ELOT EN 50160

AOÛT 2010

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2010-08-02 ICS:29.020
ΕΛΟΤ EN 50160
4η Έκδοση

ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΟ
HELLENIC STANDARD

Χαρακτηριστικά της τάσης που παρέχεται από τα δηµόσια δίκτυα διανοµής

Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks

Κλάση Τιµολόγησης: 14
© ΕΛΟΤ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΥΠΟΠΟΙΗΣHΣ Α.Ε. Αχαρνών 313 •11145 Αθήνα
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ΕΛΟΤ EN 50160 Ε4

Εθνικός Πρόλογος National Foreword

Αυτό είναι το Φύλλο Επικύρωσης This Endorsement Sheet ratifies

του εγκεκριµένου Ευρωπαϊκού the approval of European
Προτύπου Standard

EN 50160:2010 EN 50160:2010

ως Ελληνικού Προτύπου. as a Hellenic Standard.

Το πρότυπο αυτό διατίθεται στην This standard is available in
Αγγλική, ή Γαλλική ή Γερµανική English, French or German from
γλώσσα από τον Ελληνικό the Hellenic Organization for
Oργανισµό Τυποποίησης Α.Ε. Αυτό Standardization S.A. This Hellenic
το Ελληνικό Πρότυπο αντικαθιστά Standard supersedes
το ΕΛΟΤ ΕΝ 50160:2007. ELOT EN 50160:2007.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50160

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM July 2010

ICS 29.020 Supersedes EN 50160:2007

English version

Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity

networks

Caractéristiques de la tension fournie Merkmale der Spannung in öffentlichen

par les réseaux publics de distribution Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetzen

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2010-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels

© 2010 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 50160:2010 E

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EN 50160:2010 –2–

Foreword

This European Standard was prepared by Working Group 1, Physical characteristics of electrical energy,
of the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 8X, System aspects of electrical energy supply. It was
submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 50160 on 2010-03-01.

This document is the result of an intensive cooperation between CENELEC and CEER, with involvement
of CEER experts in TC 8X WG1 as well as in related Task Forces.

This document supersedes EN 50160:2007.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

The following dates were fixed:

– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented

at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2011-03-01

– latest date by which the national standards conflicting

with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2015-03-01

The main differences from EN 50160:2007 are:

– new organization of the document by grouping clauses related to events and continuous
phenomena;

– modification of some definitions and completion by some new definitions;

– new Clause 6 relevant to voltage characteristics in high voltage networks.

This work has been deemed so important, that before submission for vote, a CENELEC enquiry has been
made, where NCs had the opportunity to respond to the most essential questions resulting from the WG
discussions. This enquiry resulted in an extensive number of valuable comments, which have been
carefully examined for possible consideration either for the voting draft in particular or for further work
within WG1 on some main issues. Following that, the draft has been revised in depth, considering in
particular the comments received on:

– the subclauses relevant to supply voltage changes, where a new formulation (capable of
encompassing the needs expressed by the vast majority of the NCs) has been introduced,

– the new Clause 6, relevant to voltage characteristics in high voltage networks, where limits for
harmonics and unbalance have been changed into indicative values, as new measurement surveys
are taking place in several European countries, and it has been recognized as appropriate to wait for
the relevant results before considering the setting of limits.
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Contents
1 Scope and object .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Object ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................... 5
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................... 5
4 Low-voltage supply characteristics .............................................................................................. 10
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Continuous phenomena ......................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Voltage events ........................................................................................................................ 14
5 Medium-voltage supply characteristics ....................................................................................... 16
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Continuous phenomena ......................................................................................................... 17
5.3 Voltage events ........................................................................................................................ 20
6 High-voltage supply characteristics ............................................................................................. 22
6.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Continuous phenomena ......................................................................................................... 23
6.3 Voltage events ........................................................................................................................ 25
Annex A (informative) Special nature of electricity .............................................................................. 28
Annex B (informative) Indicative values for voltage events and single rapid voltage changes ...... 30
B.1 Long interruptions of the supply voltage ................................................................................. 30
B.2 Short interruptions of the supply voltage ................................................................................ 30
B.3 Voltage dips and swells .......................................................................................................... 30
B.4 Swells (temporary power frequency overvoltages) between live conductors
and earth ........................................................................................................................................... 32
B.5 Magnitude of rapid voltage changes ...................................................................................... 32
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 33

Figures
Figure 1 ― Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Un used in public LV networks ................... 13
Figure 2 ― Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Uc used in public MV networks .................. 20

Tables
Table 1 ― Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25 given in
percent of the fundamental voltage U1 ........................................................................................................ 13
Table 2 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration ............................................. 15
Table 3 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration ....................................... 16
Table 4 ― Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25 given in
percent of the fundamental voltage U1 ........................................................................................................ 19
Table 5 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration ............................................. 21
Table 6 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration ....................................... 22
Table 7 ― Indicative values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to
25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage U1 ..................................................................................... 24
Table 8 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration ............................................. 26
Table 9 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration ....................................... 26
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EN 50160:2010 –4–

1 Scope and object

1.1 Scope
This European Standard defines, describes and specifies the main characteristics of the voltage at a
network user's supply terminals in public low voltage, medium and high voltage AC electricity networks
under normal operating conditions. This standard describes the limits or values within which the voltage
characteristics can be expected to remain at any supply terminal in public European electricity networks
and does not describe the average situation usually experienced by an individual network user.

NOTE 1 For the definitions of low, medium and high voltage see 3 (Definitions).

This European Standard does not apply under abnormal operating conditions, including the following:

a) a temporary supply arrangement to keep network users supplied during conditions arising as a result
of a fault, maintenance and construction work, or to minimize the extent and duration of a loss of
supply;

b) in the case of non-compliance of a network user's installation or equipment with the relevant
standards or with the technical requirements for connection, established either by the public
authorities or the network operator, including the limits for the emission of conducted disturbances;

NOTE 2 A network user’s installation may include load and generation.

c) in exceptional situations, in particular,

1) exceptional weather conditions and other natural disasters;

2) third party interference;

3) acts by public authorities;

4) industrial actions (subject to legal requirements);

5) force majeure;

6) power shortages resulting from external events.

The voltage characteristics given in this standard are not intended to be used as electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) levels or user emission limits for conducted disturbances in public electricity
networks.

The voltage characteristics given in this standard are not intended to be used to specify requirements in
equipment product standards and in installation standards.

NOTE 3 The performance of equipment might be impaired if it is subjected to supply conditions which are not
specified in the equipment product standard.

This standard may be superseded in total or in part by the terms of a contract between the individual
network user and the network operator.

NOTE 4 The sharing of complaint management and problem mitigation costs between the involved parties is
outside the scope of EN 50160.

Measurement methods to be applied in this standard are described in EN 61000-4-30.

1.2 Object

The object of this European Standard is to define, describe and specify the characteristics of the supply
voltage concerning:
a) frequency;

b) magnitude;

c) waveform;

d) symmetry of the line voltages.

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These characteristics are subject to variations during the normal operation of a supply system due to
changes of load, disturbances generated by certain equipment and the occurrence of faults which are
mainly caused by external events.

