JEE & NEET− 2027

BIOLOGY

Quick Revision Chapterwise

Mind − Maps
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 1 : The Living world

Anabolism Catabolism
The process which results in The process which results in
synthesis of a compound. breaking down of a compound.

All living beings are conscious to

sense their envirornment and
All living beings reproduce
respond to the stimuli.
their progeny
All biochemical reactions take
place inside a living system. A sum
total of all biochemical reactions
taking place inside a living system All living organisms grow in
size and number
is known as metabolism.

Herbarium
Taxonomy and systematics
The place where plants species are What is Living? Taxonomy is the study of
dried for preservation organisms on the basis of their
characteristics
Botanical Garden Systematics is the study of
Specialized gardens having diversity of organisms and all
collections of living plants for their comparative and
reference and identification evolutionary relationship.
purposes.
The Living
world
Museum Concept of Species
Place where dead plants and It is basic unit of classification
animals are us preserved for study
and reference.
Taxonomical
Zoological Parks Taxonomic Categories
Aids
Kingdom
Places where live animals are kept
in protected environment under Division/Phylum
human care. Class
Order
Keys Diversity in the Family
It is a device used to identify each living world Genus
species in a group of organisms
Species
based on dissimilarities.

Manuals
Show historical data about flora
and fauna of a particular
geographical location. ICBN - ICZN
Taxonomy (International code for biological
nomenclature) and (International code for
Biodiversity zoological nomenclature)
Term used to refer the
varieties of living
organisms found in a
geographical area. Bionomial Nomenclature
Generally in Latin and written in italics.
Identificati First component is genus, with capital letter.
Bionomial Second component is species, with small letters.
on
Nomenclature When handwritten, the names are underlined.
Classification

Need for classification

1. It makes identification of organisms very clear and easy.
2. Study of organisms become convenient
3. Evolutionary trends can be easily understood

2
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 2 : Biololgical Classification

Two kingdom Classification by

Linnaeus
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Viroids
Infectious agent,
smaller than virus

Virus
They are non- cellular
organisms which Five Kingdom Classification
remain in inert by whittaker
crystalline form
outside the living cell.
As they infect a cell, Biological
Methanogens
they take over the Classification
machinery of the host
cell killing the host. Archaebacteria Halophiles

Lichen
Kingdom Monera Thermoacidophiles
(Prokaryotes)

Phycobiont Mycobiont

Photosynthetic
Algal component Fungal component Autotrophs

Eubacteria
Heterotrophic
bacteria
(Symbiotic association)

Chemosynthetic
autotrophs

Smallest living Cells

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Kingdom Protista
Mycroplasma
decomposers (Unicellular eukaryotes)

Slime Moulds
Plasmodium

Phycomycetes Basidiomycetes
Euglenoids
Englena Poronema
Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes Dinoflagellates
Gonyaulax Noctiluca
Protozoans
Animal like protists
Chrysophytes
Diatoms and golden algae

3
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 3 : Plant Kingdom

Algae

Dicotyledonae
Has two cotyledons in
their seeds. E.g: Mustard, Liverworts
Pea, Beans etc. Example- Marchantia

Bryophyta
Angiosper Plant
m Kingdom Mosses
Example- Funaria

Monocotyledonae
Have one cotyledon in
their seeds. E.g: Grasses,
Wheat, Rice etc. Pteridophyte

Psilopsida Pteropsida
Example - Psilotum Example- Dryopteris

Lycopsida Sphenopsida
Example - Selaginella Example- Equisetum
Gymnosperm
Plant with naked seeds.
E.g: Cycas
Plant life cycle

Haplantic Diplontic Alternation of generation

Example- In algae such as Example- Gymnosperm, Example- bryophyte,
spirogyra angiosperm pteridophyte

4
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 4 : Animal Kingdom

Segmentation Level of organisation

Notochord Germinal Layers Ctenophora

Example- Pleurobrachia

Symmetry Coelom
Porifera
Example- Sycon

Basic Coelenterate
Classification Example- Aurelia

Urochordata Platyhelminthes
Example- Taenia

Cephalochordata Aschelminthes
Chordate
Example- Ascaris
Animal
Kingdom Annelida
Vertebrata Example- Nereis

