Solution Manual + Answer Key

Solution Manual for MWH s Water Treatment Principles and

Design 3rd Edition by John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell,
David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe, George Tchobanoglous

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Book Title: MWH s Water Treatment Principles and Design

Edition: 3rd Edition

Author: John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe,

George Tchobanoglous

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MWH’S WATER TREATMENT
PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN
3rd Edition

by Crittenden, Trussell, Hand, Howe, and Tchobanoglous

HOMEWORK SOLUTION MANUAL

FOR

Chapter 2
Physical and Chemical
Quality of Water

Note: If any errors are noted in this solution manual or in the textbook, please notify
Kerry Howe at [email protected]
PROBLEM 2-1
Problem Statement - Given the following test results, determine the mole fraction of
calcium (Ca2+).

Concentration, Concentration,
Cation mg/L Anion mg/L
Ca2+ 40.0 HCO3– 91.5
Mg2+ 12.2 SO42– 72
+ –
Na 15.1 Cl 22.9
+
K 5.1 NO3– 5.0

Solution
1. By definition, using Eq. 2-2, the mole fraction of Ca2+ is as follows.
nCa2+
x Ca2+ =
nCa2+ + nMg2+ + nNa+ + nK+ + nHCO- + nSO2- + nCl- + nNO-
3 4 3

2. Substituting in the MW for each of the constituents yields the following:

40.08
x Ca2+ =
40.08 + 24.31 + 22.99 + 39.1 + 61 + 96 + 35.45 + 62
40.08
= = 0.11
380.93

PROBLEM 2-2
Problem Statement - Determine the mole fraction of magnesium (Mg2+) for the water
given in Problem 2-1.

Solution
1. By definition, using Eq. 2-2, the mole fraction of Mg2+ is as follows.
nMg2+
xMg2+ =
nCa2+ + nMg2+ + nNa+ + nK+ + nHCO- + nSO2- + nCl- + nNO-
3 4 3

2. Substituting in the MW for each of the constituents yields the following:

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 24.31
xMg2+ =
40.08 + 24.31 + 22.99 + 39.1 + 61 + 96 + 35.45 + 62
24.31
= = 0.06
380.93

PROBLEM 2-3
Problem Statement - Determine the mole fraction of sulfate (SO42–) for the water given
in Problem 2-1.

Solution
1. By definition, using Eq. 2-2, the mole fraction of SO 2-4 is as follows:

nSO2-
x SO2- = 4

4
nCa2+ + nMg2+ + nNa+ + nK+ + nHCO- + nCl- + nNO-
3 3

2. Substituting in the MW for each of the constituents yields the following:

96
x SO2- =
40.08 + 24.31 + 22.99 + 39.1 + 61 + 96 + 35.45 + 62
4

96
= = 0.25
280.93

PROBLEM 2-4
Problem Statement - Commercial-grade sulfuric acid is about 95 percent H2SO4 by
mass. If the specific gravity is 1.85, determine the molarity, mole fraction, and normality
of the sulfuric acid. Use Eq. 2-4 to determine molarity.

mass of solute, g
M, mole/L =
(molecular weight of solute, g/mole )( volume of solution, L )

=
M, mole/L
(=
0.95 )(1.85 )
0.0179 mole/L
( 98 )(1)
1. Use Eq. 2-2 to determine the mole fraction.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 nH2SO4
xH2SO4 =
nH2O + nH2SO4
98
= = 0.84
18 + 98
2. Use Eq. 2-6 to determine the normality.
mass of solute, g
N, eq/L =
( equivalent weight of solute, g/eq)( volume of solution, L )

=
N, eq/L
(=
0.95 )(1.85 )
0.036 eq/L
( 49 )(1)

PROBLEM 2-5
Problem Statement - If the UV intensity measured at the surface of a water sample is
180 mW/cm2, estimate the average intensity in a petri dish with an average depth
of 15 mm (used to study the inactivation of microorganisms after exposure to UV
light, as discussed in Chap. 13). Assume the absorptivity of the water, kA(λ) at λ =
254 nm, is 0.10 cm–1 and that the following form of the Beer–Lambert law applies:

 I 
ln   = −2.303k A (λ)x
 0
I

Solution
1. The variables for the Beer-Lambert law are the following:
I = unknown
I0 = 180 mJ/cm2
kA(λ) = 0.10/cm
x = 1.5 cm
2. Rearrange the Beer-Lambert law given in the problem statement to solve for I as
follows:
-2.303kλA (x )
I = I0 e
-2.303( 0.10 )(1.5 )
I = 280e
I = 174 mJ/cm2

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 PROBLEM 2-6
Problem Statement - If the average UV intensity in a Petri dish containing water at a
depth of 10 mm is 120 mW/cm2, what is the UV intensity at the surface of the water
sample? Assume the absorptivity of the water, kA(λ) at λ = 254 nm, is 0.125 cm–1
and that the equation given in Problem 2-5 applies.