The characteristics vary in a manner which is random in time, with reference to any specific supply
terminal, and random in location, with reference to any given instant of time. Because of these variations,
the values given in this standard for the characteristics can be expected to be exceeded on a small
number of occasions.

Some of the phenomena affecting the voltage are particularly unpredictable, which make it very difficult to
give useful definite values for the corresponding characteristics. The values given in this standard for the
voltage characteristics associated with such phenomena, e.g. voltage dips and voltage interruptions, shall
be interpreted accordingly.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 60664-1 2007 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems –

Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests (IEC 60664-1:2007)
EN 61000-3-3 2008 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 3-3: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations
and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with
rated current ≤ 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional
connection (IEC 61000-3-3:2008)
EN 61000-4-30 2009 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality
measurement methods (IEC 61000-4-30:2008)
IEC 60364-5-53 2001 Electrical installations of buildings –
+ A1 2002 Part 5-53: Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Isolation,
switching and control
IEC/TR 61000-2-8 2002 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 2-8: Environment – Voltage dips and short interruptions on
public electric power supply systems with statistical measurement
results
IEC/TR 61000-3-7 2008 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) –
Part 3-7: Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating loads in MV
and HV power systems

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
conducted disturbance
electromagnetic phenomenon propagated along the line conductors of a supply network
NOTE In some cases an electromagnetic phenomenon is propagated across transformer windings and hence
between networks of different voltage levels. These disturbances may degrade the performance of a device,
equipment or system or they may cause damage.

3.2
declared supply voltage
Uc
supply voltage Uc agreed by the network operator and the network user

NOTE Generally declared supply voltage Uc is the nominal voltage Un but it may be different according to the
agreement between the network operator and the network user.
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EN 50160:2010 –6–

3.3
flicker
impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral
distribution fluctuates with time
[IEV 161-08-13]

NOTE Voltage fluctuation cause changes of the luminance of lamps which can create the visual phenomenon
called flicker. Above a certain threshold flicker becomes annoying. The annoyance grows very rapidly with the
amplitude of the fluctuation. At certain repetition rates even very small amplitudes can be annoying.

3.4
flicker severity
intensity of flicker annoyance evaluated by the following quantities:

– short term severity (Pst) measured over a period of ten minutes;

– long term severity (Plt) calculated from a sequence of twelve Pst-values over a two hour interval,
according to the following expression:

12
Plt = 3
∑i =1
Psti 3
12

3.5
frequency of the supply voltage
repetition rate of the fundamental wave of the supply voltage measured over a given interval of time

3.6
harmonic voltage
sinusoidal voltage with a frequency equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the
supply voltage

NOTE Application: Harmonic voltages can be evaluated:

– individually by their relative amplitude (uh) which is the harmonic voltage related to the fundamental voltage u1,
where h is the order of the harmonic;

– globally, for example by the total harmonic distortion factor THD, calculated using the following expression:

40
THD = ∑ (u )
h=2
h
2

NOTE Harmonics of the supply voltage are caused mainly by network users' non-linear loads connected to all
voltage levels of the supply network. Harmonic currents flowing through the network impedance give rise to harmonic
voltages. Harmonic currents and network impedances and thus the harmonic voltages at the supply terminals vary in
time.

3.7
high voltage
HV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is 36 kV < Un ≤ 150 kV

NOTE Because of existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can be
different.

3.8
interharmonic voltage
sinusoidal voltage with a frequency not equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental
NOTE Interharmonic voltages at closely adjacent frequencies can appear at the same time forming a wide band spectrum.
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3.9
low voltage
LV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is Un ≤ 1 kV

3.10
mains signalling voltage
signal superimposed on the supply voltage for the purpose of transmission of information in the public
supply network and to network users' premises.

NOTE Classification: three types of signals in the public supply network can be classified:

– ripple control signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage signals in the frequency range 110 Hz to 3 000 Hz;

– power-line-carrier signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage signals in the frequency range 3 kHz to 148,5 kHz;

– mains marking signals: superimposed short time alterations (transients) at selected points of the voltage
waveform

3.11
medium voltage
MV
voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is 1 kV < Un ≤ 36 kV

NOTE Because of existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can be
different.

3.12
network user
party being supplied by or supplying to an electricity supply network

NOTE In several countries, the term network user includes network operators connected to a supply network with
the same or higher voltage level.

3.13
network operator
party responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of, and if necessary developing, the supply
network in a given area and responsible for ensuring the long term ability of the network to meet
reasonable demands for electricity supply

3.14
nominal frequency
nominal value of the frequency of the supply voltage

3.15
normal operating condition
operating condition for an electricity network, where load and generation demands are met, system
switching operations are made and faults are cleared by automatic protection systems, in the absence of
exceptional circumstances, i.e.:

a) temporary supply arrangement;

b) in the case of non-compliance of a network user’s installation or equipment with the relevant standards
or with the technical requirements for connection;

c) exceptional situations, such as:

1) exceptional weather conditions and other natural disasters;

2) third party interference;

3) acts by public authorities;

4) industrial actions (subject to legal requirements);

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5) force majeure;

6) power shortages resulting from external events

3.16
nominal voltage
Un
voltage by which a supply network is designated or identified and to which certain operating
characteristics are referred

3.17
rapid voltage change
single rapid variation of the r.m.s. value of a voltage between two consecutive levels which are sustained
for definite but unspecified durations

NOTE For more information see EN 61000-3-3.

3.18
reference voltage (for interruptions, voltage dips and voltage swells evaluation)
a value specified as the base on which residual voltage, thresholds and other values are expressed in per
unit or percentage terms

NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the reference voltage is the nominal or declared voltage of the supply
system.

3.19
supply interruption
condition in which the voltage at the supply terminals is lower than 5 % of the reference voltage

NOTE 1 Classification: a supply interruption can be classified as:

a) prearranged, when network users are informed in advance; or
b) accidental, caused by permanent or transient faults, mostly related to external events, equipment failures or
interference. An accidental interruption is classified as:
1) a long interruption (longer than 3 min);
2) a short interruption (up to and including 3 min).

NOTE 2 Normally, interruptions are caused by the operation of switches or protective devices.

NOTE 3 The effect of a prearranged interruption can be minimized by network users by taking appropriate
measures.

NOTE 4 Prearranged interruptions are typically due to the execution of scheduled works on the electricity network.

NOTE 5 Accidental supply interruptions are unpredictable, largely random events.

NOTE 6 For polyphase systems, an interruption occurs when the voltage falls below 5 % of the reference voltage on
all phases (otherwise, it is considered to be a dip).

NOTE 7 In some countries, the term Very Short Interruptions (VSI) or transitory interruptions are used to classify
interruptions with duration shorter than 1 s to 5 s. Such interruptions are related to automatic reclosing device
operation.

3.20
supply terminal
point in a public supply network designated as such and contractually fixed, at which electrical energy is
exchanged between contractual partners

NOTE This point can differ from, for example, the electricity metering point or the point of common coupling.