Arthropala
Example- Apis,
Reptilian Pila, Butterfly,
Snake, Crocodile, Lizard
Scorpion
Echinodermata
Amphibian
Frog, Tale Example- Asterias

Mammalian Mollusca
Kangaroo, Man, Tiger Example- Pila

Cyclostomata Hemichordate
Example- Balanoglossus
Living jawless fishes
(Lampreys)

Aves
Chondrichthyes All birds (Sparrow, parrot,
Cartilaginous fishes ostrich)
(Shark, Ray, Skates)

Osteichthyes
Bony fishes (Anguilla, Salmon,
Hippocampus)

5
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 5 : Morphology Of Flowering Plants

Regions of Root

Racemose Cymose
Basipetal succession Acropetal succession
Modifications
• For storage
• Support
• Protection
Types of Root Bears
• Vegetative Propagation
• Tap • Nodes
Modification • Assimilation of food
• Fibrous • Inter nodes
• For Storage
• For Support •Adventitious Inflorescence
• Respiration

Families Root Stem

• Fabaceae
• Solanaceae
Phyllotaxy Main Parts are
• Liliaceae
• Alternate • Leaf Base
• Opposite • Petiole
• Whorled • Lamina

Morphology
Epicarp of flowering Modification
plants • Tendril
Mesocarp Leaf • Spine
Fruit
• Phyllode
Endocarp
• Bulb
Flower • Pitcher
Seed

Placentation
• Marginal Types Venation
Seed Coat Embryo
• Axile • Simple • Parallel
• Parietal • Compound • Reticulate

Plumule Radicle
• Free Central
• Basal

Types of flowers
Syncarpous Parts of flower Consist of
• Anther
• Filament
Apocarpous Gynoecium Androecium • Unisexual
• Bisexual
Consist of
• Epipetalous
• Ovary
• Epiphyllous • Epigymnous
• Style • Brateale
• Polyandrous • Hypogynous
• Stigma • Ebracteate
• Monoadelphous • Perigynous
Corolla Calyx • Diadelphous

• Actinomorphic • Trimerous
Gamosepalous Polypetalous • Zygomorphic • Tetramerous
• Pentamerous

Polysepalous Gamopetalous

6
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Collenchyma Fiber Sclereid Xylem

• Tracheids
Intercalary
Sclerenchyma • Vessels
Parenchyma
• Xylem fibers
Apical Lateral • Xylem parenchyma
Simple
Complex
Phloem
• Sieve tube elements
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue • Companion Cells
• Phloem parenchyma
• Phloem fibers
Formation of Heat and sap Tissues
cambial ring wood

Activity of Spring autumn Trichomes

cambial ring wood Stomata Hairs

Involves
Anatomy of Epidermis Appendages
Vascular Cambium Flowering
Plants Epidermal Tissue
system
• Endodermis
Secondary Growth
• Pericycle
Cork cambium Ground Tissue • Pith
Tissue System
or phellogen system • Cortex
• Medullary rays

Phellem or cork Phelloderm

Vascular Tissue
system • Xylem
Anatomy of Dicots
• Phleom
and Monocots • Cambium

Stem Root Leaf

Dicot Stem Monocot Stem Dicot Root Monocot Root Dicot Leaf Monocot Leaf

7
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals

Foregut

Midgut Hindgut

Digestive

Circulatory
Open type- Have
poorly
developed blood Trachea Spiracles
Mesothorax
Nervous
Segmentally
Respiratory Prothorax Metathorax
arranged ganglia
joined by paired
longitudinal
Head Thorax Abdomen
Reproduction

Male Female Morphology

Testes Ovaries Excretion

Cockroach (Periplaneta Malpighian tubules
Americana)

Structural
Organisation
in Animals

Neuron
• Cell body
Gap • Dendrons
Animal Tissues • Axon
Junction
Adhering
Neural
Neuroglial
Tight Compound Epithelial
Skeletal
(Striated)
Simple Connective
Muscular Cardiac
Squamous Columnar
Smooth
Ciliated Cuboidal (Non- Striated)
Glandular

Fluid connective Loose connective Supportive Dense connective

tissue. tissue. connective tissue. tissue.

