BS EN 12952‑8:2022

BSI Standards Publication

Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations

Part 8: Requirements for firing systems for liquid and gaseous fuels for the boiler
BS EN 12952‑8:2022 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12952‑8:2022. It
supersedes BS EN 12952‑8:2002, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee PVE/2, Water Tube And Shell Boilers.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its committee manager.
Contractual and legal considerations
This publication has been prepared in good faith, however no
representation, warranty, assurance or undertaking (express or
implied) is or will be made, and no responsibility or liability is or will be
accepted by BSI in relation to the adequacy, accuracy, completeness or
reasonableness of this publication. All and any such responsibility and
liability is expressly disclaimed to the full extent permitted by the law.
This publication is provided as is, and is to be used at the
recipient’s own risk.
The recipient is advised to consider seeking professional guidance with
respect to its use of this publication.
This publication is not intended to constitute a contract. Users are
responsible for its correct application.
This publication has been prepared under a mandate given to the
European Standards Organizations by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association. It is intended to support requirements
of the EU legislation detailed in the European Foreword. A European
Annex, usually Annex ZA or ZZ, describes how this publication relates to
that EU legislation.
For the Great Britain market (England, Scotland and Wales), if UK
Government has designated this publication for conformity with UKCA
marking (or similar) legislation, it may contain an additional National
Annex. Where such a National Annex exists, it shows the correlation
between this publication and the relevant UK legislation. If there is no
National Annex of this kind, the relevant Annex ZA or ZZ in the body
of the European text will indicate the relationship to UK regulation
applicable in Great Britain. References to EU legislation may need to be
read in accordance with the UK designation and the applicable UK law.
Further information on designated standards can be found at
[Link]/standardsandregulation.
For the Northern Ireland market, UK law will continue to implement
relevant EU law subject to periodic confirmation. Therefore
Annex ZA/ZZ in the European text, and references to EU legislation, are
still valid for this market.
UK Government is responsible for legislation. For information on
legislation and policies relating to that legislation, consult the relevant
pages of [Link].
© The British Standards Institution 2022
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2022
ISBN 978 0 539 06741 5
BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12952‑8:2022

ICS 27.040
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2022.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12952‑8
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2022

ICS 27.040 Supersedes EN 12952‑8:2002

English Version

Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 8:

Requirements for firing systems for liquid and gaseous
fuels for the boiler
Chaudières à tubes d'eau et installations auxiliaires - Wasserrohrkessel und Anlagenkomponenten - Teil
Partie 8 : Exigences pour les équipements de chauffe 8: Anforderungen an Feuerungsanlagen für flüssige
pour combustibles gazeux et liquides de la chaudière und gasförmige Brennstoffe für den Kessel

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 August 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Türkiye and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12952‑[Link] E
worldwide for CEN national Members
BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

Annex ZA
(informative)

Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered

This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request
M/071 “Mandate to CEN for standardization in the field of Pressure equipment” to provide one
voluntary means of conforming to essential requirements of the New Approach Pressure Equipment
Directive 2014/68/EU.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance
with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope
of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that
Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2014/68/EU on
Pressure Equipment
Essential Safety Require- Clause(s)/subclause(s) of this Remarks/Notes
ments (ESRs) of Directive EN 12952‑8
2014/68/EU on Pressure
Equipment Annex I
3.4 5.2, 6.5.1, Clause 7, A.2.5
5.2
6.3.1
5 a) 6.4.2
A.2.3, A.2.4
B.2.5
4.4.2, 4.4.3, 4.4.4
5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2
6.2
6.3.3, 6.3.4, 6.3.5, 6.3.7, 6.3.8
5 e) 6.5
6.6
8.1.1, 8.1.3
A.2.3, A.2.7
B.2.2, B.2.4

WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European Standard
is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this standard should
consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation can be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.

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Contents Page

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered................................................................................ ii
European foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Firing systems........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Fuel supply................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Fuel transfer and preparation.................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.3 Fuel lines.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.4 Safety shut-off devices (Safety trip valves)................................................................................................................... 12
5 General.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1 Air supply................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Air/fuel ratio........................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.3 Flue gas discharge.............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
6 Firing system..........................................................................................................................................................................................................16
6.1 Burners........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
6.2 Flue gas recirculation...................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Control and monitoring................................................................................................................................................................. 17
6.4 Electrical equipment........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
6.5 Safety precautions.............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
6.6 Common stack for several firing systems...................................................................................................................... 19
7 Operating manual..............................................................................................................................................................................................19
8 Particular requirements for firing systems burning gaseous fuels with high
relative density.....................................................................................................................................................................................................19
8.1 Main firing systems........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
8.1.1 Supply of gases................................................................................................................................................................ 19
8.1.2 Safety shut-off device................................................................................................................................................. 20
8.1.3 Shutdown of burners for heavy gas in its liquid state................................................................... 20
8.2 Ignition burner systems................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Annex A (normative) Chemical recovery boiler (black liquor boiler)............................................................................21
Annex B (normative) Gas turbines in combination with heat recovery steam generators.......................24
Annex C (informative) Operational requirements for permanent supervised firing systems
for liquid and gaseous fuels....................................................................................................................................................................26
Annex D (informative) Significant technical changes between this document and the
previous edition..................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered................................................................................ ii
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31

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EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN 12952‑8:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 269 “Shell and
water-tube boilers”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 12952‑8:2002.
The technical modifications in comparison with the previous edition are listed in Annex D.
The EN 12952 series “Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations” consists of the following Parts:
• Part 1: General;
• Part 2: Materials for pressure parts of boilers and accessories;
• Part 3: Design and calculation for pressure parts;
• Part 4: In-service boiler life expectancy calculations;
• Part 5: Workmanship and construction of pressure parts of the boiler;
• Part 6: Inspection during construction, documentation and marking of pressure parts of the boiler;
• Part 7: Requirements for equipment for the boiler;
• Part 8: Requirements for firing systems for liquid and gaseous fuels for the boiler;
• Part 9: Requirements for firing systems for pulverized solid fuels for the boiler;
• Part 10: Requirements for safeguards against excessive pressure;
• Part 11: Requirements for limiting devices of the boiler and accessories;
• Part 12: Requirements for boiler feedwater and boiler water quality;
• Part 13: Requirements for flue gas cleaning systems;
• Part 14: Requirements for flue gas DENOX systems using liquefied pressurized ammonia and ammonia
water solution;
• Part 15: Acceptance tests;
• Part 16: Requirements for grate and fluidized-bed firing systems for solid fuels for the boiler;
• CR 12952 Part 17: Guideline for the involvement of an inspection body independent of the manufacturer.
• Part 18: Operating instructions
Although these parts can be obtained separately, it should be recognized that the parts are inter-
dependent. As such, the design and manufacture of water-tube boilers requires the application of more
than one part in order for the requirements of the document to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive(s) / Regulation(s).

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For relationship with EU Directive(s) / Regulation(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral
part of this document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic
of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.