3.21
supply voltage
r.m.s. value of the voltage at a given time at the supply terminal, measured over a given interval
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3.22
transient overvoltage
short duration oscillatory or non-oscillatory overvoltage usually highly damped and with a duration of a
few milliseconds or less

[IEV 604-03-13, modified]

NOTE Transient overvoltages are usually caused by lightning, switching or operation of fuses. The rise time of a
transient overvoltage can vary from less than a microsecond up to a few milliseconds.

3.23
voltage dip
temporary reduction of the r.m.s. voltage at a point in the electrical supply system below a specified start
threshold

NOTE 1 Application: for the purpose of this standard, the dip start threshold is equal to 90 % of the reference voltage.

NOTE 2 Typically, a dip is associated with the occurrence and termination of a short circuit or other extreme current
increase on the system or installations connected to it.

NOTE 3 For the purpose of this standard, a voltage dip is a two dimensional electromagnetic disturbance, the level of
which is determined by both voltage and time (duration).

3.24
voltage dip duration
time between the instant at which the r.m.s. voltage at a particular point of an electricity supply system
falls below the start threshold and the instant at which it rises to the end threshold
NOTE 1 Application: for the purpose of the standard, the duration of a voltage dip is from 10 ms up to and including
1 min.

NOTE 2 For polyphase events, a dip begins when one voltage falls below the dip start threshold and ends when all
voltages are equal to or above the dip end threshold.

3.25
voltage dip end threshold
r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the end of
a voltage dip

3.26
voltage dip residual voltage
minimum value of r.m.s. voltage recorded during a voltage dip

NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the residual voltage is expressed as a percentage of the reference voltage.

3.27
voltage dip start threshold
r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the start of
a voltage dip

3.28
voltage fluctuation
series of voltage changes or a cyclic variation of the voltage envelope

[IEV 161-08-05]

3.29
voltage swell
temporary power frequency overvoltage
temporary increase of the r.m.s. voltage at a point in the electrical supply system above a specified start
threshold

NOTE 1 Application: for the purpose of this standard, the swell start threshold is equal to the 110 % of the reference
voltage (see CLC/TR 50422, Clause 3, for more information).
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NOTE 2 For the purpose of this standard, a voltage swell is a two dimensional electromagnetic disturbance, the level
of which is determined by both voltage and time (duration).

NOTE 3 Voltage swells may appear between live conductors or between live conductors and earth. Depending on
the neutral arrangement, faults to ground may also give rise to overvoltages between healthy phases and neutral.

3.30
voltage swell duration
time between the instant at which the r.m.s. voltage at a particular point of an electricity supply system
exceeds the start threshold and the instant at which it falls below the end threshold

NOTE Application: for the purpose of this standard, the duration of a voltage swell is from 10 ms up to and
including 1 min.

3.31
voltage swell end threshold
r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the end of
a voltage swell

3.32
voltage swell start threshold
r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the start of
a voltage swell

3.33
voltage unbalance
condition in a polyphase system in which the r.m.s. values of the line-to-line voltages (fundamental
component), or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal

[IEV 161-08-09, modified]

NOTE 1 The degree of the inequality is usually expressed as the ratios of the negative and zero sequence
components to the positive sequence component.
NOTE 2 In this European Standard, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to three-phase systems and
negative phase sequence only.

3.34
voltage variation
increase or decrease of r.m.s. voltage normally due to load variations

4 Low-voltage supply characteristics

4.1 General

This clause describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public low voltage networks. In
the following, a distinction is made between
– continuous phenomena, i.e. deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time. Such
phenomena occur mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads,
– voltage events, i.e. sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage
events typically occur due to unpredictable events (e.g. faults) or to external causes (e.g. weather
conditions, third party actions).
1) 2)
For some continuous phenomena, limits are specified ; for voltage events, only indicative values can
be given at present (see Annex B).

The standard nominal voltage Un for public low voltage is Un = 230 V, either between phase and neutral,
or between phases.

– for four-wire three phase systems:

Un = 230 V between phase and neutral;
1)
For single rapid voltage changes, only indicative values are given for the time being.
2)
For some specific parameters, in some national regulations stricter limits may exist.
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– for three-wire three phase systems:

Un = 230 V between phases.

NOTE In low voltage systems declared and nominal voltage are equal.

4.2 Continuous phenomena

4.2.1 Power frequency

The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean
value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of:

– for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system:

50 Hz ± 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year;
50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time;

– for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on
certain islands):
50 Hz ± 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week;
50 Hz ± 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time.

NOTE Related monitoring is usually done by the Control Area Operator.

4.2.2 Supply voltage variations

[Link] Requirements

Under normal operating conditions excluding the periods with interruptions, supply voltage variations
should not exceed ± 10 % of the nominal voltage Un.

In cases of electricity supplies in networks not interconnected with transmission systems or for special
remote network users, voltage variations should not exceed + 10 % / - 15 % of Un. Network users should
be informed of the conditions.
NOTE 1 The actual power consumption required by individual network users is not fully predictable, in terms of
amount and of contemporaneity. As a consequence, networks are generally designed on a probabilistic basis. If,
following a complaint, measurements carried out by the network operator according to [Link] indicate that the
magnitude of the supply voltage departs beyond the limits given in [Link] causing negative consequences for the
network user, the network operator should take remedial action in collaboration with the network user(s) depending
on a risk assessment. Temporarily, for the time needed to solve the problem, voltage variations should be within the
range + 10 % / - 15 % of Un, unless otherwise agreed with the network users.

NOTE 2 In accordance with relevant product and installation standards and application of IEC 60038, network
users’ appliances are typically designed to tolerate supply voltages of ± 10 % around the nominal system voltage,
which is sufficient to cover an overwhelming majority of supply conditions. Generally, appliances do not need to be
designed to handle wider voltage variations.

NOTE 3 Identification of what is a "special remote network user" can vary between countries, taking into account
different characteristics of national electric systems as, for instance, limitation of power on the supply terminal and/or
power factor limits.

[Link] Test method

Under normal operating conditions:

− during each period of one week 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall
be within the range of Un ± 10 %; and
− all 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be within the range of Un + 10 % / - 15 %.
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4.2.3 Rapid voltage changes

[Link] Single rapid voltage change

Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network
users' installations, by switching in the system, or by faults.

If the voltage during a change crosses the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, the event is
classified as a voltage dip and/or swell rather than a rapid voltage change.

NOTE Reference can be made to EN 61000-2-2; some indicative values can be found in Annex B.

[Link] Flicker severity

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week the long term flicker severity Plt
caused by voltage fluctuation should be less than or equal to 1 for 95 % of the time.

NOTE Reaction to flicker is subjective and can vary depending on the perceived cause of the flicker and the period
over which it persists. In some cases Plt = 1 gives rise to annoyance, whereas in other cases higher levels of Plt are
noticed without annoyance.

4.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s.
values of the negative phase sequence component (fundamental) of the supply voltage shall be within the
range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component (fundamental).

NOTE 1 In some areas with partly single phase or two phase connected network users' installations, unbalances up
to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.

NOTE 2 In this European Standard only values for the negative sequence component are given because this
component is the relevant one for the possible interference of appliances connected to the system.

4.2.5 Harmonic voltage

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s.
values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less than or equal to the values given in Table 1.
Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic.

Moreover, the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or
equal to 8 %.

NOTE The limitation to order 40 is conventional.

