PYTHON CONTEST MASTER SHEET –

DEFINITIONS:-

1. Variable – A named location in memory to store data.

2. Data Type – Classification of data like int, float, str, etc.

3. Mutable – Values can be changed after creation (list, dict, set).

4. Immutable – Values cannot be changed after creation (int, str, tuple).

5. String – Sequence of characters in quotes.

6. List – Ordered, mutable collection.

7. Tuple – Ordered, immutable collection.

8. Dictionary – Unordered key-value pairs.

9. Set – Unordered collection of unique items.

10. Function – Reusable block of code, defined using def.

11. Indentation – Spaces at the start of a line that define code blocks.

12. Loop – Repeats code multiple times.

13. For Loop – Iterates over a sequence.

14. While Loop – Runs while condition is true.

15. Conditional Statement – Runs code if a condition is true (if, elif, else).

16. Operator – Symbol that performs an operation on values.

17. Arithmetic Operators – +, -, \*, /, %, //, \*\*.

18. Comparison Operators – ==, !=, <, >.

19. Logical Operators – and, or, not.

20. Membership Operators – in, not in.

21. Identity Operators – is, is not.

22. Indexing – Accessing elements via position number.

23. Slicing – Extracting part of a sequence (start\:end\:step).

24. Comment – Notes ignored by Python (# or ''' for multi-line).

25. Type Casting – Converting data types (int(), str()).

26. Syntax Error – Mistake in code that breaks Python rules.

27. Runtime Error – Error during execution.

28. Print Function – Displays output.

29. Input Function – Reads user input.

30. Range Function – Creates a sequence of numbers.

1. Python Basics

Case sensitive → Name ≠ name

Comments → # single line / ''' multi line '''

Variables → no need to declare type, e.g. x = 5

Keywords → if, else, for, while, def, return, True, False, None, and, or, not

2. Data Types

Type Example Mutable?

int 5 No

float 5.2 No

str "hello" No

list [1, 2, 3] Yes

tuple (1, 2, 3) No

dict {"a": 1, "b": 2} Yes

set {1, 2, 3} Yes

3. Operators

Arithmetic: + - * / // % **

Comparison: == != > < >= <=

Logical: and or not

Membership: in, not in

Identity: is, is not

4. Strings

s = "python"

s[0] # 'p'

s[-1] # 'n'

s[1:4] # 'yth'

len(s) #6

s.upper() # 'PYTHON'

s.lower() # 'python'

5. Lists

nums = [1, 2, 3]

nums.append(4) # [1, 2, 3, 4]

nums.remove(2) # [1, 3, 4]

nums[1] = 10 # [1, 10, 4]

6. Conditional Statements

if x > 0:

print("Positive")

elif x < 0:

print("Negative")

else:

print("Zero")

7. Loops

for i in range(5): #01234

print(i)

while x < 5:

print(x)

x += 1

8. Functions

def add(a, b):

return a + b

print(add(2, 3))

9. Input/Output

name = input("Enter name: ")

n = int(input("Enter number: "))

10. Common Short Programs

Reverse String → s[::-1]

Sum of List → sum(lst)

Max of List → max(lst)

Check Prime → loop till √n

Count Vowels → check in "aeiou"

11. Common Mistakes in Contests

Forgetting to convert input to int

Index errors (list index out of range)

Missing colon (:) after if, for, def

Case sensitivity errors

MCQs:-

1. Which of the following is a valid variable name?

A) 2name

B) name_2

C) name-2

D) name 2

✅ Answer: B

2. Output of:

print(type(5/2))

A) <class 'int'>

B) <class 'float'>

C) <class 'double'>

D) Error

✅ Answer: B

3. Output of:

print(3 * "Hi")

✅ Answer: HiHiHi

4. Which is not a data type in Python?

A) list

B) set

C) array

D) tuple

✅ Answer: C (array is in a module, not a built-in type)

5. Output of:

print("5" + "6")

✅ Answer: 56 (string concatenation)

6. What will bool(0) return?

✅ Answer: False

7. Output of:

print(2 ** 3 ** 2)

✅ Answer: 512 (right-to-left exponentiation)

8. Which of these is mutable?

✅ Answer: List

9. What will be printed?

x = [1, 2, 3]

x[1] = 10

print(x)

✅ Answer: [1, 10, 3]

10. Which function is used to find the largest value?

✅ Answer: max()

11. What is the index of the last element in a list of length 5?

✅ Answer: 4
12. Output of:

print("python"[1:4])

✅ Answer: yth (1 to 3)

13. Which keyword is used for a function in Python?

✅ Answer: def

14. Output of:

for i in range(2, 10, 3):

print(i, end=" ")

✅ Answer: 2 5 8

15. What will this print?

print(bool(" "))

✅ Answer: True (non-empty string is True, even if it’s just space)

16. Which function gives the length of a string?

✅ Answer: len()

17. Output of:

a=5

b=2

print(a % b)

✅ Answer: 1 (modulus)
18. What will happen?

x=5

print(x == 5 and x > 2)

✅ Answer: True

19. Which method adds an element to a list?

✅ Answer: .append()

20. Output of:

print("A" in "APPLE")

✅ Answer: True

21. Which statement is correct for comments in Python?

✅ Answer: Start with #

22. Output of:

for i in range(1, 4):

print(i * "*")

✅ Answer:

**

***

23. What will this print?

print(5 > 3 or 2 > 10)

✅ Answer: True
24. Which operator is used for floor division?