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EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

1 Scope

1.1 Firing systems

This document specifies requirements for liquid and gaseous fuel firing systems of steam boilers and
hot water generators as defined in EN 12952‑1:2015.
These requirements also apply to firing systems of chemical recovery boilers (black liquor boilers) with
the additions and amendments specified in Annex A.
These requirements also apply to gas turbines in combination with fired/unfired heat recovery steam
generators with the additions and amendments specified in Annex B.
NOTE 1 This document is not applicable to coil type boilers (flash boilers/small boilers) that use burners in
accordance with EN 12953‑7 for single burner installations.

NOTE 2 This document is not applicable to the storage of liquid fuels and to transfer stations of long-distance
gas pipelines.

1.2 Fuels
This document specifies requirements which cover the use of liquid and gaseous fuels as defined in this
document. Fuels deviating from standardized commercially available types can require additional or
alternative safety measures. For black liquor these safety measures are given in Annex A.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 161:2011+A3:2013, Automatic shut-off valves for gas burners and gas appliances
EN 751‑3:1996,1)Sealing materials for metallic threaded joints in contact with 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases
and hot water – Part 3: Unsintered PTFE tapes
EN 12952‑18:2012, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 18: Operating instructions
EN 12952‑5:2021, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 5: Workmanship and construction
of pressure parts of the boiler
EN 13480‑2:2017, Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 16678:2015, Safety and control devices for gas burners and gas burning appliances - Automatic shut-off
valves for operating pressure of above 500 kPa up to and including 6 300 kPa
EN ISO 228‑1:2003, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads - Part 1:
Dimensions, tolerances and designation (ISO 228-1:2000)
EN ISO 9606‑1:2017, Qualification testing of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606-1:2012
including Cor 1:2012 and Cor 2:2013)
EN ISO 23553‑1:2022, Safety and control devices for oil burners and oil-burning appliances - Particular
requirements - Part 1: Automatic and semi-automatic valves (ISO 23553-1:2022)
ISO 7‑1:1994, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions,
tolerances and designation

1) As impacted by EN 751-3:1996/AC:1997.

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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at [Link]
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at [Link]
3.1
black liquor
spent liquor from the pulp cook
3.2
black liquor gun
device for the introduction of the black liquor as a spray of droplets into the furnace
NOTE The black liquor gun is not a burner.

3.3
high volume low concentration odorous gas
mixtures of air and a low concentration of odorous gases collected from the pulp mill processes, where
the concentration of the combustible odorous gas is always kept below the lower explosion limit
3.4
burner
device (including main or igniter burners) for the introduction of fuel and air into a combustion chamber
of a steam generator at required velocities, turbulence and local fuel concentration to establish and
maintain proper ignition and stable combustion of the fuel
NOTE Burners are differentiated by their mode of operation.

3.4.1
chemical recovery boiler start-up burner
oil- or gasfired burner mainly intended for the initiation of the black liquor combustion process
NOTE The chemical recovery boiler start-up burners are located in and integrated with a combustion air register,
like the primary or the secondary air register of the furnace. Thus, they have no individual air supply and no
individual combustion air control.

3.4.2
multi-fuel burner
burner in which more than one fuel is burned either simultaneously or alternately
3.4.3
pilot burner
burner which maintains a proper permanent ignition source for one or a group of other non-
monitored burners
3.5
burner group
burners operated in unison and controlled jointly, one of which can be a master burner
3.6
burner management system
system that performs a predetermined sequence of actions and always operates in conjunction with a
flame monitor that reacts to signals from control and safety devices, gives control commands, controls
the start-up sequence, supervises the burner operation, and manages controlled shutdown and lockout

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3.7
firing system
total equipment required for the combustion of fuels including the installations for the storage,
preparation, and supply of fuels, the combustion air supply, the burner(s), the flue gas discharge, and all
related control and monitoring devices
NOTE A flue gas recirculation system can be an integral part of the firing system.

3.8
firing system heat input
heat input into the combustion chamber according to the mass flow of the fuel supplied multiplied by
the net calorific value
3.9
flame monitor
device which detects the presence or absence or break-away of the flame and transmits a signal to
the control device, and generally consists of a sensing device (with amplifier if necessary) and
switching equipment
3.10
flue gas recirculation
return of flue gas from downstream of the flame zone or from the flue gas exit by hydrodynamic pressure
difference or a separate fan into the air register of the burner or directly into the combustion chamber
3.11
implosion
unintentional instantaneous negative pressure build-up caused, for example, by an explosion in a
confined space, by rapid closing of dampers, or by rapid reduction in temperature (flame out)
3.12
limiters
transducer, which, on reaching a fixed value (e.g. pressure, temperature, flow, water level) is used to
interrupt and lock-out the energy supply, and requires manual unlocking before restart
3.13
lock-out
isolation of energy supply which requires a manual intervention to reinstate
3.14
master fuel trip
extinction of all burners and igniters in the combustion chamber
3.15
maximum heat input of the firing system
heat input including the reserve required for load control at which the boiler can be safely operated
3.16
maximum firing rate of the burners
firing rate at which the burner may be operated
3.17
monitor
limit transducer which senses the reaching of a fixed limit value and initiates an alarm and/or a cut out
NOTE The output signal is only cancelled if the cause of the alarm has been removed and the value has returned
to within its fixed limits.

3.18
multi-fuel firing system
firing system where, in a common combustion chamber, more than one fuel can be burnt simultaneously
or alternately by separate or multi-fuel burners

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3.19
purge of burner guns
carried out after shutdown of a burner to ensure the removal of residual fuel by the introduction of
steam or pressurized air into the fuel lines downstream of the shut-off devices
3.20
purging of the flue gas passes
forced flow of air through the combustion chamber, flue gas passes, and associated ducts which
effectively removes any gaseous combustibles and replace them with air
3.21
quick-acting shut-off device
safety trip valve which closes within 1 s according to EN 161:2011+A3:2013, EN 16678:2015 or
EN ISO 23553‑1:2022, as appropriate
3.22
relative density
ratio of the density of the gas to the density of dry air under equal conditions of pressure and temperature
3.23
liquid fuel
fuel including light fuel oils, and heavy fuel oils which need preheating for proper atomisation
NOTE For improvement of atomisation, emulsions of heavy fuel oil with water may be used with
appropriate precautions

3.24
gaseous fuel
standardized quality differentiated mainly by their relative density
3.24.1
light gas
with relative density below 1,3 e.g. natural gas, coke-oven gas, blast-furnace gas
NOTE Natural gas in accordance with ISO 6976 [4].

3.24.2
heavy gas
with relative density exceeding 1,3 e.g. liquefied petroleum gases, the main components of which are
propane and butane
3.25
restart
operation where fuel supply shut-off is initiated within 1 s at the latest after extinction of the flame
during operation, and a directly following attempt of re-ignition is automatically made in compliance
with the start-up sequence
NOTE This operation ends with the operating condition being reached or, if the flame is not ignited after
expiration of the ignition safety time, with the lock-out.

3.26
return-flow atomizer
oil burners where a portion of the quantity of oil supplied to the burner via the flow line does not flow
from a burner gun vortex chamber into the combustion chamber, but flows backwards into the storage
tank or to the suction side of the pump via a separate return line
NOTE Output is adjusted by a control device in the return line.