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– 13 – EN 50160:2010

Table 1 ― Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals

for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage u1

Odd harmonics
Even harmonics
Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3
Order Relative Order Relative Order Relative
h amplitude h amplitude h amplitude
uh uh uh
5 6,0 % 3 5,0 % 2 2,0 %
7 5,0 % 9 1,5 % 4 1,0 %
11 3,5 % 15 0,5 % 6 … 24 0,5 %
13 3,0 % 21 0,5 %
17 2,0 %
19 1,5 %
23 1,5 %
25 1,5 %
NOTE No values are given for harmonics of order higher than 25, as they are usually small, but largely unpredictable due to
resonance effects.

4.2.6 Interharmonic voltages

The level of interharmonics is increasing due to the development of frequency converters and similar
control equipment. Levels are under consideration, pending more experience.

In certain cases interharmonics, even at low levels, give rise to flicker (see [Link]), or cause interference
in ripple control systems.

4.2.7 Mains signalling voltages

In some countries the public networks may be used by the network operators for the transmission of
signals. For 99 % of a day the 3 s mean value of signal voltages shall be less than or equal to the values
given in Figure 1.
Voltage level in percent

Frequency in kHz
Figure 1 ― Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Un used
in public LV networks

NOTE 1 Power line carrier signalling with frequencies in the range from 95 kHz to 148,5 kHz may be used in
network users' installations. Though the use of the public LV network is not permitted for the transmission of signals
between network users, voltages of these frequencies up to 1,4 V r.m.s. in the public LV network have to be taken
into account. Because of the possibility of mutual influences of neighbouring network users’ signalling systems, the
network user may need to apply protection or appropriate mitigation measures for his signalling installation.
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EN 50160:2010 – 14 –

NOTE 2 For PLC purposes, in some networks also frequencies above 148,5 kHz are used.

4.3 Voltage events

4.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage

Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of interruption frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values
recorded in European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B.

4.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells

[Link] General

Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in network users’
installations.

Voltage swells are typically caused by switching operations and load disconnections.

Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending
on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can
be very irregular.

[Link] Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection

If statistics are collected, voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-
30, using as reference the nominal supply voltage. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for
3)
this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration .

On LV networks, for four-wire three phase systems, the line to neutral voltages shall be considered; for
three-wire three phase systems the line to line voltages shall be considered; in the case of a single phase
connection, the supply voltage (line to line or line to neutral, according to the network user connection)
shall be considered.
Conventionally, the dip start threshold is equal to 90 % of the nominal voltage; the start threshold for
swells is equal to the 110 % of the nominal voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for
hysteresis are given in [Link] of EN 61000-4-30:2009.

NOTE For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event are
detected and stored.

[Link] Voltage dips evaluation

Evaluation of voltage dips shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. The method of analyzing the
voltage dips (post treatment) depends on the purpose of the evaluation.

Typically, on LV networks:
− if a three-phase system is considered, polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase
aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single
residual voltage;
− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events; the method used for the aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

3)
In this standard, values are expressed in percentage terms of the reference voltage.
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– 15 – EN 50160:2010

[Link] Voltage dips classification

If statistics are collected, voltage dips shall be classified according to the table 2. The figures to be put in
4)
the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (see in [Link]) .

NOTE For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 2 is to be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 2 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration

Residual voltage u Duration t

%
ms
10 ≤ t ≤ 200 200 < t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 1 000 1 000 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
90 > u ≥ 80 CELL A1 CELL A2 CELL A3 CELL A4 CELL A5
80 > u ≥ 70 CELL B1 CELL B2 CELL B3 CELL B4 CELL B5
70 > u ≥ 40 CELL C1 CELL C2 CELL C3 CELL C4 CELL C5
40 > u ≥ 5 CELL D1 CELL D2 CELL D3 CELL D4 CELL D5
5>u CELL X1 CELL X2 CELL X3 CELL X4 CELL X5

Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of voltage dip frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded
in the European networks concerning dips is given in Annex B.

It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the
results has to be taken into account: this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement
uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30.

Generally, the duration of a voltage dip depends on the protection strategy adopted on the network, which
may differ from network to network depending on network structure and on neutral earthing. As a
consequence, typical durations do not necessarily match the boundaries of the columns in Table 2.

[Link] Voltage swells evaluation

Evaluation of voltage swells shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. The method of analyzing the
voltage swells (post treatment) depends on the purpose of the evaluation.

Typically, on LV networks:
− if a three phase system is considered, polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase
aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single
maximum r.m.s. voltage;
− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events; the method used for the aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

[Link] Voltage swells classification

If statistics are collected, voltage swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to
5)
be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (see [Link]) .

4)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single-phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
5)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
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EN 50160:2010 – 16 –

NOTE 1 For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 3 is to be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 3 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration

Swell voltage u Duration t

% ms
10 ≤ t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
u ≥ 120 CELL S1 CELL S2 CELL S3
120 > u > 110 CELL T1 CELL T2 CELL T3

NOTE 2 Typically, faults in the public LV network or in a network user's installation give rise to temporary power
frequency overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared.
Some indicative values are given in Annex B.

NOTE 3 For the classification of swells between live conductors and earth, reference can be made to
IEC 60364-4-44.

4.3.3 Transient overvoltages

Transient overvoltages at the supply terminals are generally caused by lightning (induced overvoltage) or
by switching in the system.

NOTE 1 The rise time can cover a wide range from milliseconds down to much less than a microsecond. However,
for physical reasons, transients of longer durations usually have much lower amplitudes. Therefore, the coincidence
of a high amplitude and a long rise time is extremely unlikely.

NOTE 2 The energy content of a transient overvoltage varies considerably according to the origin. An induced
overvoltage due to lightning generally has a higher amplitude but lower energy content than an overvoltage caused
by switching, because of the generally longer duration of such switching overvoltages.

NOTE 3 For withstanding transient overvoltages in the vast majority of cases, LV Installations and end users’
appliances are designed according to EN 60664-1. Where necessary (see IEC 60364-4-44), surge protective devices
should be selected according to IEC 60364-5-53, to take account of the actual situations. This is assumed to cover
also induced over-voltages due to both lightning and switching.

5 Medium-voltage supply characteristics

5.1 General

Network users with demands exceeding the capacity of the LV network are generally connected to
networks at nominal voltages above 1 kV. This clause applies to such electricity supplies at nominal
voltages up to and including 36 kV.

NOTE Network users may also be supplied at this voltage level to satisfy special requirements or to mitigate
conducted disturbances emitted by their equipment.

This clause describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public medium voltage
networks. In the following, a distinction is made between:
– continuous phenomena, i.e. deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time.
Such phenomena occur mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads;
– voltage events, i.e. sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage
events typically occur due to unpredictable events (e.g. faults) or to external causes (e.g. weather
conditions, third party actions).
6) 7)
For some continuous phenomena, limits are specified ; for voltage events, only indicative values can
be given at present (see Annex B).

The magnitude of voltage is given by the declared supply voltage Uc.