✅ Answer: //

25. Output of:

print(int("5") + 2)

✅ Answer: 7

26. Which one will cause an error?

A) len("Hi")

B) len(123)

✅ Answer: B (len() works only on sequences, not integers)

27. Output of:

x = [1, 2]

y=x

y.append(3)

print(x)

✅ Answer: [1, 2, 3] (same reference)

28. What is type( (5,) )?

✅ Answer: <class 'tuple'> (single-element tuple needs a comma)

29. Output of:

print("abc" * 0)

✅ Answer: "" (empty string)

30. Which function converts string to lowercase?

✅ Answer: .lower()

Q1. What will this code output?

print(5 // 2)

A) 2.5

B) 2

C) 3

D) 2.0

✅ Answer: B (integer division)

Q2. Which data type is ["apple", "banana"]?

A) Tuple

B) List

C) Dictionary

D) Set

✅ Answer: B

Q3. Output of:

print("python"[::-1])

A) python

B) nohtyp

C) pytho

D) Error

✅ Answer: B (string slicing reverse)

Q4. Which operator is used for exponent in Python?

A) ^
B) **

C) pow

D) ^^

✅ Answer: B

Q5. Which of these is immutable?

A) List

B) Set

C) Tuple

D) Dictionary

✅ Answer: C

Q6. What will this print?

x = 10

x += 5

print(x)

✅ Answer: 15

Q7. Which function returns the length of a list?

A) count()

B) size()

C) len()

D) length()

✅ Answer: C

Q8. Output of:

print(2 ** 3 ** 2)

✅ Answer: 512 (right-to-left exponentiation)

Q9. How do you take integer input?

✅ Answer: int(input())

Q10. Output of:

print(bool(""))

✅ Answer: False (empty string is false)

___________________________________________________________________________

IMP:-

Python Notes with Type Definitions

1. Comments

 Definition: Non-executable lines in code used for explanation or documentation.

 Types:

o Single-line comment: Starts with #. Example: # This is a comment

o Multi-line comment: Multiple # lines. Example:

o # Line 1

o # Line 2

o Docstring: Triple quotes ''' ''' or """ """. Used for documentation.
2. IDLE

 Definition: Python’s built-in Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing,

editing, and running Python code.

3. Variables

 Definition: Named storage locations for data.

 Properties: Dynamically typed, can change value/type, created using =.

4. Data Types

 Definition: Classification of data that tells Python what kind of value is stored.

 Types:

1. Numeric Types: Represent numbers.

 int – Whole numbers, e.g., 5, -10

 float – Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5

 complex – Numbers with real and imaginary parts, e.g., 2 + 3j

2. Text Type:

 str – Sequence of characters, e.g., "Hello"

3. Sequence Types: Ordered collections of items.

 list – Mutable sequence, e.g., [1, 2, 3]

 tuple – Immutable sequence, e.g., (1, 2, 3)

 range – Sequence of numbers, e.g., range(0, 5)

4. Mapping Type:

 dict – Key-value pairs, e.g., {"name":"Netra","age":20}

5. Set Types: Unordered collections with no duplicates.

 set – Mutable set, e.g., {1,2,3}

 frozenset – Immutable set, e.g., frozenset([1,2,3])

6. Boolean Type:

 bool – True or False

 7. Binary Types: Represent binary data.

 bytes, bytearray, memoryview

8. None Type:

 NoneType – Represents no value, e.g., None

5. Variable Names

 Definition: Identifiers for storing values.

 Rules: Must start with letter/underscore, can contain letters/numbers/underscores,

case-sensitive, cannot be keyword.

 Assignments:

o Multiple variables: x, y = 1, 2

o One value to many: x = y = 0

o Unpacking: x, y, z = [1,2,3]

6. Numbers

 Definition: Numeric data used for calculations.

 Types: int, float, complex

 Operations: Arithmetic (+,-,*,/,//,%,**), type conversion (int(), float(), complex())

 Random: import random; random.randrange(1,10)

7. Strings

 Definition: Sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.