Solution
1. The variables for the Beer-Lambert law are the following:
I = 120 mJ/cm2
I0 = unknown
kA(λ) = 0.125/cm
x = 1.0 cm
2. Rearrange the Beer-Lambert law given in the problem statement to solve for I0 as
follows:
I
I0 = -2.303kλA (x )
e
120
=I0 = -2.303( 0.125 )(1.0 )
160 mJ/cm2
e

PROBLEM 2-7
Problem Statement - If the transmittance is 92 percent and a photo cell with a 12-mm
path length was used, what is the absorptivity?

Solution

1. Set up Eq. 2-12 to solve for T in terms of the variables which are given in the
problem statement; -kA(λ), and x.
a. From Eq. 2-10, = -A(λ)
b. T, % = 10-kA(λ)x x 100
c. Variables for this equation are the following:
T, % = 92
-kA(λ) = unknown

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 x = 1.2 cm
2. Rearrange Eq. 2-12 to solve for absorptivity, kA(λ), as follows:
 T 
log  
−kλA ( ) =  100 
x
 92 
log  
=  100  = −0.030
1.2
kλA ( )0.030
= cm -1

PROBLEM 2-8
Problem Statement - Given the following data obtained on two water supply sources,
determine the constants in Eq. 2-16 and estimate the number of particles in the
size range between 2.1 and 5. Also, comment on the nature of the particle size
distributions.

Particle Count
Bin Size, mm Water A Water B
5.1–10 2500 110
10.1–15 850 80
15.1–20 500 55
20.1–30 250 36
30.1–40 80 25
40.1–50 60 20
50.1–75 28 15
75.1–100 10 10

Solution
1. Calculate the information necessary to graphically represent the data. This
information is shown in the following table.

Geometric mean Water A particle Water B particle

diameter, (dp)g
Bin size, mm number number

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 5.1 – 10 7.14a 2500 110

10.1 -15 12.31 850 80

15.1 – 20 17.38 500 55
20.1 - 30 24.56 250 36
30.1 - 40 34.70 80 25
40.1 - 50 44.78 60 20
50.1 - 75 61.30 28 15
75.1 – 100 86.66 10 10
a 7.14 = 5.1 x 10

2. Prepare a plot of the geometric mean diameter for the bin size, (dp)g, versus the
number of particles in the corresponding bin size.

3. Determine A and β using Eq. 9-4 and the data plot from step 2.

The value of A is determined when dp = 1 mm for the best-fit regression line

through the data, along with β, which is the power law slope coefficient.
a. Water A

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 The equation for the data regression line is shown on the graph in step 2, and
the values for A and β are:
A = 222492 and β = 2.1953
b. Water B
The equation for the data regression line is shown on the graph in step 2, and
the values for A and β are:
A = 864.89 and β = 0.9903
4. Estimate the number of particles in the size range between 2.1 and 5.
a. Calculate the geometric mean size.
2.1×5 =
3.24
b. Estimate the number of particles in water A using the equation for the data
regression line determined in step 2.
n(3.24) =
222492×3.24 −2.1953 =
16,842
c. Estimate the number of particles in water B using the equation for the data
regression line determined in step 2.
n(3.24) =
864.89×3.24 −0.9903 =
270
5. Comment on the nature of the particle size distributions.
Parameter A is much greater for water A than for water B. As the value of A
increases, the total number of particles in each size classification increases, thus,
the total number of particles in water A in each size classification is greater than in
water B.

The slope β is a measure of the relative number of particles in each size range. Thus, if
β is less than one 1, the particle size distribution is dominated by large particles, if β is
equal to one all particle sizes are represented equally, and if β is greater the one the
particle size distribution is dominated by small particles. The particle size distribution is
dominated by small particles for water A because β (2.1953) is greater than one. All
particle sizes are represented nearly equally for water B because β (0.9903) is close to
one.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
PROBLEM 2-9
Problem Statement - The following particle size data were data obtained for the
influent and effluent from a granular medium filter. Determine the constants in Eq.
2-16 and assess the effect of the filter in removing particles.