6)
For single rapid voltage changes, only indicative values are given.
7)
For some specific parameters, in some national regulations stricter limits may exist.
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– 17 – EN 50160:2010

5.2 Continuous phenomena

5.2.1 Power frequency

The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean
value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of:

– for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system:

50 Hz ± 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year;
50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time,

– for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on
certain islands):
50 Hz ± 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week;
50 Hz ± 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time.

NOTE Related monitoring is usually done by the Control Area Operator.

5.2.2 Supply voltage variations

[Link] Requirements

Under normal operating conditions, excluding the periods with interruptions, supply voltage variations
should not exceed ± 10 % of the declared voltage Uc.

In cases of electricity supplies in networks not interconnected with transmission systems or for special
remote network users, voltage variations should not exceed + 10 % / - 15 % of Uc. Network users should
be informed of the conditions.

NOTE 1 The actual power consumption required by individual network users is not fully predictable, in terms of
amount and simultaneity. As a consequence, networks are generally designed on a probabilistic basis. If, following a
complaint, measurements carried out by the network operator according to [Link] indicate that the magnitude of the
supply voltage departs beyond the limits given in [Link], causing negative consequences for the network user, the
network operator should take remedial action in collaboration with the network user(s) depending on a risk
assessment. Temporarily, for the time needed to solve the problem, voltage variations should be within the range
+ 10 % / - 15 % of Uc, unless otherwise agreed with the network users.

NOTE 2 Identification of what is a "special remote network user" can vary between countries, taking into account
different characteristics of national electricity supply systems as, for instance, limitation of power on the supply
terminal and/or power factor limits.

[Link] Test method

For performing voltage measurements, if required, see EN 61000-4-30 with a measurement period of at
least one week.

Under the conditions of [Link], the following limits apply:

− at least 99 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be below the upper
limits of +10% given in [Link]; and
− at least 99 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be above the lower
limits of -10% given in [Link]; and
− none of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be outside the limits ± 15 % of
Uc.

NOTE 1 The percentages above are referred to a measuring period of one week (i.e. to 1 008 intervals of 10 min).

NOTE 2 For the evaluation of measurement results, care should to be taken of flagged intervals. The data flagged
due to interruptions are excluded. The principles for the use of other flagged data are under consideration.

NOTE 3 For those particular cases where limits stricter than ± 10 % of Uc are established, lower weekly percentiles
(i.e. 95 %) should be used.
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EN 50160:2010 – 18 –

5.2.3 Rapid voltage changes

[Link] Single rapid voltage change

Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network
users' installations, by switching in the system, or by faults.

If the voltage during a change crosses the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, the event is
classified as a voltage dip and/or swell rather than a rapid voltage change.

NOTE Reference can be made to EN 61000-2-12; some indicative values can be found in Annex B.

[Link] Flicker severity

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week the long term flicker severity Plt
caused by voltage fluctuation should be less than or equal to 1 for 95 % of the time.

NOTE 1 This value was chosen on the assumption that the transfer coefficient between MV and LV system is 1. In
practice, the transfer coefficients between MV levels and LV levels can be less than 1.

In the case of complaints, the MV limit and appropriate HV, MV and LV mitigation measures shall be
chosen in such a way that at LV the Plt values do not exceed 1.

NOTE 2 Guidance can be found in IEC/TR 61000-3-7.

5.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s.
values of the negative phase sequence component of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to
2 % of the positive phase sequence component.

NOTE 1 In some areas, unbalances up to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.

NOTE 2 In this European Standard only values for the negative sequence component are given because this
component is the relevant one for the possible interference of appliances connected to the system.

5.2.5 Harmonic voltage

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of 10 min mean r.m.s. values
of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less than or equal to the values given in Table 4.
Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic.

Moreover, the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or
equal to 8 %.

NOTE The limitation to order 40 is conventional. Depending on the type of voltage transformer used, the
measurement of higher order harmonics may be not reliable; further information is given in EN 61000-4-30:2009, A.2.
Afnor, WEBPORT le 26/07/2018 à 01:28 ELOT EN 50160:2010-08
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– 19 – EN 50160:2010

Table 4 ― Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals

for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage u1

Odd harmonics Even harmonics

Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3
Order Relative Order Relative Order Relative
h amplitude h amplitude h amplitude
uh uh uh
a
5 6,0 % 3 5,0 % 2 2,0 %
7 5,0 % 9 1,5 % 4 1,0 %
11 3,5 % 15 0,5 % 6 … 24 0,5 %
13 3,0 % 21 0,5 %
17 2,0 %
19 1,5 %
23 1,5 %
25 1,5 %
NOTE No values are given for harmonics of order higher than 25, as they are usually small, but largely unpredictable due to
resonance effects.
a
Depending on the network design, the value for the third harmonic order can be substantially lower.

5.2.6 Interharmonic voltage

The level of interharmonics is increasing due to the development of the application of frequency
converters and similar control equipment. Levels are under consideration, pending more experience.

In certain cases interharmonics, even at low levels, give rise to flicker (see [Link]) or cause interference
with ripple control systems.

5.2.7 Mains signalling voltage

In some countries the public networks may be used by the network operators for the transmission of
signals. For 99 % of a day the 3 s mean value of the signal voltages shall be less or equal to the values
given in Figure 2.
NOTE 1 It is assumed that network users do not use the public MV network for signalling purposes.

NOTE 2 For PLC purposes, in some networks also frequencies above 148,5 kHz are used.
Afnor, WEBPORT le 26/07/2018 à 01:28 ELOT EN 50160:2010-08
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EN 50160:2010 – 20 –

Voltage level in percent

Frequency in kHz

Figure 2 ― Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Uc

used in public MV networks

5.3 Voltage events

5.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage

Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of interruption frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values
recorded in European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B.

5.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells

[Link] General

Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in the network users’
installations.
Voltage swells are typically caused by switching operations and load disconnections.
Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending
on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can
be very irregular.

[Link] Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection

If statistics are collected, voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-
30, using as reference the declared supply voltage. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for
8)
this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration .

Typically, on MV networks, the line to line voltages shall be considered.

Conventionally, the dip threshold is equal to 90 % of the reference voltage; the threshold for swells is
equal to the 110 % of the reference voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for hysteresis
are given in [Link] of EN 61000-4-30:2009.
NOTE For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event are
detected and stored.

8)
In this standard, for MV, values are expressed in percentage terms of the reference voltage.
Afnor, WEBPORT le 26/07/2018 à 01:28 ELOT EN 50160:2010-08
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– 21 – EN 50160:2010

[Link] Voltage dips evaluation

Evaluation of voltage dips shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. The method of analyzing the
voltage dips (post treatment) depends on the purpose of the evaluation.
Typically, on MV networks:
− polyphase aggregation is applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event
characterized by a single duration and a single residual voltage;
− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events; the method used for aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

[Link] Voltage dips classification

If statistics are collected, voltage dips shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be
9)
put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in [Link]) .

NOTE For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 5 is to be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 5 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration

Residual voltage Duration t

u ms
%
10 ≤ t ≤ 200 200 < t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 1 000 1 000 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
90 > u ≥ 80 CELL A1 CELL A2 CELL A3 CELL A4 CELL A5
80 > u ≥ 70 CELL B1 CELL B2 CELL B3 CELL B4 CELL B5
70 > u ≥ 40 CELL C1 CELL C2 CELL C3 CELL C4 CELL C5
40 > u ≥ 5 CELL D1 CELL D2 CELL D3 CELL D4 CELL D5
5>u CELL X1 CELL X2 CELL X3 CELL X4 CELL X5

Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of voltage dip frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded
in the European networks concerning dips is given in Annex B.