 Operations:

o Indexing/Slicing: s[0], s[0:3]

o Methods: .upper(), .lower(), .strip(), .replace(), .split(), .count()

o Concatenation: +
8. Booleans

 Definition: Represents truth values: True or False

 Evaluation: Most values are True; empty values, 0, None, False are False

 Operators: and, or, not

9. Sets

 Definition: Unordered, unindexed collection of unique items.

 Operations: Add/remove items with .add()/.remove(); duplicates ignored.

10. Input & Output

 Input: input() reads data as a string.

 Output: print() displays data; multiple items separated by ,.

11. Operators

 Arithmetic: +,-,*,/,//,%,**

 Comparison: ==,!=,<,>,<=,>=

 Logical: and,or,not

 Identity: is,is not

12. Conditional Statements

 if: Executes block if condition is True

 elif: Executes if previous if False and condition True

 else: Executes if all conditions False

13. Loops

 while loop: Repeats while condition True

 for loop: Iterates over sequence

 Controls: break (exit), continue (skip), pass (do nothing)

  Nested loops: Loop inside loop

 Infinite loop: Loop that never ends

14. Arrays (NumPy)

 Definition: Homogeneous collections for numerical operations

 Creation: np.array(), np.zeros(), np.ones(), np.arange(), np.linspace()

 Operations: Indexing, slicing, element-wise math, aggregation (sum, mean), alias vs

copy

15. String Functions

 Definition: Built-in methods for string manipulation

 Examples:

o .lower(), .upper(), .strip(), .replace(), .split(), .count()

o Checks: .isalpha(), .isdigit(), .isspace(), .startswith(), .endswith()

o Formatting: .capitalize(), .swapcase()

o Access: Indexing s[0], slicing s[0:3]

Python String Methods – Quick Reference

Method /
Use / Meaning Example
Operation

Convert all letters to

.lower() "Hello".lower() → "hello"
lowercase

Convert all letters to

.upper() "Hello".upper() → "HELLO"
uppercase

Remove leading & trailing

.strip() " Hi ".strip() → "Hi"
spaces

Replace a substring with "Hi There".replace("Hi","Hello") → "Hello

.replace(old,new)
another There"

Split string into list by

.split(separator) "a,b,c".split(",") → ['a','b','c']
separator

Count occurrences of
.count(substring) "Hello".count("l") → 2
substring

Checks (Return True/False):

Method Meaning Example

.isalpha() All letters "Hi".isalpha() → True

.isdigit() All digits "123".isdigit() → True

.isspace() All whitespace " ".isspace() → True

.startswith(sub) Starts with substring "Hello".startswith("He") → True

.endswith(sub) Ends with substring "Hello".endswith("lo") → True

Formatting:

Method Use Example

.capitalize() First letter uppercase, rest lowercase "hello".capitalize() → "Hello"

.swapcase() Swap uppercase ↔ lowercase "HeLLo".swapcase() → "hEllO"

Access:

Operation Use Example

Indexing Get single character by position "Hello"[0] → 'H'

Slicing Get substring "Hello"[0:3] → 'Hel'

Type Definition Example Key Methods / Notes

int Whole numbers 10, -5 Arithmetic ops: +,-,*,//,%,**

Decimal Arithmetic ops, type conversion:

float 3.14, -0.5
numbers float()

Numbers with Access real: .real, imaginary:

complex 2+3j
real + imaginary .imag

.lower(), .upper(), .strip(),

.replace(), .split(), .count(),
Sequence of .capitalize(), .swapcase(),
str "Hello"
characters .isalpha(), .isdigit(), .isspace(),
.startswith(), .endswith(),
indexing/slicing

Ordered,
Append: .append(), remove:
list mutable [1,2,3]
.remove(), slice, iterate
collection

Ordered,
tuple immutable (1,2,3) Indexing, slicing, iterate
collection

Sequence of
range range(0,5) → 0,1,2,3,4 Used in loops, can convert to list
numbers

Access: dict[key], .keys(),

dict Key-value pairs {"name":"Netra","age":20}
.values(), .items()

Unordered, Add: .add(), remove: .remove(),

set {1,2,3}
unique items no duplicates

frozenset Immutable set frozenset([1,2,3]) Cannot add/remove

bool True or False True, False Used in conditions, comparisons

Immutable Index, slice; often for

bytes b"hello"
binary data files/network

Mutable binary
bytearray bytearray(b"hi") Like bytes but mutable
data
Type Definition Example Key Methods / Notes

Access memory
memoryview of binary data memoryview(b"hi") Advanced, for efficiency
without copying

Represents no Often used as placeholder or

NoneType None
value default

🎤 Python Practicals Viva Q&A (1–13)

Practical 1 – Grade Program (If-Else, Validation)

Q1. What is the difference between if, elif, and else?

A: if checks first condition, elif checks more conditions, else runs if none match.