Lymph Blood Adipose Areolar Cartilage Bone Dense Dense

regular irregular 8
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 8 : Cell The Unit of Life

Prokaryotic Ribosome Eukaryotic Ribosome

70 S 80 S
Sub- Metacentric
Acrocentric

Chloroplast Ribosomes Metacentric Telocentric

Chromoplast Plastids
Chromosomes
Leucoplast
Nuclear Pores

Nucleus Nucleoplasm

Cytoskeleton
Nucleolus

Cilia and Nuclear membrane

flagella

Centrosome Cell The

and centriole Unit of Life Cytoplasm
Cytosol + Organelles

Cell Membrane
Outer Membrane Cell Envelope

Cell wall
Mitochondria
(in plants only)
Inner Membrane (Power house of cell)
Cristae, possess
Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell
SER Endomembrane
system
RER Endoplasmic
reticulum Prokaryotic cell
• Cisternae Example - Bacteria, Blue Green Algae,
• Vesicles Mycoplasma and PPLO
• Tubules

Trans face or
maturing face Cell Theory
Golgi Apparatus • Given by Schleiden and Schwann
Cis face or • All living organisms are composed of cells
forming face • All cells arise from pre- existing cells.
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Suicidal bags of cells

Contractile Vacuole
Food Vacuoles
9
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 9 : Biomolecules

Factors affecting
Organic compounds are Classification
• Oxidoreductase
present in this fraction
• Transferase
• Hydrolyase
• Lyase
Acid soluble pool Acid insoluble pool
• Isomerase
• Ligase
3(a)Filtrate 3(b)Retentate

Types
2. Strain it • Simple enzyme Enzyme action
• Conjugated enzyme E + S ↔ ES → EP → E+ P
(Co factor + Apoenzyme)
1. Living tissue is grinded with
the help of mortar and pestle
in trichloroacetic acid to obtain Defination Enzymes
slurry. Chemicals present in living
organisms are known as Primary
biomolecules. Example- amino
Method to Analyse acid, sugar, nucleic
chemical composition Metabolism acids, lipids etc.
(Sum of all
biochemical reactions)
Biomicromolecules
Types Biomolecules Metabolites

Biomacromolecules
Secondary
Example- pigments,
alkaloids, toxins,
Types drugs etc.
(on the basis of shape)
• Fibrous protein
• Globular protein DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA
Structure Nucleic Acids (Ribonucleic acid)
• Primary
Proteins Nucleotides
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary • Nitrogenous base
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate group

Types Lipids
(on the basis of constitution) Carbohydrates
• Simple proteins Made up of Glycerol
• Conjugated proteins monosaccharides Fatty acids
• Derived proteins

Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid

Homopolymer Heteropolymer
Made up of same Made up of different
monomer unit. Glycosidic bond is monomer unit.
present 10
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 10 : Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Prophase

Metaphase G1 S G2

Karyokinesis
Inter Phase
Anaphase Interphase
Mitosis- Equational
Division
M- phase
Telophase

Cytokinesis Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle and

Cell Division

Plant Cell Animal cell

Cell wall formation Starts with appearance of
starts in the centre furrow in the plasma Meiosis- Reductional
membrane Division

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Telophase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
Anaphase I Metaphase I • Anaphase II
• Telophase II
Prophase I

1. Leptotene (Duplicated
chromosomes start to
condense)

2. Zygotene (Synapsis
begins)

3. Pachytene (Synapsis
complete, Crossing over
occurs)

4. Diplotene (Synaptonemal
5. Diakinesis (Bivalent
complex starts disappearing,
ready for metaphase) 11
Bchiasma visible)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 11 : Transport in Plants