It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the
results has to be taken into account: this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement
uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30.

Generally, the duration of a voltage dip depends on the protection strategy adopted on the network, which
may differ from network to network, depending on network structure and on neutral earthing. As a
consequence, typical durations do not necessarily match the boundaries of the columns in Table 5.

[Link] Voltage swells evaluation

Evaluation of voltage swells shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. The method of analyzing the
voltage swells (post treatment) depends on the purpose of the evaluation.

Typically, on MV networks:
− polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent
event characterized by a single duration and a single maximum r.m.s. voltage;

9)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single-phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
Afnor, WEBPORT le 26/07/2018 à 01:28 ELOT EN 50160:2010-08
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EN 50160:2010 – 22 –

− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events; the method used for aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

[Link] Voltage swells classification

If statistics are collected, voltage swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to
10)
be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (see [Link]) .

NOTE For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 6 is to be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 6 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration

Swell voltage u Duration t

% ms
10 ≤ t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
u ≥ 120 CELL S1 CELL S2 CELL S3
120 > u > 110 CELL T1 CELL T2 CELL T3

NOTE Faults in the public distribution network, or in a network user's installation, give rise to temporary power
frequency overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared.
Some indicative values are given in Annex B.

5.3.3 Transient overvoltages

Transient overvoltages in MV supply systems are caused by switching or, directly or by induction, by
lightning. Switching overvoltages generally are lower in amplitude than lightning overvoltages, but they
can have a shorter rise time and/or longer duration.

NOTE The network users' insulation coordination scheme should be compatible with that adopted by the network
operator.

6 High-voltage supply characteristics

6.1 General

Network users with demands exceeding the capacity of the medium voltage network are generally
supplied at nominal voltages above 36 kV. This clause applies to such electricity supplies at nominal
voltages up to and including 150 kV.

NOTE Network users may also be supplied at this voltage level to satisfy special requirements or to mitigate
conducted disturbances emitted by their equipment.

This clause describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public high voltage networks.
In the following, a distinction is made between:
– continuous phenomena, i.e. deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time. Such
phenomena occur mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads;
– voltage events, i.e. sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage
events are typically due to unpredictable events (e.g. faults) or to external causes (e.g. weather
conditions, third party actions).
11)
For some continuous phenomena limits are specified ; for voltage events, only indicative values can be
given at present (see Annex B).

The magnitude of voltage is given by the declared voltage Uc.

10)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
11)
For some specific parameters, in individual countries stricter limits can be found.
Afnor, WEBPORT le 26/07/2018 à 01:28 ELOT EN 50160:2010-08
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– 23 – EN 50160:2010

6.2 Continuous phenomena

6.2.1 Power frequency

The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean
value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of:

– for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system:

50 Hz ± 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year;
50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time,

– for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system

(e.g. supply systems on certain islands):
50 Hz ± 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week;
50 Hz ± 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time.

6.2.2 Supply voltage variations

As the number of network users supplied directly from HV networks is limited and normally subject to
individual contracts, no limits for supply voltage variations are given in this standard.

Existing product standards for HV equipment should be considered.

6.2.3 Rapid voltage changes

[Link] Single rapid voltage change

Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network
users' installations, by switching in the system or by faults.

If the voltage during a change crosses the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, the event is
classified as a voltage dip and/or swell rather than a rapid voltage change.

[Link] Flicker severity

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week the long term flicker severity Plt
caused by voltage fluctuation should be less or equal to 1 for 95 % of the time.

NOTE 1 This value was chosen on the assumption that the transfer coefficient between HV and LV system is 1. In
practice the transfer coefficients between HV levels and LV levels can be less than 1.

In the case of complaints, the HV limit and appropriate HV, MV and LV mitigation measures shall be
chosen in such a way that at LV the Plt values do not exceed 1.

NOTE 2 Guidance can be found in IEC/TR 61000-3-7.

NOTE 3 In the case of related needs, an appropriate transition time has to be agreed upon with the relevant national
authorities.

6.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s.
values of the negative phase sequence component of the supply voltage should be within the range 0 %
to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component.

NOTE 1 In some areas, unbalances up to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.

NOTE 2 In this European Standard only values for the negative sequence component are given because this
component is the relevant one for the possible interference of appliances connected to the system.
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EN 50160:2010 – 24 –

NOTE 3 The values given for supply voltage unbalance are only indicative; limits will be set on the basis of data
made available by measurement campaigns.

6.2.5 Harmonic voltage

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of 10 min mean r.m.s. values
of each individual harmonic voltage should be less than or equal to the indicative values given in Table 7.
Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic.

NOTE 1 Limits for each individual harmonic voltage are under consideration.

NOTE 2 The limit for the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) is under
consideration.

NOTE 3 The limitation to order 40 is conventional. For measurement accuracy an appropriate type of voltage
transformer should be used, particularly for the measurement of higher order harmonics; further information is given
in EN 61000-4-30:2009, A.2.

Table 7 ― Indicative values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals

for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage u1

Odd harmonics Even harmonics

Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3
Order Relative Order Relative Order Relative
h amplitude h amplitude h amplitude
uh uh uh
a
5 5% 3 3% 2 1,9 %
7 4% 9 1,3 % 4 1%
11 3% 15 0,5 % 6 .. 24 0,5 %
13 2,5 % 21 0,5 %
17 u.c.
19 u.c.
23 u.c.
25 u.c.
NOTE 1 No values are considered for harmonics of order higher than 25, as they are usually small, but largely unpredictable due to
resonance effects
NOTE 2 Harmonics not multiple of 3 of order higher than 13 are under consideration.
NOTE 3 In some countries, limits for harmonics are already in place.
a
Depending on the network design, the value for the third harmonic order can be substantially lower.

In the case of complaints, limits for harmonics in HV networks should be chosen on the base of MV
network limits, suitably modified by a quantity (D) as resulting from the following formula:

HV-LIMIT = MV-LIMIT - D

D should be agreed between the HV network operator and the connected network user, if necessary in
order to maintain harmonic levels of the connected network below the relevant limits.

NOTE 4 D can be chosen differently, depending on the use (harmonic transmission from HV public networks to HV
public networks, from HV public networks to MV public networks or from HV public networks to network users).

6.2.6 Interharmonic voltage

Due to the low resonance frequency of the HV network, no values are given for interharmonic voltage.

NOTE Due to the very low resonant frequency in HV grids (200 Hz … 500 Hz), caused by high capacitances and
inductances, interharmonics are of minor relevance in HV networks.

6.2.7 Mains signalling voltage

Due to the low resonance frequency of the HV network, no values are given for mains signalling voltages.
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– 25 – EN 50160:2010

6.3 Voltage events

6.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage

Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of interruption frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values
recorded in the European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B.

6.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells

[Link] General

Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in the network users’
installations.

Voltage swells are typically caused by switching operations and load disconnections.

Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending
on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can
be very irregular.

[Link] Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection

If statistics are collected, voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-
30, using as reference the declared supply voltage. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for
12)
this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration .

Typically, on HV networks, the line to line voltages shall be considered.

Conventionally, the dip threshold is equal to 90 % of the reference voltage; the threshold for swells is
equal to the 110 % of the reference voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for hysteresis
are given in EN 61000-4-30:2009, [Link].

NOTE For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event is
detected and stored.

[Link] Voltage dips evaluation

Evaluation of voltage dips shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. The method of analyzing the
voltage dips (post treatment) depends on the purpose of the evaluation.

Typically, on HV networks:
− polyphase aggregation is applied; polyphase aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event
characterized by a single duration and a single residual voltage;
− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events; the method used for aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

[Link] Voltage dips classification

If statistics are collected, voltage dips shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be
13)
put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (see [Link]) .

12)
In this standard, values for HV are expressed in percentage terms of the reference voltage.
13)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single-phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
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EN 50160:2010 – 26 –

NOTE For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 8 should be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 8 ― Classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration

Residual voltage Duration t

u ms
%
10 ≤ t ≤ 200 200 < t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 1 000 1 000 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
90 > u ≥ 80 CELL A1 CELL A2 CELL A3 CELL A4 CELL A5
80 > u ≥ 70 CELL B1 CELL B2 CELL B3 CELL B4 CELL B5
70 > u ≥ 40 CELL C1 CELL C2 CELL C3 CELL C4 CELL C5
40 > u ≥ 5 CELL D1 CELL D2 CELL D3 CELL D4 CELL D5
5>u CELL X1 CELL X2 CELL X3 CELL X4 CELL X5

Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to
time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements
of voltage dip frequency covering the whole of European networks.

It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the
results has to be taken into account; this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement
uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30.

Generally, the duration of a voltage dip depends on the protection strategy adopted on the network, which
may differ from network to network, depending on network structure and on neutral earthing. As a
consequence, typical durations do not necessarily match the boundaries of the columns in Table 8.

[Link] Voltage swells evaluation

Evaluation of voltage swells shall be in accordance with EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at swells
evaluation depends on the intended purpose.

Typically, on HV networks:
− polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists of defining an equivalent
event characterized by a single duration and a single maximum r.m.s. voltage;
− time aggregation applies; time aggregation consists of defining an equivalent event in the case of
multiple successive events. The method used for the aggregation of multiple events can be set
according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC/TR 61000-2-8.

[Link] Voltage swells classification

If statistics are collected, voltage swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to
14)
be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (see [Link]) .

NOTE For existing measurement equipment and/or monitoring systems, Table 9 is to be taken as a
recommendation.

Table 9 ― Classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration

Swell voltage u Duration t

% ms
10 ≤ t ≤ 500 500 < t ≤ 5 000 5 000 < t ≤ 60 000
u ≥ 120 CELL S1 CELL S2 CELL S3
120 > u > 110 CELL T1 CELL T2 CELL T3

14)
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting
an individual single phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has
to be applied.
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A voltage swell generally occurs because of switching operations and load disconnections. Faults in the
public electricity network or in a network user's installation give rise to temporary power frequency
overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared.

Generally, temporary power frequency overvoltages in HV do not cause any concern to network users as
normally any load is connected via transformers with different types of neutral earthing.

6.3.3 Transient overvoltages

Transient overvoltages in HV supply systems are caused by switching or, directly or by induction, by
lightning. Switching overvoltages generally are lower in amplitude than lightning overvoltages, but they
may have a shorter rise time and/or longer duration.

NOTE The network users' insulation coordination scheme must be compatible with that adopted by the network
operator.
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EN 50160:2010 – 28 –

Annex A
(informative)

Special nature of electricity

Electricity is a form of energy which is particularly versatile and adaptable. It is utilized by being converted
into several other forms of energy: heat, light, mechanical energy and the many electromagnetic,
electronic, acoustic and visual forms which are the bases of modern telecommunications, information
technology and entertainment.

Electricity as delivered to the network users has several characteristics which are variable and which
affect its usefulness to the network user. This standard describes characteristics of electricity in terms of
the alternating voltage. With respect to the use of electricity it is desirable that the supply voltage would
alternate at a constant frequency, with a perfect sine wave and a constant magnitude. In practice, there
are many factors which cause deviations from this. In contrast to normal products, the application of
electricity is one of the main factors which influence the variation of "characteristics".

The flow of energy to network users’ appliances gives rise to electric currents which are more or less
proportional to the magnitudes of the network users' demands. As these currents flow through the
conductors of the supply system, they give rise to voltage drops. The magnitude of the supply voltage for
an individual network user at any instant is a function of the cumulative voltage drops on all the
components of the system through which that network user is supplied, and is determined both by the
individual demand and by the simultaneous demands of other network users. Since each network user's
demand is constantly varying, and there is a further variation in the degree of coincidence between the
demands of several network users, the supply voltage is also variable. For this reason, this standard
deals with the voltage characteristics in statistical or probabilistic terms. It is in the economic interests of
the network user that the standard of supply should relate to normally expected conditions rather than to
rare contingencies, such as an unusual degree of coincidence between the demands of several
appliances or several network users.

Electricity reaches the network user through a system of generation, transmission and distribution
equipment. Each component of the system is subject to damage or failure due to the electrical,
mechanical and chemical stresses which arise from several causes, including extremes of weather
conditions, the ordinary processes of wear and deterioration with age, and interference by human
activities, birds, animals etc. Such damage can affect or even interrupt the supply to one or to many
network users.

To keep the frequency constant requires the amount of running generation capacity to be matched to the
simultaneous combined demand instant by instant. Because both the generation capacity and the
demand are liable to change in discrete amounts, especially in the event of faults on the generation,
transmission or distribution networks, there is always a risk of a mismatch, resulting in an increase or
decrease of the frequency. This risk is reduced, however, by connecting many systems into one large
interconnected system, the generation capacity of which is very great relative to the changes which are
likely to occur.

There are several other characteristics that may have a disturbing or damaging effect on network users'
equipment, or even on the network users. Some of these disturbing characteristics arise from
unavoidable transient events in the supply system itself, resulting from faults or switching, or caused by
atmospheric phenomena (lightning). Others, however, are the result of various uses of electricity which
directly alter the waveform of the voltage, impose a particular pattern on its magnitude, or superimpose
signalling voltages. Coincidentally with the modern proliferation of equipment which has these effects,
there is also an increase in the equipment which is susceptible to the disturbances.

This European Standard defines where possible the variations of the characteristics normally to be
expected. In other cases, the standard provides the best possible indication of what, in quantitative terms,
is to be expected.

Since there is a considerable diversity in the structures of the electricity networks in different areas,
arising from differences in load density, population dispersion, local topography etc. many network users
will experience considerably smaller variations of the voltage characteristics than the values given in this
standard.
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It is a particular feature of electricity that, with respect to some of its characteristics, its quality is affected
by the user rather than by the producer or network operator. In these cases the network user is an
essential partner of the network operator, in the effort to maintain the quality of electricity.

