes in human behaviour. It helps in the all-round
development of an individual—physically, mentally, morally, and socially. Education can be formal,
informal, or non-formal. It is continuous throughout life. Its nature is dynamic, social, and
developmental.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is education? A. Education means the process of developing knowledge, skills, and
values. Q2. Mention types of education. A. Formal, Informal, and Non-formal.
2. Aims of Education
The main aim of education is the all-round development of the learner. Other aims include moral,
social, vocational, cultural, and spiritual development. Education also aims to make individuals
responsible citizens.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What are the main aims of education? A. All-round development, moral and social growth,
vocational and cultural development.
3. Psychological Foundation of Education
This foundation helps teachers understand the behaviour, abilities, and learning styles of students.
It includes theories of learning, motivation, and development. Educational psychology guides how
to teach effectively.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is the role of psychology in education? A. It helps teachers understand how students
learn and behave.
4. Sociological Foundation of Education
Education and society are closely linked. Society influences education through culture and values.
Education, in turn, reforms and develops society. It promotes social harmony and equality.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. How is education related to society? A. Education reflects and reforms society.
5. Guidance and Counselling
Guidance means helping a person to choose the right path. Counselling helps individuals solve
personal, emotional, or academic problems. Both aim at personal adjustment and development.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is guidance? A. Guidance is help given to a person to make correct decisions. Q2. What
is counselling? A. Counselling is face-to-face help to solve problems.
6. National Education Policy 2020 and Curriculum
Framework
NEP 2020 aims to make education holistic, flexible, and skill-based. It introduced 5+3+3+4 structure
and promotes multilingualism, vocational training, and digital learning. The new curriculum
framework supports critical thinking and creativity.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is NEP 2020? A. It is India’s new policy to reform education for quality and inclusiveness.
Q2. What is the structure introduced by NEP 2020? A. 5+3+3+4 pattern.
7. Statistics and Education
Statistics in education means collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data related to students and
schools. It helps in measuring learning outcomes, attendance, and progress. Statistical tools make
decision-making easier in education.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is the use of statistics in education? A. To analyze educational data and improve learning.
8. Peace and Value Education
Peace education teaches tolerance, cooperation, and non-violence. Value education builds moral
character, respect, honesty, and empathy. Both help create a peaceful and respectful society.
Textual Questions and Answers:
Q1. What is peace education? A. Teaching to live in harmony and avoid conflict. Q2. What is value
education? A. It is education that develops good human values.