3.27
safety shut-off device
safety trip valve
valve which automatically and totally cuts off the fuel supply

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3.28
safety time
time taken from the occurrence of an unsafe operating condition (for example, flame interrupt during
normal operation) to the point at which the actuating element is initiated
NOTE The reaction time of the actuating element is to be considered separately.

[SOURCE: EN 50156-1:2015 [9], 3.43]

3.28.1
ignition time
when starting-up the burner, the period of time between the first fuel entering the combustion chamber
and the first indication of the flame by the flame monitor
3.28.2
ignition safety time
when starting-up the burner, the period of time between the first fuel entering the combustion chamber
and the de-energizing of the quick-acting shut-off device if the flame monitor does not indicate a flame
3.28.3
main burner safety time
when there is an ignition safety time applicable to an igniter burner only, the period of time between
the first fuel of the main burner entering the combustion chamber and the de energizing of the quick
acting shut-off device of the main burner if the flame monitor does not indicate a flame
3.28.4
extinction safety time
during operation of the burner, the period of time between the extinction of the flame and the de-
energizing of the quick-acting shut-off device
3.29
transfer station
one or more lines each including a pressure control valve and a quick-acting shut-off device for the
protection of the downstream supply lines and the connected appliances against overpressure
NOTE The transfer station may comprise heating and filtering equipment for the gas supply, measuring
equipment for flow and calorific value and noise abatement devices.

4 Fuel supply

4.1 General
For multifuel firing systems using separate or combined burners these requirements shall apply to the
oil and/or gas firing part involved.
Where several fuels are burnt simultaneously, improved safety measures can be necessary, especially
in respect to limitation of heat input into the firing system and proper air supply to the individual fuels.

4.2 Fuel transfer and preparation

4.2.1 The fuel supply line shall be equipped with a reliable shut-off device which shall be positioned
in a safe location. It shall reliably cut off the fuel supply to the boiler room or the boiler area and shall be
operable by remote control or by an emergency switch (see 6.4.2).

4.2.2 Some liquid fuels, such as heavy fuel oil, require preheating to achieve the viscosity required for
proper atomisation. Where national oil quality standards are in existence, these shall be observed.

Any heat source other than open flames, that can be cut off immediately if required, and the rating of
which can be automatically controlled, shall be used for oil preheating.

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In the unpressurized condition the fuel oil temperature shall not attain the fuel oil flash point.
To attain the temperature for the required atomisation viscosity, pressure type preheaters shall be
used. The maximum temperature shall be at least 5 °C below the boiling temperature of water in the oil
at the connected pressure.
Each fuel oil preheating system shall be automatically temperature controlled. A temperature indicator
shall be fitted downstream of the preheating system. Oil temperatures below the temperature
prescribed upstream of each burner or burner group shall shut off the burner or burner group.
Oil temperatures above the temperature prescribed upstream of the burners shall shut off the heat
supply of the preheater or other suitable measures shall be taken.
For pressurized preheaters, the requirements for pressure vessels shall be applied. Functioning of the
necessary overpressure protection shall be ensured by suitable temperature control. Any escaping oil
shall be safely discharged.
Where steam heating coils for oil preheating are installed and the condensate is returned to the boiler,
the heating coils shall be safely dimensioned and tested to ensure that no oil can escape into the
condensate. A means of checking the condensate for oil content shall be provided. When steam lines
are connected to fuel oil lines for purging purposes or for steam assisted atomisation, the line shall be
protected against back flow from the higher pressured fluid.

4.2.3 For gaseous fuels, a pressure controller shall be provided in the supply line assuring continuous
flow pressure to each firing system unless this task is performed by the transfer station. The
pressure controller shall reliably prevent the firing system from overpressurization when the control
function has failed.
NOTE Requirements on pressure controller can be found in EN 676:2020 [3].

4.3 Fuel lines

4.3.1 Fuel lines, including gaskets and valves shall be designed and laid out to withstand the mechanical,
chemical and thermal loads to which they are exposed in service. Only fire resistant piping material shall
be permitted.

4.3.2 The fuel lines shall be tight and properly fixed. In systems subjected to vibrations the resulting
stresses shall be minimized to avoid leakage.

4.3.3 Connections shall preferably be welded or brazed. Threaded joints or bolted flanges shall
also be used.

Welded joints shall only be made by welders approved to the appropriate standards (see
EN ISO 9606‑1:2017).
Brazed joints shall be permitted in oil lines for pipe diameters < DN 25 and/or operating pressure < 10 bar
provided the brazers shall be approved and the filler materials have been certified, e.g. by a certificate
of a specialized manufacturer (see EN ISO 3677:2016 [12] and EN ISO 17672:2016 [13]). They shall also
be permitted in gas lines for pipe diameter < DN 80 and/or operating pressure < 5 bar.
For threaded joints the requirements of ISO 7‑1:1994 and EN ISO 228‑1:2003 shall apply. Thread joints
shall be used up to DN 50 and shall be sealed by metal to metal contact, or sealed by non-hardening
sealing materials. Hemp shall only be used as a sealant support. The use of PTFE sealing materials shall
be restricted as indicated in EN 751‑3:1996.
Compression-type fittings in accordance with appropriate standards may be used up to DN 25, provided
they shall be not to be dismantled for maintenance purposes.
Flanged connections on apparatus, equipment and valves shall be permitted for all diameters.

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Material shall be in accordance with EN 13480‑2:2017.

4.3.4 Flexible lines shall be used for connecting the burner to the fixed piping. For fuel oil in the
preheated state only jacketed metallic hoses shall be permitted.

Furthermore, flexible lines may be used instead of expansion joints at protected locations. For oil,
these lines should be jacketed metallic hoses, otherwise they shall be provided with a protective device
consisting of e.g. a double line with an oil monitor which switches off the oil supply pump in case of an
oil leakage. For gas, these lines shall be corrugated steel pipes.
All flexible lines shall be as short as possible, be readily visible, and shall be installed with adequate
bending radii. The flexible lines and the connections shall carry the manufacturer’s symbols and
indication of the nominal pressure. The design pressure shall be at least 1,5 times the maximum
allowable pressure. The lines shall be protected against unacceptable external heating.

4.3.5 To protect fuel lines against unacceptable high pressure, automatic control and safety devices
shall be provided. For oil lines, pressure relief valves shall be installed. Protection of oil pumps and the
effect of pressure rise in lines between closed shut-off devices due to heating shall also be taken into
consideration. For gas lines the necessary protection against overpressure shall be performed by a safety
shut-off valve plus a pressure relief valve.

4.3.6 On completion of installation, all fuel piping including valves and other equipment within the
fuel lines up to the burner nozzles shall be cleaned to remove any weld spatter, corrosion products and
foreign matter. The type and performance of the cleaning process shall also be recorded. In addition
leakage testing and strength testing in accordance with a good engineering practice shall be performed.

For oil and gas, each safety shut-off device shall be subject to internal leakage testing, to confirm that
fuels does not leak through the device.
After any welding work or replacement of components on fuel lines, the aforementioned tests shall
be repeated.
The performance of the tests shall be authenticated by certificates recording the test procedure, the
medium used, the test pressure and the test results obtained.
The certificates shall be issued by the person responsible for the testing.