Symport
Uniport Antiport
When both molecules
One molecule move Both molecules move
move in the same
independent of other. in opposite direction
direction

Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport

Passive movement of
Energy is required to pump
substances from high
molecules against
concentration to low
concentration gradient.
concentration.
Means of Transport

Plant Water Relations

Transpiration • Water Potential
It is the loss of water through • Osmosis Diffusion of solvent (water) across the
stomata of leaves and other semi- permeable membrane.
aerial parts of plants in form • Plasmolysis: Shrinkage of protoplasm in a cell,
of water vapour. away from its cell wall and toward the center.
• Imbibitions

Uptake of Mineral Ions Transport in

Minerals are absorbed by the Plants
roots by passive and active
transport. The active uptake of
ions requires ATP energy.

Uptake and Transport Symplast Pathway

of Mineral Nutrients
Absorption of water
Apoplast Pathway
Translocation of Mineral Ions
Unloading of mineral ions occur at
fine vein endings of the leaves Water movement up a plant
through diffusion. Some minerals
are also remobilised from old
senescing parts N, P K, S. Mass flow hypothesis Root pressure
It is a positive pressure that develops
in the roots by the active absorption
of nutrients from the soil.

Transpiration pull
Transpiration creates transpirational
pull for absorption and transport in
plants.

It is the most accepted theory for the translocation of sugar from source to sink.
- Source cells are cells which are the supplier of the food material, mainly leaves.
- Sink cells are cells which require food material for growth and repair.
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 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 12 : Mineral Nutrition

Development of root
nodules in Soyabean

Nitrogen Cycle

Metabolism of
Nitrogen

Transamination
Mineral Hydroponics
Fate of ammonia
Reductive Nutrition
amination Methods to Study the
Mineral Requirements of
Plants

Essential Mineral
Plant is cultured in
Elements
soil- free defined
Toxicity of Micronutrients minerals solution
In higher dose, micronutrient become
toxic. Toxicity of one element may lead to
deficiency of other elements since the
former may inhibit the uptake of latter. Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms Mechanism of
are morphological Absorption of
Element must be absolutely changes in plants, Elements
necessary for normal growth indicating nutrient
and development deficiency.
Symplast Apoplast
Element must be directly Criteria
involved in the metabolism of
plant.

Requirement of element must

be specific and not
replaceable Two Categories of
Elements

Micronutrient
Macronutrient
Required in less
Required in large quantity.
quantity. E.g. Cobalt,
E.g. Hydrogen, Oxygen,
manganese, Zinc, Iron,
Nitrogen, phosphorus,
Copper, Molybdenum,
sulphur, potassium,
Boron, chlorine and
calcium and Magnesium
nickel. 13
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 13 : Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Photosynthesis an enzyme regulated

anabolic process of manufacture of
organic compounds inside the chlorophyll
containing cells, from carbon oxide and
water with the help of sunlight as source
of energy.

Photosynthesis as a Means of
Autotrophic Nutrition

light Reaction Dark Reaction

Temperature
Carbon dioxide
Grana Stroma

Water Chloroplast in
leaves
Light

Factors Affecting
Site of
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

Pigment Involved in Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

• ChI a in Higher
• ChI b Plants
• Xanthophyll
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
• Carotenoids
Explains the mechanism of ATP
synthesis in thylakoid of chloroplast

Photorespiration
- It is the light induced
respiration in green plants.
- It is a process in which there is
no formation of ATP or NADPH,
but there is utilization of ATP
with release of

Light Reaction

Cyclic
C4 or Hatch and Slack pathway
- Involves only photosystem I.
- Occurs in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
- Only ATP is formed.
- Enzyme RuBisCo is absent from the mesophyll cells
- Electrons move in a closed circle. Biosynthetic Phase
Or Dark reaction
C3 or Calvin cycle
- Carboxylation
- Reduction
Non- cyclic - Regeneration
- Involves both photosystem I and II. - For every molecules, 3
- Both ATP and NADPH are produced.
molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADPH are
- Electrons do not move in a closed circle. 14
required.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 14 : Respiration in Plants

R.Q. values = 1 (for

carbohydrate...
R.Q. = 0.7... R.Q. =
0.9...

