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 INTRODUCING . . .
ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC STANDARDS ONLINE

More than just the print edition online… a subscription to the new
Architectural Graphic Standards Online provides access to a powerful online
resource for the studio environment that allows students to search expert
content and access thousands of AIA-endorsed, downloadable details.

Included with this book is a unique discount code offering a free one month
trial and access to special student pricing. See back panel for details.

bend.indd 2 2/20/2017 12:42:13 PM

ffirs.indd 2 2/13/2017 5:47:31 PM
 GRAPHIC STANDARDS
STUDENT EDITION
TWELFTH EDITION

KEITH E. HEDGES, AIA, NCARB

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

AU T H O R E D B Y
THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
ARCHITECTS

T H E M AG N U M G R O U P
I L L U S T R AT O R

ffirs.indd 3 2/13/2017 5:47:31 PM

 Cover image: © Wiley
Cover design: C. Wallace (Wiley)
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy
fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at
www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no
representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any
implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives
or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a
professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.
For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at
(800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley publishes its content in a variety of digital formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available digitally and some
content that appears digitally may not be available in print. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.
com and for more information about Architectural Standards Online see: www.graphicstandards.com.

ISBN 978-1-119-31251-2

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

SENIOR EDITOR
VICE PRESIDENT AND PUBLISHER
SENIOR EDITOR
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
EDITOR
DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
EDITOR
SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER
EDITOR
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EDITOR
ASSOCIATE MARKETING DIRECTOR
EDITOR
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
EDITOR

DESIGNER EDITOR

COPYEDITOR

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INDEXER

SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

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ffirs.indd 6 2/13/2017 5:47:31 PM
 VII

CONTENTS

Building Siting and Layout 72

Daylighting Design 43 Passive Design 72
Active Systems 72
Continued Operations Goals 73
Designing for Sound 45

CPTED Concepts 73
Strategies 74
Subdivisions and Office Parks 74
Multi-Family Dwellings 74

The 4Rs 55 Overview 75

Asset (Building) Resilience and Community Short-Term versus Long Term Resilience
Resilience 55 Planning 75
Resilience Management–Based Building
Designs 56
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics 4
Community Resilience 57
Human Behavior 4
Anthropometric Data 4
Overview 58
Universal Design 9 Durability 58
Long-Term Performance 58 Ideology of Construction Drawings 79
Accessible Design 12
Climate Change 59 National CAD Standard 79
Technical Criteria 15
Technological Obsolescence 59 Organization 79
Public Restrooms 30
Drawing Conventions 79
Symbol Classification Structure 82

Introduction 83
Solar Radiation and Building Orientation 32 Gravitational and Lateral Loads 59
OmniClass Construction Classification System 83
Solar Constant 32 Shelter 64
UniFormat 83
Orientation and True North 33 Flood 65
MasterFormat 84
Solar Time 34 Fire 65
SectionFormat 84
Implementing Sustainable Products
and Procedures 84
Solar Angles 35 Blast Resistance 67
Solar Path Diagrams 35 Ballistic Protection 68
Solar Position and Heat Gain 37 Forced Entry/Physical Attack How BIM Overcomes the Limitations of CAD 85
Resistance 69
Cybersecurity 70
Designing for Cold and Underheated
Climates 38
Designing for Hot Arid Climates 40 Energy and Environmental Impact 71
Designing for Humid, Overheated Passive survivability 71
Climates 40

Overview 72
Climate Data 41 Building Function and Tenants 72 General 94

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 VIII

Concrete Formwork 94 Wall and Roof Sheathing 152

Concrete Formwork for Columns and Footings 95 Plywood Subflooring on Wood Framing 153
Concrete Formwork for Walls 96 Lintels 121 Plywood Sheathing for Roofs
Concrete Formwork for Slabs and Beams 97 Unit Masonry 123 and Soffits 154
Concrete Formwork Accessories 98 Columns and Pilasters 124 Oriented Strand Board 155
Masonry Stairs 124 Panel Products and Wood Veneers 155

General 99
Reinforcing Steel, Welded Wire Fabric
Reinforcing, Stressing Tendons, and Fibrous Wood Adhesives 159
Reinforcing 99 Nails 161
Placement of Steel Reinforcing 101 Properties of Metals 126 Shields and Anchors 162
CNC Machining for Metalwork 128
Finishes on Metals 128