It should be noted that this question is directly addressed by other standards, already published or in
preparation. Emission standards govern the levels of electromagnetic disturbances which network users'
equipment may be allowed to generate. Immunity standards set disturbance levels which the equipment
should be capable of tolerating without undue damage or loss of function. A third set of standards, for
electromagnetic compatibility levels, has the function of enabling coordination and coherence of the
emission and immunity standards, with the overall objective of achieving electromagnetic compatibility.

Although this standard has obvious links with compatibility levels, it is important to note that it relates to
voltage characteristics of electricity. It does not specify compatibility levels. It should be especially noted
that the performance of equipment might be impaired, if the equipment is subjected to supply conditions
more severe than specified in their product standard.
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EN 50160:2010 – 30 –

Annex B
(informative)

Indicative values for voltage events and single rapid voltage changes

B.1 General

This annex is aimed at providing the reader with some information about indicative values currently
available at a European level for some of the events defined and described in the standard. Some
information is also given about the way of using values given in the standard, and about the way of
collecting further measurement data, in order to allow for comparisons between different systems and to
have homogeneous data at a European level.

As many monitoring systems are in place in some countries, further information is available at a national
level.

At a national level, more precise figures can be found; furthermore, some regulations may exist.

B.2 Long interruptions of the supply voltage

Under normal operating conditions, the annual frequency of voltage interruptions longer than three
minutes varies substantially between areas. This is due to, among other things, differences in system
layout (e.g. cable systems versus overhead line systems), environmental and climatic conditions. To
obtain information about what can be expected, the local network operator should be consulted. In
different countries, national interruption statistics exist giving indicative values. The CEER Benchmarking
Reports on Quality of Supply give some statistics for a certain number of European countries and a
review of applicable regulatory standards for long interruptions.

Principles for aggregating events should be considered when comparing statistical values for long
interruptions.

B.3 Short interruptions of the supply voltage

The duration of most of the short interruptions may be less than some seconds. Indicative values,
intended to provide readers with information on the range of magnitude which can be expected, can be
found in IEC/TR 61000-2-8 (UNIPEDE statistics).

When comparing statistical values for short interruptions, the following issues should be considered:

− principles for aggregating events;

− the possible exclusion of Very Short Interruptions (VSI) or transitory interruptions.

In some documents, short interruptions are considered to have durations not exceeding 1 min.
Sometimes control schemes are applied which need operating times of up to 3 min in order to avoid long
voltage interruptions.

B.4 Voltage dips and swells

NOTE The swells treated in this clause are between live conductors.

B.4.1 Use of Tables 2, 5 and 8

As detailed in product standards, voltage dips and swells, according to their severity, can impair the
operation of equipment.

Classes 2 and 3 are defined in EN 61000-4-11 and in EN 61000-4-34.

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Although the cells of the Tables 2, 5 and 8 are not exactly coincident with the test levels table, it can be
expected that equipment tested according to the relevant product standard should cope with voltage dips
as indicated in the cells:
− A1, B1, A2, B2 for class 2;

− A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, A3, A4 for class 3.

Compatibility levels for industrial power networks are defined in EN 61000-2-4.

Tables 2, 5 and 8 data can help the user to identify the expected performance of the network; in order to
assess the probable behaviour of the equipment connected, its immunity has to be considered in
accordance with such data.

The specification of immunity requirements (including tests specifications and performance criteria) is the
responsibility of the product committees. Generic EMC standards (EN 61000-6-1 and EN 61000-6-2)
apply to products operating in a particular environment for which no dedicated product family /product
EMC standards exist. Nevertheless, and for information only, the performance criteria are reported below.

B.4.2 Performance criteria

Performance criterion A: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended during and after the test.
No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level specified by the
manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended. The performance level may be replaced by a
permissible loss of performance. If the minimum performance level or the permissible performance loss is
not specified by the manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product description and
documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as intended.

Performance criterion B: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the test. No
degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level specified by the
manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended.

The performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. During the test,
degradation of performance is however allowed. No change of actual operating state or stored data is
allowed.

If the minimum performance level or the permissible performance loss is not specified by the
manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product description and documentation and what
the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as intended.

Performance criterion C: Temporary loss of function is allowed, provided the function is self-recoverable
or can be restored by the operation of the controls.

B.4.3 Currently available indicative values

The vast majority of voltage dips has a duration less than 1 s and a residual voltage above 40 %.
However, voltage dips with a smaller residual voltage and longer duration can occur infrequently. In some
areas, voltage dips with a residual voltage between 90 % and 85 % of Uc can occur very frequently as a
result of the switching of loads in network users' installations.

Indicative values, which are intended to provide readers with information on the range of magnitude which
can be expected, can be found in IEC/TR 61000-2-8 (UNIPEDE statistics).

B.4.4 Methods for reporting measurement data

The data relevant to voltage dips/swells should be presented according to the following guidelines.

The data collected should be homogeneous in terms of voltage levels. Within the same voltage level,
distinction should be made between networks with prevailing underground cables or aerial lines. To cover
all seasonal effects, the observation time should be at least one year.

The data should be collected in tables like 5 and 6; the following data shall be reported:
− average dips/swells incidence per bus per year;
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EN 50160:2010 – 32 –

− 90 % or 95 % dips/swells incidence per bus per year;

− maximum dips/swells incidence per bus per year.

B.5 Swells (temporary power frequency overvoltages) between live conductors

and earth

For low voltage systems, under certain circumstances, a fault occurring upstream of a transformer may
produce temporary overvoltages on the LV side for the time during which the fault current flows. Such
overvoltages will generally not exceed 1,5 kV r.m.s.

For medium voltage systems, the expected value of such an overvoltage depends on the type of earthing
of the system. In systems with a solidly or impedance earthed neutral the overvoltage shall generally not
exceed 1,7 Uc. In isolated or resonant earthed systems the overvoltage shall generally not exceed 2,0 Uc.
The type of earthing will be indicated by the network operator.

Indicative values about overvoltages on distribution networks can be found in IEC/TR 61000-2-14. More
information for LV systems can be found in IEC/TR 62066.

B.6 Magnitude of rapid voltage changes

For low voltage, under normal operating conditions, rapid voltage changes generally do not exceed 5 %
Un, but changes of up to 10 % Un with a short duration of the sustained level might occur some times per
day under some circumstances.

For medium voltage, under normal operating conditions, rapid voltage changes generally do not exceed 4
% Uc, but changes of up to 6 % Uc with a short duration of the sustained level might occur some times per
day under some circumstances.

These indicative values apply to the phenomenon of rapid voltage changes as defined in 3.14.

At a national level, additional values may be available, but in some cases they are referred to another
definition of rapid voltage change (∆Umax, see EN 61000-3-3:2008, 3.3 and Figure 2).

In general, the frequency and magnitude of rapid voltage changes are related to the load variation by the
users and to the short-circuit power level of the network.
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– 33 – EN 50160:2010

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15)
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15)
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EN 50160:2010 – 34 –

UNIPEDE 91 Voltage dips and short interruptions in public medium voltage

en 50.02 electricity supply systems

CEER 2001 Benchmarking Report on Quality of Electricity Supply - Freely

2003 available at [Link]
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