4.3.7 Gas escape lines for intermediate venting and for purging or charging shall be arranged such,
that the escaping gas is either reliably ignited and burnt off with a flame trap installed in the pipe where
the gases are transferred to the burning device or is safely discharged to the atmosphere if unburnt. The
joining together of these lines shall only permitted if no dangerous operating conditions are expected.
When necessary, gas escape lines shall be equipped with the necessary draining facilities. Connections
for test devices shall be provided so that the adequacy of venting can be checked.

For oil, intermediate drains shall be provided to ensure the safe discharge of escaping oil.

4.4 Safety shut-off devices (Safety trip valves)

4.4.1 The fuel supply line shall be equipped with two safety shut-off devices arranged in series
immediately upstream of each burner, or burner group. One of these safety shut-off devices shall be of
quick-acting design, and correspond for:

a) gaseous fuels
with class A of EN 161:2011+A3:2013 or with class A of EN 16678:2015 for inlet pressures of more
than 500 kPa (5 bar) and up to and including 6 300 kPa (63 bar)
b) liquid fuels

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with EN ISO 23553‑1:2022.

The second safety shut-off device can also be used as a fuel mass flow actuator for the control of the
firing rate of the burner, but its closing time shall not exceed 5 s.
The fuel supply lines shall be provided with devices for removing those impurities from the fuel which
can impair the functioning of the safety shut-off devices.
The safety shut-off devices shall automatically and reliably cut off the fuel supply to the burner. An
adequate auxiliary power source, e.g. a spring, shall be permanently available to ensure this occurs.
The reliability of the automatic shut-off devices shall be proved. This proof shall be performed by
component testing as specified in EN 161:2011+A3:2013 and EN 16678:2015 for gaseous fuels or in
EN ISO 23553‑1:2022 for liquid fuels.
Leakage testing of each of the safety shut-off devices shall be possible in its installed condition at
regular time intervals. For gas, the connection line between these two safety shut-off devices shall be
equipped with an intermediate venting or a leakage detection device.
Oil burners of special design such as return-flow atomizers, burners with a tip shut-off device etc., using
return-flow lines shall be provided with additional double shut-off valves in these lines.
Fuels deviating from standardized commercially available types can require additional or alternative
safety measures.
For gaseous fuels with low calorific value and with very low supply pressure, e.g. below 200 mbar, the
duty of the aforementioned safety shut-off devices may be performed by equivalent devices, e.g. rotary
slide valves with sealing water, or double-seat valves with an intermediate venting.

4.4.2 The automatic safety shut-off devices shall not release the fuel supply to the burners during the
start-up operation until

a) the ignition device is ready for ignition (see 6.1.5);

b) purging is completed (see 6.5.2 and 6.5.3) or there is fire in the combustion chamber;
c) the minimum preheating temperature required for the oil has been reached;
d) the safety shut-off devices proved to be closed or the leakage test proved to be successful;
e) the fuel control valve(s) and the air damper(s) are in the start position;
f) functional control of the flame monitor proves no defect to be present, and in the case of individual
flame monitoring detects there is no flame present prior to ignition.

4.4.3 The automatic safety shut-off devices shall be operated such that they do not release the fuel
supply to the burners during the start-up and operation, and cut it off during operation whenever

a) the control power for the safety devices fails;

b) the flue gas damper is not fully open or the induced draught fan fails, or the combustion chamber
pressure is too high;
c) the combustion air fails to be supplied (see 5.1.1);
d) the combustion air flow is insufficient (see 5.2);
e) pressure related abnormal conditions occur, such as
1) the pressure of the atomising medium is less than that required (for steam and pressure-
air atomizers),

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2) the fuel pressure is less than the minimum pressure (for gas burners, and oil burners with
pressure atomizers),
3) the maximum fuel return flow pressure is exceeded (for oil burners with return-flow atomizers),
4) the speed of rotation of the atomising cup is insufficient (for oil burners with rotary atomizers).
Where the atomising cup is on the same shaft as the fan, it will suffice to monitor the fan
air pressure.
f) there is an unacceptably high fuel flow rate in the burners; if necessary cut-off may be effected
with a delay in time;
g) the ratio of flue gas recirculation flow/burner firing rate is unacceptable (see 6.2);
h) the flue gas recirculation fan, if fitted, fails and the ratio of flue gas recirculation flow/burner firing
rate is unacceptable (see 6.2);
i) the emergency switch is actuated (see 6.4.2);
j) any of the limiters responds (e.g. for water level, temperature);
k) burners (also burner guns) which can be swung out or retracted without the aid of tools are swung
out or retracted;
l) the flame monitor responds due to the absence or extinction of the flame.

4.4.4 As soon as the causes for conditions 4.4.2 a) to f) and 4.4.3 a) to h) have been removed, the
burners may automatically restart by following the regular start-up programme if this shall be permitted
for the plant.

Where the conditions 4.4.3 i) to l) apply, lock out shall always occur. Restarting shall only be possible by
manual intervention.
Where boilers have multiple burners, if the conditions mentioned in 4.4.3 a), c), d), e), g), h) and l) occur
only on one burner or one burner group, it shall suffice if the fuel supply to the respective burner or
burner group is not released during start-up and is interrupted during operation. This shall also apply
to 4.4.3 k) if a hazardous escape of flames and flue gases is prevented.

4.4.5 One manually operated emergency shut-off device shall be arranged immediately upstream of
the burner, or each burner group. A manually operated emergency shut-off device is for example:

• a stop cock;
• a stop valve provided the open cross-section can be completely closed by a maximum of two hand-
wheel rotations; or
• an automatic safety shut-off device according to 4.4.1 if it can be additionally operated by hand at
the location of operation.

4.4.6 All safety related valves shall be durably marked with regard to their intended use.

5 General

5.1 Air supply

5.1.1 The combustion air fan shall be monitored by the air flow and one of the following criteria:

a) speed of the forced draught fan;

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b) pressure downstream of the forced draught fan;

c) differential pressure at the forced draught fan;
d) power input of the forced draught fan motor.
If burners with individual combustion air fans are used, monitoring of the air flow may be replaced if
two criteria of a) to d) are monitored

5.1.2 Where there are several burners with a common fan each shall be equipped with a pressure
gauge or flowmeter in the air supply line. This does not apply to burners with a common wind box.

5.1.3 In the case of firing systems with several burners to which combustion air is supplied by a
common control device, each burner shall be equipped with a shut-off device (e.g. damper) in the air
duct except when all burners fire in unison.

Shut-off devices in the air line to the burner shall be protected against unintentional mal-adjustment.
The positions during normal operation and ignition shall be monitored.
In the case of interruption of fuel supply to the burner, this shut-off device shall also cut off the air
supply automatically (if necessary, only to provide a minimum opening). This shall ensure sufficient air
supply for the burners still in operation in the case of failure and shutdown of a burner or burner group.
The position of the shut-off device shall be monitored.
In the case of interruption of fuel supply to all burners, it can be necessary to avoid the risk of implosion
in the combustion chamber (e.g. by temporally staggered shut down of burners).

