Electrical Services Notes
1. Electrical Supply in a Building (10 Marks)
Electrical supply in a building refers to the system through which electric power is received,
distributed, and used safely and efficiently.
Main components:
- Service connection: Power from the main grid or transformer enters the building through
underground or overhead cables.
- Metering unit: Measures electricity consumption for billing.
- Distribution board (DB): Divides the electrical power into circuits and provides a protective fuse or
circuit breaker for each circuit.
- Circuit wiring: Connects all switches, sockets, and appliances to the distribution board.
Types of supply:
- Single-phase (230V): Used for residential buildings and light loads.
- Three-phase (415V): Used in commercial and institutional buildings for heavy equipment.
Safety features:
- Earthing prevents shock by providing a path for leakage current.
- MCB/RCCB protect circuits from overload and short circuits.
Conclusion: A well-planned electrical supply ensures safety, energy efficiency, and reliable
operation of all electrical devices in a building.
2. Types of Wires (10 Marks)
Wires are conductors used to carry electric current. Their selection depends on load, insulation
type, and application.
Common types:
1. Single-core wire: Contains one conductor; used in internal wiring.
2. Multi-core wire: Two or more conductors; used in flexible cables.
3. PVC insulated wire: Common in residential wiring; low cost and safe.
4. Armoured cable: Has protective metal covering; used for outdoor or underground installation.
5. Flexible wire: Used for portable appliances and fixtures.
6. Fire-resistant cables: Used in commercial buildings and hospitals for safety during fire.
Wire color coding:
- Red wire: Live (phase) wire that carries current from the supply.
- Black wire: Neutral wire that completes the circuit.
- Green wire: Earth wire used for safety and protection.
Materials:
- Copper: Better conductivity, more durable, used in houses.
- Aluminium: Lighter and cheaper, used in large installations.
Conclusion: Choosing the correct type of wire improves efficiency, reduces energy loss, and
ensures safety in electrical systems.
3. Wiring Systems and Conduits (10 Marks)
A wiring system is the method by which wires are installed and distributed in a building. Conduits
protect and organize the wires.
Types of wiring systems:
1. Cleat wiring: Temporary and exposed; used in workshops.
2. CTS or TRS wiring: Rubber-sheathed; used for low-cost installations.
3. Conduit wiring: Wires run through PVC or metal pipes; very safe and durable.
4. Casing-capping wiring: Wires placed in wooden or PVC casing; used in residential areas.
5. Batten wiring: Wires fixed on wooden battens with clips.
Conduit types:
- Surface conduit: Mounted on wall surfaces (easy to install).
- Concealed conduit: Hidden within walls or ceilings (aesthetic and safe).
Conclusion: Conduit and wiring system selection depends on safety, cost, and interior aesthetics
of the building.
4. Fixing of Electrical Fixtures and Switches (10 Marks)
This involves installation of all electrical devices used for lighting, control, and power distribution.
Common fixtures:
- Lighting fixtures: Tube lights, LEDs, chandeliers, wall sconces.
- Power outlets: 5A or 15A sockets for appliances.
- Switches: One-way, two-way, dimmer, and modular switches.
- Fans and exhausts: Installed with proper earthing.
Installation points:
- Switchboards are placed at 1.2–1.5 m height from the floor.
- Ceiling lights are fixed at 2.7–3 m height (residential), higher for commercial spaces.
- All fixtures must be connected using standard wiring layouts and tested before use.
Safety considerations:
- Always use insulated tools.
- Ensure earthing of metallic fixtures.
- Avoid loose connections to prevent sparks.
Conclusion: Proper fixing of electrical fixtures and switches ensures functionality, safety, and good
aesthetics in interior spaces.