Fermentation
(Incomplete oxidation
of pyruvic acid, under
R.Q formula anaerobic condition)

Definition
Respiration is an energy
Respiratory releasing enzymatically
Quotient controlled catabolic process
which involves a step- wise
oxidative breakdown of food
substances inside living cells

Respiration
in Plants
Amphibolic Pathway
Respiration is termed as
amphibolic pathway as it involves
both anabolism and catabolism
Aerobic
respiration Glycolysis box
Glycolysis Or EMP
pathway (Site:
TCA Tricarboxylic Cytoplasm)
Acid (Matrix of
Mitochondria)

2nd of - Electron
transport chain (Site:
Inner mitochondrial
1st of - Oxidative 3rd of- TCA/ Tricarboxylic
membrane) Phosphorylation Site: Acid (Site: Matrix of
F0- F1 particles in the mitochondria)
inner mitochondrial
membrane.

15
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 15 : Plant Growth and Development

Day neutral plant

Example- Tomato

Long day plant

Short day plant Example-
Example- Radish, barley
Chrysanthemum

Root Shoot
Photoperiodism
Radicle Plumule

Seed
germination
Phases of plant growth
• Meristematic
• Elongation Growth rate
• Maturation Increase in growth
per unit time.

Plant Growth
Absolute growth rate and Conditions of growth
Measurement and Development • Water
comparison of total • Oxygen
growth per unit time. • Nutrients
• Optimum temperature
Quantitative • Light
comparison between • Gravity
growth is done by

Relative growth rate

Growth of a particular system
per unit time, expressed on a
common basis.
Rededifferentiation
Process in which
dedifferentiated cells
becomes mature
again and lose their
capacity to divide
Vernalisation
Promotion of
flowering by a Differentiation
period of low Process in which cells
produced by apical
temperature meristem become
specialized to perform
specific function

Plant growth regulators

(Phytohormones) Sequence of development processes Dedifferentiation
• Auxin Process in which, the
• Gibberellin living differentiated cells
• Cytokinin that by now have lost the
• Ethylene capacity to divide, regain
• ABA their capacity to divide
under certain conditions.
16
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 16 : Digestion and Absorption

Salivary Gland Intestinal Glands

Nutritional disorder • Parotid • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
• Protein Energy Malnutrition- • Sublingual • Brunner's gland
• Kwashiorkor • Submandibular
• Marasmus
Gastric Glands
• Mucus neck cell
Indigestion Frequent • Peptic cells
Improper digestion defecation of • Parietal cells
liquid faeces

Secretes bile
Vomiting
Ejection of
Jaundice Digestive Glands Liver Stored in
Disease of liver. Gallbladder
stomach content

Constipation Pancreas
Dry Stools

Digestive
Disorders of System
Alimentary canal
Digestive
System

Histology Parts
• Serosa Mouth, Pharynx,
• Muscularis Oesophagus Stomach,
• Sub- mucosa Small intestine, Large
Digestion and • Mucosa Intestine, Rectum, Anus.
Absorption

GI hormones
• Gastrin
• Enterogastrone Digestion of
• Secretin Food
• Cholecystokinin
• Villikinin
• Stomatostatin
Mechanical Chemical
Calorific values
• Teeth Trypsin, amylase,
• Tongue lipase, nuclease,
maltase, lactase,
Gross Physiological sucrose
Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g
Protein: 5.65 kcal/g Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9.45 kcal/g Fat: 9 kcal/g

Absorption Digested products

- Mouth: Certain drugs.
- Stomach: Water, simple sugars, some drugs and alcohol.
- Small intestine: Almost all nutrients including minerals, vitamins etc.
- Large intestine: Water, some minerals and some drugs.