Q2. Why do we use while True with break here?

A: To keep asking input until valid score is entered.

Q3. What happens if the user enters a negative score?

A: Program prints “Invalid score” and asks again.

Q4. Difference between try-except and if-else?

A: try-except handles errors, if-else handles conditions.

Practical 2 – Loops & Control Statements

Q1. Difference between break and continue?

A: break exits loop, continue skips current iteration.

Q2. What is the output of countdown from 5?

A: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

Q3. Why do we use i += 2 in even number loop?

A: To increase by 2 and print only even numbers.

Q4. What is the purpose of pass?

A: It does nothing, used as a placeholder.

Practical 3 – NumPy Arrays

Q1. What is NumPy used for?
A: For fast mathematical operations on arrays.

Q2. Difference between shape, size, and ndim?

A: Shape = rows×columns, Size = total elements, ndim = dimensions.

Q3. How to access all English scores?

A: scores[:, 1]

Q4. What is aliasing in NumPy?

A: When two variables point to same array, changes affect both.

Q5. What is broadcasting?

A: Performing operation on whole array at once (like adding 5 to column).

Q6. What will scores[scores > 85] return?

A: All elements greater than 85.

Practical 4 – String Operations

Q1. Are strings mutable or immutable?

A: Immutable (cannot be changed).

Q2. How do you count words in a string?

A: Using len(sentence.split()).

Q3. What is the difference between + and join()?

A: + concatenates strings, join() joins from a list/iterable.

Q4. What does len() return for a string?

A: Total characters including spaces.

Practical 5 – Tuples (Basics)

Q1. What is a tuple?

A: An immutable ordered collection inside ().

Q2. How do you access the last element of a tuple?

A: Using index [-1].

Q3. Difference between list and tuple?

A: List is mutable, tuple is immutable.

Q4. Can you change elements of a tuple directly?

A: No, because tuples are immutable.
Practical 6 – Tuples (Modification)

Q1. Why convert tuple to list for modification?

A: Because lists are mutable.

Q2. How to add new element to tuple?

A: Convert to list → append → convert back to tuple.

Q3. What happens if you try colors[1] = "yellow"?

A: Error: tuples don’t support item assignment.

Practical 7 – Dictionaries (Basics)

Q1. What is a dictionary?

A: Collection of key-value pairs inside {}.

Q2. How to access all keys?

A: Using dict.keys().

Q3. How to check if key exists?

A: Using in operator.

Q4. Difference between del and pop()?

A: del deletes by key, pop() deletes and returns value.

Practical 8 – Dictionary Operations

Q1. Difference between get() and dict[key]?

A: get() returns None if key missing, dict[key] gives error.

Q2. How to update value in dictionary?

A: Using update() or direct assignment.

Q3. What does car.update({"year": 2024}) do?

A: Changes year to 2024.

Q4. How do you remove a key safely?

A: Using pop().

Practical 9 – File Handling

Q1. File modes in Python?

A: "r" read, "w" write, "a" append, "rb" read binary, "wb" write binary.
Q2. What does seek(0) do?
A: Moves pointer to start of file.

Q3. What does tell() return?

A: Current position of file pointer.

Q4. Difference between text file and binary file?

A: Text stores human-readable, binary stores raw data.

Q5. Why use with open()?

A: It closes file automatically.

Practical 10 – Pickle & Zip

Q1. What is pickling?

A: Converting Python object into binary format.

Q2. Which module is used for pickling?

A: pickle

Q3. Why use wb and rb in pickle?

A: To write/read in binary mode.

Q4. What is the use of zipfile module?

A: To compress and extract files.

Q5. Can we pickle any object?

A: Yes, almost any Python object (lists, dicts, etc.).

Practical 11 – Regular Expressions

Q1. What is a regex?

A: A pattern used for matching strings.

Q2. What does \d{10} mean?

A: Exactly 10 digits.

Q3. Difference between findall() and search()?

A: findall() returns all matches, search() returns first match.

Q4. How to replace digits with X?

A: re.sub(r"\d", "X", text)

Practical 12 – Date & Time

Q1. Which module is used for date and time?
A: datetime

Q2. Difference between datetime.now() and date.today()?

A: now() gives full date-time, today() gives only date.

Q3. What does strftime("%d-%m-%Y") return?

A: Date in Day-Month-Year format.

Q4. How to compare two dates?

A: Using <, >, or == operators.

Practical 13 – Time & Calendar

Q1. Which module measures execution time?

A: time

Q2. What does time.time() return?

A: Current time in seconds since epoch.

Q3. How to print a full calendar of 2025?

A: calendar.calendar(2025)

Q4. How to check weekday of 15-08-2025?

A: strftime("%A")

Q5. Default first weekday in calendar module?

A: Monday.