5.2 Air/fuel ratio

The air/fuel ratio shall be controlled within admissible limits. The predetermined values of the air/fuel
ratio and the admissible limits shall be stated in the operating manual.
The air/fuel ratio shall be monitored so, that in the case of unacceptable deviations from the ratio
determined by the manufacturer of the firing system and defined within the operational instructions,
the fuel supply is cut off. The air/fuel ratio monitoring circuit shall be independent of the control circuit.
Monitoring shall not be required if the air/fuel ratio is controlled by mechanical means, and this ratio
cannot be changed to exceed the admissible limits as a result of upset or operating conditions.

5.3 Flue gas discharge

5.3.1 Flue gas discharge shall be monitored to ensure it is not unnecessarily restricted. This shall be
performed by the following measures:

a) checking the position of the damper(s) during start-up;

b) monitoring of the induced draught fan operation and combustion chamber pressure.
If the relevant combustion chamber pressure is exceeded the firing shall be cut-off and locked-out.

5.3.2 The induced draught fan shall be monitored in accordance with 5.3.1 b) and one of the
following criteria:

a) speed of the induced draught fan;

b) pressure upstream of the induced draught fan;
c) differential pressure at the induced draught fan;
d) power input to the induced draught fan motor.

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6 Firing system

6.1 Burners

6.1.1 The firing system shall be suitable for the respective boiler and can consist of a single burner or
a multiple burner arrangement. The task of the burners and the mode of operation of the burners are
defined in 3.4. The requirements specified in Clause 4 and Clause 5 shall be fulfilled by each individual
burner. Burners shall be individually tested (but see 6.1.3), at the latest during commissioning, or
following any safety relevant modification to the firing system, and shall include:

a) verification of completeness of equipment according to the requirements of this document;

b) functional testing of all safety-related equipment;
c) testing of burner management system in accordance with 6.4;
d) verification of maximum and minimum burner firing rate, including injection of additives, if used;
e) verification of flame stability during burner start-up, at the conditions given in d) above, with the
flue gas recirculation if any, and in the case of changes in firing rate, taking coincident combustion
chamber pressures into consideration. In all these cases, the flame shall be stable without
significant pulsations;
f) evidence that the requirements for purging of flue gas passes and the safety times have been met;
g) proof that the required characteristic values relevant to combustion, such as CO2- or O2- if any,
CO-content by volume, are obtained at the conditions given in d) and at intermediate firing rates, if
applicable. In addition for oil burners unburnt particles (smoke) shall be checked.

6.1.2 The burner individual test and the testing of the burner management system can be simplified
by application of type tested equipment according to appropriate standards (e.g. EN 267:2020
[5], EN 298:2012 [6], EN 676:2020 [3] and EN 13611:2019 [8]) if they fulfil the requirements
described in 6.1.1.

6.1.3 For multi-burner arrangements, the tests in accordance with 6.1.1 shall be performed collectively.

6.1.4 Burners and their guns which operationally or without the aid of tools can be replaced, retracted
or swung out, shall be provided with a locking device to cut out the supply of fuel and atomising medium
(see 4.4.3 k)).

6.1.5 Each burner shall be equipped with an igniter.

Admissible igniters are:

a) gas-electric igniters;
b) oil-electric igniters;
c) electric igniters.
The igniter shall provide a sufficient ignition source to light-up the main burner within the safety time.
It shall be ensured that the safety time of the main burner is not extended by influences of the ignition
device. (See 6.3.8)

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6.2 Flue gas recirculation

6.2.1 Flue gas recirculation shall not influence flame stability adversely. Sufficient flame stability with
maximum allowable flue gas recirculation flow shall be proven during burner test in accordance with 6.1.1.

6.2.2 Where the flue gas recirculation flow is controlled as a function of the firing rate, the ratio of
flue gas recirculation flow to burner firing rate shall be so monitored that the fuel supply is cut off if
unacceptable deviations from this ratio, specified by the manufacturer of the firing system, arise. The
monitoring of the ratio of the flue gas recirculation flow to burner firing rate shall be independent of the
control circuit. Monitoring shall not be required if the ratio of the flue gas recirculation flow to burner
firing rate is controlled by mechanical means, and if this ratio cannot be changed to exceed the admissible
limits as a result of upset operating conditions.

Acceptable deviations from the value predetermined for the ratio of the flue gas recirculation flow to
burner firing rate shall be stated in the operating manuals.
The requirements given in 5.1 for the air flow shall be considered for the flue gas recirculation flow.
During start-up of a burner, particularly with a cold combustion chamber, flue gas recirculation shall
not be initiated until flame stability and total combustion has been achieved e.g. by a given minimum
flue gas temperature or a minimum combustion air temperature.

6.2.3 The requirements of 6.2.2 shall not apply to uncontrolled flue gas recirculation, if flame stability
is proven at any firing rate and during start-up, see 6.1.1 e).

6.2.4 If the flue gas recirculation fan fails, no reverse flow shall occur.

6.3 Control and monitoring

6.3.1 The firing system heat input shall be controlled automatically in relation to the heat demand.
To permit visual observation of igniter and main burner flames, inspection openings shall be provided
at suitable locations at the combustion chamber or the burner(s). If escape of hot gases is possible,
protection for personnel shall be provided.

6.3.2 The suitability of control and monitoring devices relevant to safety which are specified in 4.4.3
shall be proved. This can be done by individual testing or by the application of type tested equipment
in accordance with appropriate standards, e.g. EN 267:2020 [5], EN 298:2012 [6], EN 676:2020 [3] and
EN 60730‑2‑5:2015/A1:2019 [11].

Individual components of control devices having safety functions shall meet the requirements of 6.3.

6.3.3 Flame monitors shall be self-checking during operation.

6.3.4 Flame monitors shall be designed and installed such, that checking by operating personnel can
be performed at any time. Functional testing shall be practicable without interfering with the electrical
control system.

6.3.5 In firing systems with multiple burner arrangements, the single-burner flame monitoring can
be replaced by a burner group or an overall combustion chamber flame monitoring system. This can be
achieved by providing master burners. If flame failure is detected, all burners forming a group with a
master burner, or the total of all burners in the combustion chamber shall be cut off by common safety
shut-off devices, or their individual safety shut-off devices shall act jointly.

6.3.6 The safety devices shall observe the safety times laid down in Table 1 for all types of burners
when starting-up the burner, or when the flame extinguishes during operation.

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Table 1 — Allowable safety times

Ignition safety time Extinction safety time
Type of burner
s s
Main burner 5 1
Igniter burner 10 1

6.3.7 For large firing systems consisting of multiple burners with a firing rate of more than 3 MW each
in a common combustion chamber, the extinction safety time may be increased to a maximum of 3 s for
individual burners.

The ignition safety time shall in no case exceed the figures given in Table 1 for any firing system.

6.3.8 Gas-electric or oil-electric igniters shall be monitored independently of the main flame. This can
be accomplished by the main flame monitoring device provided the fuel supplies to both igniter and
main burner shall be cut off when the main burner is not ignited within the safety time period.

6.4 Electrical equipment

6.4.1 The electrical equipment of the firing system shall be provided in accordance with appropriate
standards, e.g. EN 50156 1:2015 [9] and EN 50156‑2:2015 [10].

6.4.2 To initiate a master fuel trip independently of the automatic control, at least one emergency
switch shall be installed at a readily accessible and safe location, visible and durable marked.