Particle Count
Bin Size, mm Influent Effluent
2.51–5 20000 101
5.1–10 8000 32
10.1–20 2000 6
20.1–40 800 3.2
40.1–80 400 1.2
80.1–160 85 0.34
160.1–320 40 0.12

Solution
1. Calculate the information necessary to graphically represent the data. This
information is shown in the following table.

Geometric mean Influent particle Effluent particle

diameter, (dp)g
Bin size, mm number number
2.51 - 5 3.54a 20000 101
5.1 – 10 7.14 8000 32
10.1 – 20 14.21 2000 6
20.1 - 40 28.35 800 3.2
40.1 – 80 56.64 400 1.2
80.1 - 160 113.21 85 0.34
160.1 - 320 226.34 40 0.12

=
a 3.54 2.51×5
2. Prepare a plot of the geometric mean diameter for the bin size, (dp)g, versus the
number of particles in the corresponding bin size.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
3. Determine A and β:
a. Influent
The equation for the data regression line is shown on the graph in step 2,
and the values for A and β are:
A = 136189 and β = 1.514
b. Effluent
The equation for the data regression line is shown on the graph in step 2,
and the values for A and β are:
A = 652.15 and β = 1.595
4. Assess the effect of the filter in removing particles.
a. Parameter A is much greater for the influent than it is for the effluent.
Therefore, the effluent contains fewer particles than the influent, meaning the
filter successfully removed many particles.
b. Both the influent and the effluent are dominated by small particles
because β (1.514 for influent and 1.595 for effluent) is greater than one. The
filter is effective in removing all sizes of particles because β for the effluent is
close to the value for the influent.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
PROBLEM 2-10
Problem Statement - Determine the alkalinity and hardness in milligrams per liter as
CaCO3 for the water sample in Problem 2-1.

Solution
1. Determine alkalinity.
a. Use Eq. 2-26 and determine the alkalinity in milliequivalents per liter.
Alk, meq/L = (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) - (H+)

Alkalinity ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

HCO3- 91.5 61.02 1.50

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-7)

b. Adding the conversion from meq/L to mg/L as CaCO3 (see page xxx of the text)
with Eq. 2-26 yields the following:
Alkalinity as CaCO3 = meq/L of substance x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
=Alk (=
1.50 )( 50 ) 75 mg / L as CaCO3

2. Determine hardness.
a. Use Eq. 2-23 and determine the hardness in milliequivalents per liter.
Hardness, meq/l = (Ca+2) + (Mg+2)

Hardness ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

Ca2+ 40 20.04b 2.00

Mg2+ 12.2 12.15 1.00

∑ hardness ions 3.00

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-8)

b. Adding the conversion from meq/L to mg/L as CaCO3 (see page xxx of the
text) with Eq. 2-23 yields the following:

Hardness
= meq/L of substance x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
as CaCO3
=
Hardness (=
3 )( 50 ) 150 mg/L as CaCO3

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
PROBLEM 2-11

Problem Statement - Given the following incomplete water analysis, determine the
unknown values if the alkalinity and noncarbonate hardness are 50 and 150 mg/L
as CaCO3, respectively:

Ion Concentration,
mg/L
Ca2+ 42.0
Mg2+ ?
Na+ ?
K+ 29.5
HCO3– ?
SO42– 96.0
–
Cl 35.5
NO3– 4.0

Solution
1. Determine the concentration of HCO3- using Eq. 2-26.

Alk, meq/L = (HCO3-) + (CO32-) + (OH-) - (H+)

a. Convert alkalinity from mg/L as CaCO3 to meq/L.
mg/L alkalinity as CaCO3 :
= meq/L of alkalinity ions x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
mg/L alkalinity as CaCO3
meq/L of alkalinity ions =
meq/L mass of CaCO3
50 mg/L
=
meq/L of alkalinity ions = 1 meq/L
50 mg/meq
b. Use Eq. 2-26 to determine the alkalinity ions that are present in the water
analysis. The only alkalinity ion listed in the water analysis is HCO3- , which is

unknown.
c. Convert the concentration of HCO3- in meq/L to mg/L as follows:

Alkalinity ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 HCO3- 61.02 61.02 1.00

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-7)