17
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 17 : Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Body surface Tracheal tube

Examples - sponges, Examples - Insects, Human respiratory System
coelenterate, centipede,
flatworm millipede etc.

Lungs
Gills
Example - Terrestrial
Example - Fishes,
animals like human
tadpoles, prawn
being
etc.

Respiratory organs
in animals

Respiratory disorders
• Occupational Respiratory Disorders
• Emphysema
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Lung cancer

Expiration (Breathing
Regulation of Respiration out)
Mechanism of
• Neural regulation- Involves respiratory Breathing and Breathing
centers, afferent and efferent nerves. Exchange of Inspiration (Breathing
• Chemical regulation- Through Gases in)
chemoreceptors.

Between blood
and tissues
Exchange of
Gases

Between Alveoli and blood

Respiratory volumes and capacities

• Tidal volume → 500 ml
• IRV → 2500 ml to 3000 ml
• ERV → 1000 ml to 1100 ml
• RV → 1100 ml to 1200 ml
• IC → TV + IRV
• EC → TV + ERV
• FRC → ERV + RV
• VC → ERV + TV + IRV
• Total lung capacity
→ RV + ERV + TV + IRV or V.C + TRV
Transport of
Gases

Transport of
- As Carbonic acid (About 7 %)
- As carbamino- haemoglobin (About 20-25 %)
Transport of - As bicarbonates (About 70%)
- As blood plasma (About 3 %) 18
- As oxyhaemoglobin (About 97%)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 18 : Body Fluids and Circulation

Double Circulation
Eosinophils

Globulin
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Fibrinogen Albumin
RBC
Granulocytes
Plasma Platelets Lymphocytes
WBC
Agranulocytes
Monoctyes
Formated Elements
Disorders ABO grouping
• High B.P
• Coronary artery disease
• Angina
• Heart failure Blood

Sympathetic nerve
Blood Groups
ANS Erythroblastosis foetalis
Parasympathetic • Rh + ve
nerve • Rh - ve
Regulation of
cardiac Activity Body Fluids
Adrenal medullar
and
hormone Circulation Blood vessels

Heart Sounds Histology

• Lubb • Tunica interna
• Dub • Tunica media
• Tunica externa
Heart valves
• Tricuspid valve
• Bicuspid valve Arteries
• Semilunar valve
Types Vein
Types
Human Heart
• Myogenic heart
Capillaries
• Neurogenic

Histology
• Endocardium
• Myocardium Circulatory
• Pericardium pathways Coagulation of blood
Cardiac Cycle When an injury is caused to
a blood vessel, bleeding
• Atrial systole
• Ventricular systole starts which is stopped by a
• Cardiac diastole process called blood
Closed: E.g. Annelids,
Echinoderms, Open: E.g. clotting.
Vertebrates Arthropods,
Molluscs

Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

Evolution of heart It is a colourless fluid
• Fishes- 2 chambered heart containing specialized
• Amphibians- 3 chambered heart lymphocytes that provide
• Reptiles (except crocodiles)- 3 chambered heart immune response to body.
• Crocodiles, Birds and Mammals4 chambered heart. 19
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination

Ammonotelism
• Excretory product is ammonia
• Example- bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and insects

Ureotelism
• Excretory product is Urea
• Example- mammals, Terrestrial Amphibians

Uricotelism
• Excretory product is uric acid Modes of Excretion
• Example- Birds

Urine Formation
• Glomerular filtration
Disorders of the excretory System • Tubular reabsorption
• Uremia • Renal failure • Renal • Tubular secretion
Calculi • Glomerulonephritis

Human Excretory System

• A Pair of Kidneys
• Ureter
Micturition • Urinary Bladder
The process of expulsion of • Urethra
urine from urinary bladder

Structure of kidney

Excretory
Products and
their
Elimination

Function of the Tubules

• PCT 70% of electrolytes are reabsorbed
• Henle's Loop Maintains high osmolarity of
Liver
medullary fluid
• DCT Conditional reabsorption of Na + and water
• Collecting Duct Large amount of water is Other organs in
Lungs
reabsorbed to produce concentrated urine excretion