Cast-in-Place Concrete 103

Concrete Admixtures 103 Structural Metal Framing 130
Supplementary Cementitious Materials 104 Glass Products 166
Concrete Surfaces, Finishes, and Integral Thermal Resistance Values of Glazing
Color 104 Decorative Metal Detailing 135 Materials 168
Concrete Coatings 106 Perforated Metals 136 Solar Gain Through Fenestration Systems 168
Properties of Glazing Materials Used in
Manufactured Window Units 170
Installation Guidelines, Details, and Construction
Metal Fastenings 138 Tolerances 172

Clay Masonry Units 108

Concrete Masonry Units 109

Glass Block: Design Data 110 Wood Materials 142

Stone Uses and Properties 110 Wood Classification—Softwood and Hardwood 144 Soils Definitions: Terms and
Stone Masonry Patterns and Veneer 112 Wood Sources 144 Classifications 176
Stone Details 114 Forest Certification 144 Soil Studies and Reports 176
Reclaimed Wood 144 Expansive Soils 180
Radon in Soils 180
Mortar and Grout 114 Designing for Cold and Permafrost Climates 181
Wood Preservatives 144
Fire-Resistant Construction 146
General 183
Masonry Anchorage and Reinforcing 116 Settlement and Differential Settlement 183
Masonry Ties 117 Standard Foundations 183
Masonry Accessories 119 Plywood Design Data 148 Shallow Foundations 185
Masonry Movement Joints 119 Plywood Panel Types 149

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 IX

Deep Foundations 188 Timber Frame Roof Decking 259

Seismic Base Isolation 191 Wood Stairs 259
Composite Systems 260 Design Considerations 456
Glass Flooring 263 Industry Standards 457
General 192 Sustainability 457
Subgrade 192 Climate and HVAC Systems 457
Types of Slabs-on-Grades 194 Exterior Walls 263 Design Process 457
Exterior Windows 302 Design Coordination 458
Exterior Doors 319 HVAC System Types 460
Crawl Space Insulation and Ventilation 195 Heat Generation 462
Refrigeration 466
Roofing Design Considerations 324 HVAC Distribution Arrangements and
Basement Walls 196 Roof Coverings 327 Components 469
Backfilling Against Basement Walls 198 Roof Openings 356 HVAC Delivery Components 478
HVAC Control Systems 481
Other HVAC Systems and Equipment 482
Economizers 482
Climate and Energy 204 Interior Partitions 364
Exterior Climatic Influence 204 Wall Finishes 376 Design Considerations 484
Interior Climatic Influence 205 Interior Windows and Glazing 388 Sprinkler Occupancy Hazard
Considerations for Climate Zones 206 Interior Doors 391 Classifications 485
Thermal Movement 206 Interior Hardware 402 Types of Fires 485
Sustainability and Energy 209 Access Panels 405 Sprinkler Heads 485
Interior Floor Construction 406 Standpipes 489
Floor and Base Finishes 406 FDC Connection 489
Long-Span and Tensile Structures 210 Interior Ceiling Construction 417 Fire-Protection Pumping Systems 489
Floor Assemblies 212 Ceiling Finishes 418 Rated/Nonrated Cabinets 491
Roof Assemblies 216 Interior Specialties 421 Fire-Protection Specialties 491
Comparison of Systems 220 Locating Pull Stations and Extinguishers 492
Selected Floor Loads 221
Concrete 222
Concrete Stairs 227 Industry Standards 493
Structural Metal 228 Design considerations 428 Sustainability 493
Space Frames 230 Elevators 428 Transformers 493
Cold-Formed Metal Framing and Bracing 232 Escalators 434 Lighting and Branch Wiring 495
Metal Floor Decking 233 Electrical Panelboards and
Metal Stairs 236 Circuit Breakers 498
Wood Framing 238 Design Considerations 435 GFCI 499
Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood 245 Accessibility 435 Lighting Control 505
Heavy Timber Construction 246 Sustainability 435 Light Trespass and Light Pollution 505
Glued-Laminated Construction 249 Domestic Water Distribution 435 Facility Power Generation: PV 505
Wood Decking 250 Sanitary Waste 438 Other Electrical Systems 507
Framing Details for Roofs 252 Plumbing Fixtures 445
Shop-Fabricated Wood Trusses 254 Rainwater Drainage 450
Glued-Laminated Shapes 256 Graywater Systems 454 Design Considerations 510