2. Determine the value of Mg2+ using Eq. 2-23. (Non-carbonate hardness is the
concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ associated with nonalkalinity anions such as Cl-
and SO42-. In this problem, 1.0 meq/L of Ca2+ are associated with HCO3-an
alkalinity anion. The remaining concentration of Ca2+, 1.1 meq/L and all of the
Mg2+ are associated with SO42- and Cl-, both nonalkalinity anions.)
a. Convert hardness from mg/L as CaCO3 to meq/L.
mg/L hardness
= meq/L of hardness ions x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
as CaCO3
mg/L hardness as CaCO3
meq/L of hardness ions =
meq/L mass of CaCO3
150 mg/L
=
meq/L of hardness ions = 3 meq/L
50 mg/meq

b. Use Eq. 2-23 and determine the hardness ions that are present in the water
analysis.
Hardness, meq/l = (Ca2+) + (Mg2+)
The ions listed in the water analysis are Ca2+ and Mg2+; the concentration of
Mg2+ unknown.
c. Determine the concentration of Mg2+ and convert the concentration of Mg2+ in
meq/L to mg/L as follows:

Hardness ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

Ca2+ 42.0 20.04b 2.1

Mg2+ 10.94 12.15 0.9

∑ hardness ions 3.0

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-8)

3. Determine the concentration of Na+ from an anion, cation balance.

a. Prepare a cation-anion balance.

Conc., Conc.,
Cation mg/L mg/meqa meq/L Anion mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

Homework Solution Manual Page 13 of 18

MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 Ca2+ 42.0 20.04b 2.1 HCO3- 61.02 61.02 1.00

Mg2+ 10.94 12.15 0.9 SO42- 96.0 48.03 2.00

Na+ 23 Cl- 35.5 35.45 1.00

K+ 29.5 39.1 0.75 NO3- 4.0 62.01 0.06

∑ cations 3.75 ∑ anions 4.06

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-7)
b For calcium, equivalent weight = 40.08/2 = 20.04 g/eq or 20.04 mg/meq

b. Calculate the concentration of Na+ from the difference between the sum of
the cations and the sum of the anions.
Na=
+
meq/L ∑ anions − ∑ cations
Na+ meq/L = 4.06 − 3.75 = 0.31

Na+ mg/L = Na+ mg/meq x Na+ meq/L

=
Na +
mg/L (=
23 )( 0.31) 7.13 mg/L

PROBLEM 2-12
Instructors Note: See Chap. 19 for a more thorough discussion of hardness, where
total, carbonate, and non-carbonate hardness are explained.

Problem Statement - Given the following incomplete water analysis measured at 25ºC,
determine the unknown values if the alkalinity and noncarbonate hardness are 40
and 180 mg/L as CaCO3:
Ion Concentration, mg/L
Ca2+ 55.0
Mg2+ ?
+
Na 23.0
+
K ?
HCO3– ?
SO42– 48.0
Cl– ?
CO2 4.0

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
Solution
1. Determine the concentration of HCO3- using Eq. 2-26.

a. Convert alkalinity from mg/L as CaCO3 to meq/L.

mg/L alkalinity
=meq/L of alkalinity ions x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
as CaCO3
mg/L alkalinity as CaCO3
meq/L of alkalinity ions =
meq/L mass of CaCO3
40 mg/L
=
meq/L of alkalinity ions = 0.8 meq/L
50 mg/meq
b. Use Eq. 2-26 and determine the alkalinity ions that are present in the water
analysis.
Alk, meq/L = (HCO3- ) + (CO32- ) + (OH- ) - (H+ )

The only alkalinity ion listed in the water analysis is HCO3- , which is unknown.

c. Convert the concentration of HCO3- in meq/L to mg/L as follows:

Alkalinity ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

HCO3- 48.82 61.02 0.80

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-8)

2. Determine the value of Mg2+ using Eq. 2-23, which is for non-carbonate hardness.
a. Convert hardness from mg/L as CaCO3 to meq/L.
mg/L hardness
= meq/L of hardness ions x meq/L mass of CaCO3 , 50 mg/meq
as CaCO3
mg/L hardness as CaCO3
meq/L of hardness ions =
meq/L mass of CaCO3
180 mg/L
=
meq/L of hardness ions = 3.6 meq/L
50 mg/meq

b. Use Eq. 2-23 and determine the hardness ions that are present in the water
analysis.
Hardness, meq/l = (Ca2+) + (Mg2+)
The hardness ions listed in the water analysis are Ca2+ and Mg2+, and the
concentration of Mg2+ is unknown.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 c. Determine the concentration of Mg2+ and convert the concentration of Mg2+ in
meq/L to mg/L as follows:

Hardness ions Conc., mg/L mg/meqa meq/L

Ca2+ 55.0 20.04b 2.74

Mg2+ 10.45 12.15 0.86

∑ hardness ions 3.6

a Molecular weight/Z (see Eq. 2-7)

PROBLEM 2-13

Problem Statement - Review the current literature and cite three articles in which the
SUVA (specific UV absorbance) measurements were made. Prepare a summary
table of the reported values. Can any conclusions be drawn from the data in the
summary table you have prepared?