Skin

Counter- current mechanism

• Henle's loop
Regulation of kidney • Vasa rectae
- By ADH (Vasopressin)
- By Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus (Renin-
Angiotensin mechanism)
- By ANF (in heart)

20
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 20 : Locomotion and Movement

Sliding filament theory of Muscle Contraction

Properties of muscle fibers

Types of muscles
• Excitability • Contractility •
• Skeletal
Extensibility • Elasticity
• Visceral
• Cardiac

Types of Movement
• Amoeboid
• Ciliary
• Muscular Disorders of muscular and
skeletal System
• Myasthenia gravis
Cartilaginous • Muscular dystrophy
(Slightly movable) • Tetany
• Arthrithis
• Osteoporosis
Fibrous • Gout
Joints
(Immovable)

Synovial (movable)
• Ball and socket joint Locomotion
• Hinge joint and
• Pivot joint
Movement
• Gliding joint
• Saddle joint

Skeletal System

Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126)

Skull (40 bones) Sternum (1)

Limb bones Girdles

Vertebral column Ribs (12 pairs)

Bones of hindlimbs Bones of forelimbs

(30 x 2 = 60) (30 x 2 = 60)
• Cervical (5)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5) Pectoral girdle
• Sacral (1 fused) Pelvic girdle (2)
(2 x 2 = 4)
• Coccygeal (1 fused)
21
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 21 : Neural Control and Coordination

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Cranial
Autonomic
Human Eye nerves (12
Human Ear
• Outer Ear: Pinna, Ear canal, Layers of eye - pairs)
Tympanic membrane • Outer layer - Sclera and
• Middle Ear - Three ear Cornea
Spinal nerves Somatic
ossicles • Middle layer- Choroid,
Ciliary body, Iris, Pupil, lens (31 pairs)
• Inner Ear - Utriculus,
Sacculus and Cochlea • Innermost layer- Retina

Afferent
Sense organs Fibres
Nerve Fibers
Lower invertebrates Efferent
Neural organization is very Fibres PNS
simple

Insects Human Neural

Brain is present along with System
Neural System CNS
number of ganglia and
neural tissues
Vertebrates Brain Spinal cord

More developed neural

system Neural
Control and
Coordination Multipolar
Fore brain
• Cerebrum
Types of Neuron Bipolar
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Unipolar
Neuron (Structural
Mid brain Brain and functional unit of
neural system)]
Hind brain
• Pons
• Cerebellum Structure
• Medulla

Reflex action and Reflex arc

Cell body chain Dendrite chain Axon chain
Cytoplasm + typical
cell organelles +
Nissl's granules Non- myelinated
Myelinated
axon axon

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse

• Maintenance of resting potential
• Action potential 22
• Propagation of action potential
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 22 : Chemical Coordination and integration

Insulin Glucagon
Adrenal cortex • Adernal medulla
Mineralocorticoids • • Adrenaline
Glucocorticoids • Noradrenaline
Thyrocalcitonin Beta cells Alpha cells

T3 Thyroid
Adernal Pancreas

T4 (Thyroxine)

Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone

Melatonin Pineal
Thymus Thymosins

Adenohypophysis Testis
Pituitary Testosterone
Neurohypophysis
Ovary
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
Releasing hormone
Hypothalamus

Inhibiting hormone Human Endocrine

System

Secretes
Hormones (Chemical
messengers of the body)
Glands
Types
• Exocrine (With duct) Chemical
• Endocrine (Without duct) Coordination
• Heterocrine (Partly and
endocrine and partly
exocrine) integration

Hormones of Heart,
Kidney and
Gastrointestinal Tract

Mechanism of
Heart → ANF Hormone Action

Gastrointestinal Tract → Gastrin,

GIP, Secretin, Cholecystokinin,
Duocrinin, Villikinin, Enterocrinin
Lipid soluble hormones
Kidney → Renin, Erythropoietin and calcitriol

Water soluble hormones

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