6.5 Safety precautions

6.5.1 The following safety functions shall be described in detail in the operating manual in accordance
with Clause 7.

6.5.2 Prior to any firing system start-up, the combustion chamber, the flue gas passes and the flue gas
recirculation duct shall be effectively purged. The combustion chamber and the flue gas passes shall be
of such a design as to ensure effective purging. The volume to be considered comprises the combustion
chamber and the flue gas ducts up to the point where the maximum flue gas temperature during
operation is below the ignition temperature of the fuel used. During this purging no ignition sources
shall be present.

To avoid ignition sources in an electrostatic precipitator, the precipitator voltage shall during purging
be brought down to at least half of the normal value.

6.5.3 For firing systems equipped with flue gas recirculation, the flue gas recirculation duct shall be
included in the purging program of the combustion chamber and the flue gas passes.

Generally, purging shall be performed as follows:

• starting the purging of the combustion chamber and the flue gas passes with the flue gas recirculation
duct closed;
• the purging of the flue gas recirculation ducts may be commenced as soon as one part of the purging
program for combustion chamber and flue gas passes has been performed, so that both purging
operations can finish at the same time.

6.5.4 After every safety shut-off, purging shall be necessary prior to any restart.

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6.5.5 Purging in accordance with 6.5.2, 6.5.3 and 6.5.4 may be waived if special measures are taken to
ensure that after cut out of the firing system no fuel is present in the combustion chamber and the flue
gas passes, and it is also ensured that no fuel enters the combustion chamber during the outage.

6.5.6 For burners requiring to be purged after shutdown, it shall be ensured that purged residual fuel
will be safely ignited. Safe ignition shall be, for instance, ensured if the required number of monitored
master burners are in operation (see 6.3.5).
NOTE After purging of the flue gas passes, the oil guns can be purged one after the other together with a
minimum airflow and with the assistance of the ignition device in order to burn off the residual fuel.

6.5.7 Upon completion of purging of the flue gas passes, the ignition process of the first burner shall be
initiated within a period of 10 min. This period can be extended to 30 min if, on completion of purging,
an air flow of at least 20 % of the total combustion air flow shall be maintained.

6.5.8 A second ignition of an oil burner or an attempt to ignite one other oil burner may be effected
without inter-mediate purging within the times given in 6.5.7. A third ignition of the first oil burner shall
be permitted for a furnace with three or more burners.

Re-ignition of gas burners shall not be permitted.

6.5.9 When igniting a main burner, the burner firing rate shall be limited so that the pressure shall not
exceed the design value for the combustion chamber during the start-up operation.

6.6 Common stack for several firing systems

Flue gas flows from several firing systems shall only be joined in common ducts or stacks if an
inadmissible pressure excursion resulting from the ignition of an explosive mixture is prevented. This
requirement will be met if the temperature of the flue gas is low enough to avoid self-ignition, and if the
influence of external ignition sources shall be prevented. Unacceptable backpressure to the combustion
chamber of the connected systems shall be prevented.

7 Operating manual
An operating manual according to EN 12952‑18:2012 shall be provided with the boiler which indicates
the schematic arrangement of fuel lines and valves, the test instructions for the flame monitors, the type
of fuels to be used, the required air/fuel ratio according to 5.2, the system maintenance requirements,
the start-up and shutdown procedures for the burners as well as the measures to be taken when
problems or dangerous condition arise. Operational requirements are given in Annex C.

8 Particular requirements for firing systems burning gaseous fuels with high
relative density

8.1 Main firing systems

8.1.1 Supply of gases

Gases in their liquid state shall only be supplied to the boiler room or boiler area if they are supplied to
and burned in the burner in their liquid state. Supply lines for gas in its liquid state shall be welded at
the points of connection. The piping and gun system downstream of the safety shut-off device shall be
as short as possible.
If gases are supplied in their gasified state, a safety device shall be provided to ensure that no gas in its
liquid state can enter the burner.
Only certified material shall be used for valves and gaskets.

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8.1.2 Safety shut-off device

The components of the safety shut-off devices for heavy gas in its liquid state shall be proved for
suitability.
NOTE Procedures for proof tests can be found in EN ISO 23553‑1:2022.

8.1.3 Shutdown of burners for heavy gas in its liquid state

After shutdown of the burner, the fuel supply line shall be purged from the safety shut-off device to the
burner inlet. A fixed connection for the purging medium shall be provided as close as possible to and
downstream of the burner side safety shut-off device. Failure of the purging medium supply during
operation shall be indicated to the supervising personnel. It shall be ensured that no gas can enter the
lines carrying the purging medium.
For burners which are purged after shutdown, safe ignition of the purged liquid gas shall be ensured.
Safe ignition, is ensured if the required number of monitored burners is operating.
After simultaneous shutdown of all burners, the entire flue gas passes shall be adequately vented
before purging the liquid gas line. Pipes and burner guns shall only be purged if the ignition device is
operating and sufficient air is available.
In the case of firing systems with several main burners, the individual pipes and burner guns shall be
purged one after the other.
Gases may also be drained into the storage tank if the burner is equipped for this use.
In case proper shutdown is not performed automatically, a permanent instruction plate shall be provided
at a readily visible location to indicate the sequence for start-up and shutdown of the firing system.

8.2 Ignition burner systems

The components of the safety shut-off devices for ignition gases in their liquid state shall be tested in
accordance with EN ISO 23553‑1:2022.

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Annex A
(normative)

Chemical recovery boiler (black liquor boiler)

A.1 General
This annex specifies the special amendments to and exceptions from the requirements for firing
systems in this document, for liquid and gaseous fuels in chemical recovery boilers (black liquor
boilers), as defined in EN 12952‑5:2021, E.1. The properties of the liquor, especially the dry solids
content, shall be prepared for firing. The firing liquor is not flammable and it can only be burnt at full
furnace temperature.
NOTE When firing the black liquor in a chemical recovery boiler furnace, the cooking chemicals are
recovered as a molten salt smelt from the boiler at a temperature at roughly about 900 °C through the smelt
openings at the bottom of the furnace and reused.

A.2 Additional requirements for the firing system for black liquor in the
chemical recovery boiler

A.2.1 Clause 4, 5.1.2, 5.1.3 and Clause 6 do not apply to the firing of black liquor.

A.2.2 The use of flame monitors and igniters are not applicable to black liquor guns.

A.2.3 The operation of the combustion air fan(s) and the operation of the induced draught fan in the
flue gas pass shall be monitored and controlled to 5.1.1, 5.2 and 5.3.

A.2.4 In addition to the manually operated valve in the black liquor supply pipe at the liquor gun
operating place (operating platform), there shall be a safety shut-off device which can be operated
manually by the operator from the control room as well as automatically by the boiler safety system.

A.2.5 The written liquor firing start up instruction shall state that the supply of the firing liquor shall
not be allowed to be released by the operator during the start-up operation unless:

a) the furnace temperature has reached the ignition temperature of the firing liquor;
b) the minimum preheat temperature for the firing liquor is reached;
c) the firing liquor dry solids content is above the minimum value specified by the manufacturer for
the start-up of the boiler;
d) the liquor gun is in the intended operating position;
e) the conditions for continued firing listed in A.2.7 are fulfilled.