Solution
Answers will vary depending on the articles reviewed. References for several potential
articles related to measurement of SUVA are provided below:

Karanfil, T., Schlautman, M. A. and Erdogan, I. (2002) Survey of DOC and UV

Measurement Practices with Implications for SUVA Determination, J. AWWA, 94,
12, 68-80.
Weishaar, J. L., Aiken, G. R., Bergamaschi, B. A., Fram, M. S., Fujii, R. and Mopper, K.
(2003) Evaluation of Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance as an Indicator of the Chemical
Composition and Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37,
20, 4702-4708.
Weiss, W. J., Bouwer, E. J., Ball, W. P., O'Melia, C. R., Aboytes, R. and Speth, T. F.
(2004) Riverbank Filtration: Effect of Ground Passage on NOM Character, J. Water
Supply Res. and Technol.-Aqua, 53, 2, 61-83.
Westerhoff, P., Chao, P. and Mash, H. (2004) Reactivity of Natural Organic Matter with
Aqueous Chlorine and Bromine, Water Res., 38, 6, 1502-1513.

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
PROBLEM 2-14

Problem Statement - Review the current literature and prepare a brief synopsis of two
articles in which the DOM (dissolved organic matter) was measured. What if any
conclusions can be drawn from these articles about the utility of DOM
measurements.

Solution
Answers will vary depending on the articles reviewed. References for several potential
articles related to the measurement and utility of DOM are provided below:

Afcharian, A., Levi, Y., Kiene, L. and Scribe, P. (1997) Fractionation of Dissolved
Organic Matter from Surface Waters using Macroporous Resins, Water Res., 31,
12, 2989-2996.
Amy, G. L., Sierka, R. A., Bedessem, J., Price, D. and Tan, L. (1992) Molecular-Size
Distributions of Dissolved Organic-Matter, J. AWWA, 84, 6, 67-75.
Li, F. S., Yuasa, A., Ebie, K., Azuma, Y., Hagishita, T. and Matsui, Y. (2002). Factors
Affecting the Adsorption Capacity of Dissolved Organic Matter onto Activated
Carbon: Modified Isotherm Analysis, Water Res., 36, 18, 4592-4604.
Schneider, O. D. and Tobiason, J. E. (2000) Preozonation Effects on Coagulation, J.
AWWA, 92, 10, 74-87.

PROBLEM 2-15
Problem Statement - Determine the concentration in µg/m3 of 10 ppmv (by volume) of
trichloroethylene (TCE) (C2HCl3) at standard conditions (0ºC and 1 atm).

Solution
Use Eq. 2-29 to solve for concentration of TCE (C2HCl3).
1. Determine the variables for Eq. 2-29
ppmv = 10
mw = 2(12.01) + 1 + 3(35.45) = 131.37

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water
 concentration, mg/m3 = unknown

2. Solve for concentration using Eq. 2-29.

(concentration, ppmv )(mw, g/ mole of gas)(106 µg/ g)

µg/ m3 =
(22.141 x 10−3 m3 / mole of gas)

 10 m3 
 6 3  (131.37 g/mole ) 10
μg/g
6
( )
concentration, μg/m 3 =  
10 m
22.141x10-3 m3 /mole gas
concentration, μg/m 3 = 5.93 x 10 3

PROBLEM 2-16
Problem Statement - If the concentration of TCE at standard conditions (0ºC and 1
atm) is 15 µg/m3, what is the corresponding concentration in ppmv (by volume)?

Solution
Use Eq. 2-29 to solve for concentration of TCE (C2HCl3).
1. Determine the variables for Eq. 2-40
ppmv = unknown
mw = 2(12.01) + 1 + 3(35.45) = 131.37

concentration, mg/m3 = 15 μg/m3

2. Rearrange Eq. 2-29 and solve for ppmv as

) (106
( conc. ppmv )(mw, g/mole of gasμg/g )
conc. μg/m = 3

22.141 x 10-3 m3 /mole of gas

conc. ppmv =
( conc. μg/m )( 22.141 x 10
3 -3
)(
m3 /mole of gas 1 m3 /106 m3 )
follows: (mw, g/mole of gas ) (10μg/g
6
)
conc. ppmv =
(15 μg/m ) (22.141 x 10
3 -3
)(
m 3/mole of gas 1 m3 /106 m3 )
(131.37 g/mole of gas ) (10μg/g 6
)
conc. ppmv = 1.685 x 10-4

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MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, 3rd ed. Version 1
Chapter 2 - Physical and Chemical Quality of Water