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 X

Telecommunications Systems 510 Exterior versus Interior Design Standards 600

Local Area Networks 512 Aquatic Facilities 577 Ramps 600
Building Management Systems 513 Stair and Ramp Handrails 601

Fountains and Decorative Pools 609

Vehicular and Pedestrian Equipment 518 Playgrounds 609
Commercial Equipment 521 Retaining Walls 611
Institutional Equipment 526 Slope Protection and Erosion Control 582
Sight Lines 529
Human Factors and Audiovisual Design 530 Urban Tree Rooting 615
Audio Intelligibility 530 Dewatering 583 Irrigation 615
Presentation Rooms 531 Trees, Plants, and Ground Covers 616
AV Support Spaces 531 Tree Planting in Urban Areas 619
Residential Equipment 531 Open-Cut Excavations 584
Entertainment and Recreational Shored Excavation 584
Equipment 535 Lateral Support 584
Rooftop Planting Details 621
Graywater Wastewater Management 621
Fixed Furnishings 542 Introduction 586
Movable Furnishings 551 Contours 586
Slopes, Grades, and Spot Elevations 587 Subsurface Drainage Systems 623
Storm Drainage Utilites 624
Design Considerations for Surface Drainage
Planning Considerations 588 Systems 624

Sound-Conditioned Rooms 566 Design Considerations for Parking Lots 591 Porous Paving Materials 625
Saunas and Steam Baths 567 Design Considerations for Porous Paving
Vaults 568 Systems 625
Porous Pavement Construction 594
Alternative Porous Paving Materials 595
Fabric Structures 570 Unit Paving 596 Site Lighting 626
Space Frames 572 Paver Selection 596
Paver Preparation 597

Metal Building Systems 573 Design Considerations 597

Paving System Construction 597

Sound and Vibration Control 576

Regulations 600

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 XI

A NOTE FROM THE PUBLISHER

Over the years, I have seen my fair share of battered editions of Architectural With this fully digital edition, our objective is to make an architect’s work life
Graphic Standards (AGS) in architects’ offices; even in the pick-up trucks of easier. We have deepened our definition of what it means to create a com-
construction contractors. As an amateur architect and an author who has plete and trusted companion for architects in the office, on a worksite, or
written about architecture, I have my own treasured volumes. Why not? AGS anywhere one pleases. I haven’t seen many architects climb a scaffold with
is a classic and a testament to a long partnership between Wiley publishing an AGS under their arm, but I have seen many with handheld devices.
and the American Institute of Architects. It may be one of the only profes- As Wiley’s digital capabilities evolve, we want you, our customers, to
sional reference books to have its own history, beginning with Drafting find working with our content to be as effortless as possible. We understand
Culture: A Social History of Architectural Graphic Standards (MIT Press, this dramatic shift in the context of defining ourselves as a learning company
2008), written by practicing architect, historian, and Professor of Architecture devoted to the educational and professional needs of our customers from the
at Georgia Tech, George Barnett Johnston. beginning of their architectural education to the end of their professional
We do not know why John Wiley (1808–1891), the son of our founder, careers. In premier undergraduate architecture programs with which I am
chose to publish a book for architects and their customers, but he chose well. familiar, students work collaboratively in digital environments foreshadowing
Andrew Jackson Downing’s Cottage Residences was published by Wiley & the work environment at architectural firms where they will be employed.
Putnam in 1842. An influential pattern book of houses, it was consulted Even in small offices, collaboration in a digital environment is part of the
across America by house builders and led to the widespread construction of work routine. In short, we at Wiley are ready to meet you, the architect,
residences in the picturesque “Carpenter Gothic” style. It is still in print where, when, and how you work.
today. With Downing’s book, John laid the foundation for an architecture list We believe deeply in our mission to serve you; we are appreciative of
that included many reprints of the work of John Ruskin. your needs; and we will continue to connect with them as we redefine pub-
The publication of the 12th edition is a defining moment in AGS’s 84-year lishing in a world reshaped by digital experiences.
history. As we like to say in publishing, content is escaping the confines of a
book. The precursor for this on AGS was the introduction of a CD in 1996 and Peter Booth Wiley
an ebook in 2007. In this edition, however, AGS becomes completely digital Chairman Emeritus and Member of
with its content fully searchable online. There are, of course, those who still the Board of Directors of John Wiley
treasure a book or prefer both print on paper and digital. The new edition will & Sons, Inc.
also be available in book form.