A.2.6 Flue gas pass purging shall not be required before the supply of the firing liquor.

A.2.7 The automatic safety shut-off valve for the supply of the firing liquor shall stop the
operation whenever:

a) the control power for the safety devices fails;

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b) the flue gas damper is not proven to be fully open or the induced draught fan fails, or the pressure
in the furnace cannot be maintained within the specified limits;
c) sufficient air flow for the combustion cannot be maintained;
d) cut-off switches are actuated;
e) an emergency shut-down is initiated;
f) any one of the limiters specified for the boiler responds.

A.2.8 After a lock-out to A.2.5 or A.2.7 a restart in accordance with the regular start-up instruction
shall be permitted as soon as the condition(s) causing the lock-out is resolved.

A.2.9 The liquor guns and the supply piping and tanks for the firing liquor shall be safely protected
during boiler operation from any intrusion of or dilution with any other water solution than the firing
liquor in a sufficiently concentrated condition.

A.3 Special requirements for oil- or gas firing for chemical recovery boilers
A.3.1 General
Special flue gas pass purging shall not be required prior to the ignition of an oil- or gas fired burner of
a chemical recovery boiler provided that a steam generation of at least 50 % of the rated capacity of the
boiler shall be established by means of black liquor firing.
However, also during black liquor firing, there shall still be a minimum waiting time of 30 s or more,
depending on the size of the boiler and of the burner, after a failed ignition attempt for an oil or gas
burner before the re-ignition of the same or any adjacent burner is attempted.

A.3.2 Special requirements for start-up burners

A.3.2.1 Individual air supply control to start-up burners shall not be necessary.

A.3.2.2 After a partial extinction or failed start-up attempt of a burner of a burner group a delay time
of at least 30 seconds, or more depending on burner capacity, burner location, furnace temperature and
burner extinction time, shall be applied before any restart is attempted. Any restart of a second burner in
the furnace shall not be attempted until the earlier ones are firing steadily and the monitored amounts of
combustible gases in the flue gas is well below ignition levels.

A.3.2.3 A second attempt to ignite an oil burner or an attempt to ignite another oil burner may be
effected without the intermediate full purging during a boiler start-up operation. However, a delay time
before the reignition attempt in accordance with A.3.2.2, shall be applied.

A.3.2.4 An ignition attempt of a first start-up burner, when the liquor firing capacity has decreased
below 50 % of the rated capacity, shall only be permitted provided the combustion process is running
smoothly and the combustible gas monitoring of the flue gases indicates that the share of unburned
combustibles is below a limit prescribed for the boiler.

In addition, a delay time of at least 60 seconds shall be applied after every failed ignition attempt.

A.3.2.5 A tripped boiler after firing kraft liquor shall be fully purged according to 6.5.2, 6.5.4 and 6.5.7
before any ignition attempt of a first start-up burner.

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A.3.3 Special requirements for the firing of odorous gases

A.3.3.1 Introduction of any toxic or odorous gas or gas mixture into the furnace shall not be allowed
unless at least 50 % of the rated capacity of the boiler is established by means of black liquor firing.

A.3.3.2 Special precautions shall be taken to prevent the introduction of any aqueous condensate or
other water solution into the furnace through any device for the supply of a gaseous fuel or fuel mixture.

A.3.3.3 Precautions shall be taken to prevent any escape of toxic or odorous gases into the boiler house.

A.3.3.4 Rules for gas firing systems shall not apply for the destruction of high volume low concentration
odorous gases as a mixture in combustion air, in line with the definition in 3.3. A.3.3.1 to A.3.3.3 shall
apply. Gas supply lines shall be equipped with a safety shut of device.

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Annex B
(normative)

Gas turbines in combination with heat recovery steam generators

B.1 General
This annex describes the special requirements for the combination of gas turbine with a downstream
heat recovery boiler. The heat recovery boiler can be equipped with or without additional firing.
For the additional firings of a heat recovery boiler the requirements in Clause 4, Clause 5 and
Clause 6 apply.

B.2 Additional requirements for gas turbines in combination with heat

recovery steam generators
B.2.1 Safety shut-off devices
The requirements of 4.4.1 apply. If the requirements of EN 161:2011+A3:2013, EN 16678:2015 and / or
EN ISO 23553‑1:2022 are not met, a risk analysis is necessary to ensure equivalent safety. The closing
times shall not be exceeded in any case.

B.2.2 Fuel release and cut off

The requirements of 4.4.2, with the exception of 4.4.2 b), and 4.4.3, with the exception of 4.4.3 i), j) and
l) are not relevant to the gas turbine. Alternatively, a flame monitor may be replaced by the monitoring
of other physical quantities, e.g. turbine exhaust temperature and number of revolutions, which shall be
carried out reactionless by other tasks.

B.2.3 Electrical equipment

The requirements of 6.4 apply. The requirements of 6.4.1 refer to the criteria according to 4.4.2 b) and
4.4.3 i), j) and l).

B.2.4 Bypass operation of the heat recovery boiler

If the system is equipped in such a way that gas turbine operation with bypassing of the heat recovery
boiler is possible, the following requirements apply:
During the monitoring of the flue gas paths, the setting time of the dampers, the switching behaviour of
the flue gas paths and the outflow behaviour of the gas turbine shall be attuned with each other.
In response to protection criteria of the downstream boiler, instead of the control of the safety shut-
off devices of the gas turbine, the control of the dampers can be carried out on the bypass of the steam
boiler. The switching and monitoring of the damper position shall be carried out reliably and quickly.
For this purpose, the damper settings and the positioning times shall be monitored in accordance with
appropriate standards, e.g. EN 50156‑1:2015 [9]. The change-over time shall be selected in such a way
that no dangerous state occurs for the gas turbine and for the steam boiler. If the criteria for the change-
over procedure are not met, the safety shut-off devices required in 4.4.1 are closed.

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EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

B.2.5 Switching from gas turbine operation to fresh air operation at secondary firing
In order to fulfil the requirements of 5.2 even when switching from gas turbine operation to fresh air
operation, the fuel quantity shall be briefly reduced, if necessary.
The requirements of 5.2 can be fulfilled by demonstrating that the O2 content is sufficient in all
operating conditions. The verification shall also be provided for the switching operations. If the
verification cannot be provided, the monitoring of the fuel/O2 ratio is required.

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BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

Annex C
(informative)

Operational requirements for permanent supervised firing

systems for liquid and gaseous fuels

C.1 General
For a firing system using liquid and/or gaseous fuels with permanent supervision, the following
operational requirements should be adhered to by the operating personnel.

C.2 Operation
The training of the operating persons should refer to the special conditions of the firing system and the
type of fuel. This includes the requirements given in Clause 4, Clause 5, Clause 6, Clause 7 and Clause 8
with particular reference to the individual details in the operating manual mentioned in Clause 7.

C.3 Fuel preparation

Where condensate from steam heating coils for oil preheating is returned to the boiler (see 4.2),
checking of the condensate for oil content should be performed in regular time intervals.

C.4 Safety shutoff devices

Leakage testing of each of the safety shut-off devices in accordance with 4.4.1 should be performed in
regular time intervals.

C.5 Air/fuel ratio

The air/fuel ratio may be trimmed manually within the admissible limits.

C.6 Modification of firing, burner or air/fuel ratio setting

A change in firing, burner or air/fuel ratio setting can become necessary due to changed operating
conditions or changed flue gas recirculation flow or a change in fuel quality (see 6.1). In this case it
can be necessary to modify the air register system or air/fuel ratio control. All such measures are only
permissible if they are taken by expert personnel and
a) the maximum firing rate of the burner is not exceeded;
b) flame stability is maintained;
c) criteria relevant to safety are not adversely affected, and
d) the characteristic values relevant to combustion such as CO2-, CO-contents by volume are kept
within acceptable limits. For oil burners this also applies to unburnt particles (smoke).
Modifications should be documented in the operating manual.

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EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

C.7 Control and monitoring

Checking and functional testing of flame monitors described in 6.3.4 should be performed according to
the advice laid down in the operating manual, see Clause 7.
If the flame monitor for a firing system consisting of only one burner is not of self-checking design,
increased safety of the flame monitor should be ensured through special measures by the operating
personnel, e.g. periodic inspection, shutdown at intervals not longer than 24 h.

C.8 Emergency operation

An emergency operation which cannot be avoided and during which a function of a safety device is
bridged, necessitates the observation of the following pre-conditions:
a) change over to emergency operation should only be possible, if a key-operated switch is used;
b) during the entire period of emergency operation, the inoperative safety functions should be
replaced by continuous expert supervision;
c) in systems with only one burner per combustion chamber, each of the following safety functions
should be maintained:
1) flame monitoring;
2) operation of the required limit switches of the water/steam system (e.g. water level limit);
3) the flue gas damper and the induced draught fan running (see 4.4.3 b)) and monitoring of the
combustion chamber pressure. Any other conditions should be determined together with the
responsible shift engineer for each individual case;
d) in systems with several monitored burners in one combustion chamber it is not required to
take measures beyond those described in a) and b), as long as other monitored burners are still
operating and stable combustion conditions exist.

C.9 Operating and maintenance instructions

The functional capability of the control and monitoring devices (see 4.4.3 and 6.3.4) should be
checked and a leakage test of the individual safety shut-off devices in accordance with 4.4.1 should be
performed at adequate intervals. Defects on equipment having safety functions should be remedied
before operating the system further. Otherwise an emergency operation in accordance with C.8 should
be taken into consideration.

C.10 Firing systems burning gaseous fuels with high relative density

C.10.1 The accumulation of heavy gases or mixtures of air and heavy gas in the boiler room, or boiler
area in the case of outdoor installations should be avoided by suitable measures.

Such measures are, for example:

a) outdoor installation of boilers without depressions or hollow spaces in the ground within the area
of boilers, or
b) installation of boilers in boiler rooms the floor of which being above ground level at least on one
side. The boiler rooms should be adequately ventilated and ventilation openings should also be
provided at floor level. Depressions or hollow spaces being present in the floor should be avoided.

C.10.2 If the non-availability of purging medium is indicated during operation, the operating personnel
should take remedial measures.

  27
BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

C.10.3 Liquid-gas bottles in boiler rooms

a) As a rule, liquid-gas bottles and their related pressure regulators should be installed outside the
boiler room above ground level at a distance of at least 3 m from depressions, hollow spaces or
ignition sources.
b) Downstream of the pressure regulator, a shut-off device of type tested design should be installed in
the supply line and should only be opened for the purpose of ignition.
c) Where the measures described in 8.1.1 have been taken, gas bottles with igniter gas may also be
installed near the boiler.
d) Irrespective of a) and b) gas bottles up to 33 kg may be transported together with the pressure
regulator from the location of storage outside the boiler room into the boiler room or boiler area
for the purpose of ignition only.

C.10.4 Pump and evaporators units should not be installed in the boiler room. For these units and their
installation rooms the explosion protection measures should be taken into account. Where these units
are installed in rooms, the entire room should be natural ventilated.

C.10.5 For storage and operation of bottles for liquid-gas particular requirements are in existence which
should be taken into consideration.

28 
 BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

Annex D
(informative)

Significant technical changes between this document and the

previous edition

Clause/Paragraph/Table/Figure Change
2/Normative References Normative references updated
5.1.1/Air supply Changed criteria for the monitoring of air flow
5.3.2/Flue gas discharge Changed criteria for the monitoring of flue gas discharge
6.5.2/Safety precautions More detailed requirements on purge volume
Annex B Added requirements for gas turbines in combination with
heat recovery steam generators
Annex C, B.8 previous version Deletion of requirements on not automated purging since this
is not state of technique
Annex ZA/Table ZA.1 Detailed information about the clauses claiming presumption
of conformity to the ESRs from Annex I of Directive 2014/68/
EU
NOTE The technical changes referred include the significant technical changes from the EN revised but is
not an exhaustive list of all modifications from the previous version.

  29
BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

Annex ZA
(informative)

Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered

This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request
M/071 “Mandate to CEN for standardization in the field of Pressure equipment” to provide one
voluntary means of conforming to essential requirements of the New Approach Pressure Equipment
Directive 2014/68/EU.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance
with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope
of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that
Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2014/68/EU on
Pressure Equipment
Essential Safety Require- Clause(s)/subclause(s) of this Remarks/Notes
ments (ESRs) of Directive EN 12952‑8
2014/68/EU on Pressure
Equipment Annex I
3.4 5.2, 6.5.1, Clause 7, A.2.5
5.2
6.3.1
5 a) 6.4.2
A.2.3, A.2.4
B.2.5
4.4.2, 4.4.3, 4.4.4
5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2
6.2
6.3.3, 6.3.4, 6.3.5, 6.3.7, 6.3.8
5 e) 6.5
6.6
8.1.1, 8.1.3
A.2.3, A.2.7
B.2.2, B.2.4

WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European Standard
is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this standard should
consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation can be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.

30 
 BS EN 12952‑8:2022
EN 12952‑8:2022 (E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 7‑2, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 2: Verification by
means of limit gauges
[2] ISO 228‑2, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads — Part 2:
Verification by means of limit gauges
[3] EN 676:2020, Forced draught burners for gaseous fuels
[4] ISO 6976, Natural gas — Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe indices
from composition
[5] EN 267:2020, Forced draught burners for liquid fuels
[6] EN 298:2012, Automatic burner control systems for burners and appliances burning gaseous or
liquid fuels
[7] EN 12952‑1:2015, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 1: General
[8] EN 13611:2019, Safety and control devices for burners and appliances burning gaseous and/or
liquid fuels - General requirements
[9] EN 50156‑1:2015, Electrical equipment for furnaces and ancillary equipment - Part 1: Requirements
for application design and installation
[10] EN 50156‑2:2015, Electrical equipment for furnaces and ancillary equipment - Part 2: Requirements
for design, development and type approval of safety devices and subsystems
[11] EN 60730‑2‑5:2015/A1:2019, Automatic electrical controls - Part 2-5: Particular requirements for
automatic electrical burner control systems
[12] EN ISO 3677:2016, Filler metal for soldering and brazing - Designation (ISO 3677:2016)
[13] EN ISO 17672:2016, Brazing - Filler metals (ISO 17672:2016)

  31
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