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 XII

A NOTE FROM THE AIA

Across the years, Architectural Graphic Standards (AGS) has retained its globally. Practice is evolving toward greater collaboration. Architects can work
name, and the commitment of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has more efficiently and creatively, but they require quick access to current techni-
remained unwavering in its mission—to provide an indispensable resource cal information, from codes to new building materials, to avoid costly errors.
for the design and construction industry. However, the content of AGS, The 12th edition supports the ways we access and process knowl-
entirely irrespective of format and media, has changed in significant ways. edge—visually. In doing so, the latest edition of AGS gives new life to what
To serve a rapidly transforming profession, the industry’s bible had to the Editor-in-Chief Dennis Hall identifies as the intent of the first authors: to
change with it. Consider the expanding range of modern architectural prac- produce a graphic-centric resource.
tice. When the first edition of AGS was published more than eight decades I thank Dennis Hall, his editors, the countless contributors of content—
ago, wellness, resilience, sustainability, and accessibility were not on the both written and visual—as well as the proofreaders and fact checkers. That
profession’s or AGS’s radar. The initiative behind Charles George Ramsey and so many hands could weave a seamless resource testifies to their dedication
Harold Reeve Sleeper’s first edition (1932) centered wholly around creating to serve our varied, demanding profession.
a “technical” touchstone of graphic standards for architectural drafting, at a From the very first time the AIA and Wiley joined hands as partners for
time when architects were actively pursuing their professionalization as a the sixth edition in 1970, we have built a valued, mutually supportive relation-
distinct body. ship that has benefitted generations of architects, growing with and guiding
Times change. Today, obesity, an aging population, and the impact of the architectural profession in the pursuit of excellence. Through all the
climate change have emerged as among the most urgent issues of the 21st iterations of Architectural Graphic Standards, our commitment to quality
century, issues that lend themselves to design thinking on a global scale. The continues, but never wavers. Use this distinctive new resource well, and
current scope of architectural services has expanded enormously beyond prosper.
what could ever have been imagined in the early 1930s in response to client
and community needs. Robert Ivy, FAIA
Along with the “what” of architectural practice, the “how” of project EVP/Chief Executive Officer
delivery has likewise altered, especially in the last decade. Computers and The American Institute of Architects
electronic media have compressed time and space, as architecture spreads

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 XIII

ARCHITECTS’ TRIBUTES TO

To mark the publication of the 12th edition of Architectural Graphic Standards Graphic Standards for its beautifully detailed dimensional dia-
(AGS) and its digital launch with Architectural Graphic Standards Online grams at all scales: from describing the human body in space to
(www.graphicstandards.com), Wiley approached architects from some of the defining the turning radii of vehicles. This information helps me to
most forward-looking practices in the United States; these firms were spe- design bespoke buildings and interiors that function perfectly and
cifically selected for their strong vision and their engagement in making are easy to use. I imagine that future editions of Architectural
design and construction. We asked them to each provide a short statement, Graphic Standards will include a detailed and interactive digital
commenting on what AGS means to them, how it has contributed to their model of the human body and of groups of people, both in static
practice, and how they anticipate AGS being used in the future with the and dynamic modes. This information can be integrated into the
further evolution of the digital and data-driven design techniques. design process so that the measure of human needs in architec-
What is marked is the attachment that these prominent architects all ture is more integrated than ever before.
have to AGS. This is poignantly expressed by Steven Ehrlich, Founding Partner Robert Siegel, AIA, NCARB
of Ehrlich Architects in Culver City, California, which won the 2015 AIA
National Firm Award: Corie Sharples is Principal of SHoP Architects in New York, a firm that has in
the last couple of decades helped redefine the relationship between design
I treasure my sixth edition of Architectural Graphic Standards, which and construction. Here she describes how AGS represents an essential infor-
was given to me as a birthday present by my parents in 1973. I had mation tool:
just returned from three years of traveling and practicing architecture
in Africain the Peace Corps, and was starting a residential design- From the founding of SHoP almost 20 years ago, my partners and
build practice in Vermont. My mother inscribed the book: “May this be I recognized that there was an enormous and inefficient division
the beginning of a very happy and exciting future.” My engineer- between thinking and doing in architecture. A lot of what we’ve
inventor father, a tough guy, wrote, “Learn it all by heart. But if you tried to do since is work to bridge that gap: to unify the process of
need any further info call me. Good luck for good architecture.” design with the process of building, to close the distance between
I have used the AGS so much over the years that it is now theory and practice. We’ve tried to prove in the real world that the
literally held together by duct tape. The launch of the online edition best architectural results, the most creative, come when architects
ensures that it will continue to be an essential reference for archi- are able to control the process of construction through the intelli-
tects in the digital age. While technology has transformed our gent management of building information. We’ve developed a lot of
profession in thrilling ways, we do not (yet) live in a virtual world: proprietary methods and technologies over the years to help us get
Buildings are still made of wood and steel and mortar. there. But, looking back, even to the time before our firm bought its
first computer, we had a copy of Graphic Standards by our side. The
Steven Ehrlich, FAIA, RIBA
clarity of images and diagrams in the book was an early inspiration
For Robert Siegel, Design Director at Gensler, AGS has been a ubiquitous for our own approach to communication. It was our first real infor-
presence for an architect who thrives on design: mation tool: a resource so complete in its technical data that it let
our creativity run free.
As F.K. Ching’s Form, Space, and Order is to deciphering the con-
Corie Sharples AIA
ceptual and formal basis of architecture, Architectural Graphic
Standards is to creating the built environment. I love to draw and Claire Weisz, Principal-in-Charge of WXY Studio, an award-winning urban
invent. Since I started my practice, I’ve depended upon Architectural design and planning office, also in New York, closes by reminding us not only

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 XIV

how AGS provides a visual lexicon, but also how its development over time too complex to be memorized and, perhaps more critically, too
acts as an effective barometer as summed up by the great Modernist archi- scattered to be found in one place in an architect’s office. But in
tect Eero Saarinen in a foreword to the 1956 edition: particular I am fond of how he used the wonderful term “contem-
poraneous” to describe its essential value. That is what is striking
As far as touchstones of architecture practice go, Architectural
about the mechanism of reissuing it as needed by the field.
Graphic Standards is our lexicon. Not only do we need and use the
Saarinen in ending his evaluation of Architectural Graphic
latest edition in our libraries, but we also see the book as a mile-
Standards stated that it “will show the future the dizzy speed and
stone of achievement; as a way to measure the passage of time
expanding horizons of architectural development and practice in
whereby nothing is lost. Years ago the principal at my first job in
our time.” Now after almost 60 years dizzying may be an under-
architecture rewarded my youthful enthusiasm with his fifth edi-
statement, but this index to the state of the art of building today
tion from 1956—since the sixth has long been in use. With a
still holds its own.
foreword written by no other than Eero Saarinen—and in a great-
looking font—it remains within close reach of my desk to this day. Claire Weisz, FAIA
Not every book has a summary from one of architecture’s lumi-
With thanks to Steven Ehrlich, Robert Siegel, Corie Sharples, and Claire
naries and it doesn’t disappoint in its clear snapshot. Agreeing
Weisz.
with his predecessors’ estimate of its value as an essential part
of architectural practice, serving to gather facts and references

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 XV

TIMELINE
The increase in size and complexity of Architectural Graphic Standards since its initial publication has mirrored the extraordinary accomplishments of architecture in the 20th century.

Pennsylvania Station, New York, New York (McKim, Mead and White)
John Wiley & Sons publishes Architectural Details, a prototype for Architectural Graphic
Standards
La Villa Savoye, Poissy, France (Corbusier)
Chrysler Building, New York, New York (William Van Alen)
Wiley publishes first edition of Architectural Graphic Standards
Fallingwater, Bear Run, Pennsylvania (Frank Lloyd Wright)
10,000th copy sold
100,000th copy sold
The Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut (Philip Johnson)
Fourth edition published: changes in building technology trigger 80% increase in length
over prior edition
Fifth edition published: final edition prepared by Charles Ramsey and Harold Sleeper
Seagram Building, New York, New York (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe)
Salk Institute, La Jolla, California (Louis Kahn)
Sixth edition published: first edition edited by American Institute of Architects; John Hancock Center, Chicago, Illinois (Bruce Graham/Skidmore Owings and Merrill)
incorporates Uniformat organization
AIA Headquarters, Washington, DC (The Architects Collective)
Centre Pompidou, Paris, France (Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano)
National Gallery of Art East Wing, Washington, DC (I.M. Pei)
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington, DC (Maya Lin)
Ninth edition published: incorporates ADA guidelines; new material on building systems
and energy-efficient design
First digital version of Architectural Graphic Standards released as CD, version 1.0 J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California (Richard Meier)
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain (Frank Gehry)
Reichstag, New German Parliament, Berlin, Germany (Foster + Partners)
1,000,000th copy sold
Jewish Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Daniel Libeskind)
Tenth edition of book and version 3.0 of CD published
The Gherkin’, 30 St Mary Axe, London, UK (Foster + Partners)
Graphic Standards franchise expands with the release of Interior Graphic Standards Seattle Central Library, Seattle (Rem Koolhaas/OMA)
De Young Museum, San Francisco (Herzog & de Meuron)
In conjunction with American Planning Association, Planning and Urban Design
Standards is released
Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards published
To celebrate its 75th anniversary, eleventh edition of book and version 4.0 of CD published Metropol Parasol, Seville, Spain (Jürgen Mayer H)
John Wiley & Sons celebrates 200th anniversary
The American Institute of Architects celebrates 150th anniversary The Bird’s Nest’, National Stadium for Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing (Herzog & de Meuron)
MAXXI Museum, Rome (Zaha Hadid Architects)
Second Edition of Architectural Graphic Standards for Residential Construction book Burj Khalifa, Dubai (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill)
and CD-ROM 1.0 release
Interior Graphic Standards, 2nd Edition and CD 2.0 release Guangzhou Opera House, The People’s Republic of China (Zaha Hadid Architects)
The Shard, London (Renzo Piano)
One World Trade Center, New York, New York (David Childs of Skidmore Owings & Merrill)
The Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China (Gensler)
Architectural Graphic Standards 12E releases
Architectural Graphic Standards Online launches

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 XVI

INTRODUCTION

formats, whether as an ebook or in a CD form, to become a highly searchable

online tool. Though it still remains available in print and ebook formats to
As the go-to book for architects for over eight decades, Architectural Graphic
provide users with the information in the medium of their choice, the online
Standards (AGS) provides a unique barometer for measuring change within the
version fully acknowledges that AGS as an indispensable source for design
industry: tracking and assimilating shifts and innovations within the design/
and technical information for practitioners has to reflect the practices of
construction sector with each new edition. Change has never been more
architects of today: a profession that now spends nearly every day on screen
apparent or intense than in the last two decades, as the widespread adoption
and only has seconds available to search for the essential nugget of informa-
of technology has prompted significant transformation of the industry. This has
tion it requires.
had a far-reaching impact not only on the medium in which buildings are
designed and constructed, but also on processes, standards, analytics, and
ways of delivering professional services. Changes encompass the expansion of
project delivery methods and role changes; new building codes and industry Despite new online developments, the editorial vision for the 12th edition of
practices, which have been extended to include accessibility, sustainability, and AGS marks a return to the publication’s essential characteristic—its highly
building resilience guidelines; new building products and construction meth- visual quality—which generations of architects have prized. An over-arching
ods; and an evolution of new and expanded building information management aim of this edition has been to restore the more graphic-centric content. This
organizational standards. remains true to the primary intent of the original authors, Charles George
While all these changes are significant in the evolution of architectural Ramsey (1884–1963) and Harold Reeve Sleeper (1893–1960); it has also
graphics and the standards of practice of the architect, the expanding range been central to AGS’s success across the years as it is entirely in tune with
of practice tools now available to architectural professionals has had a much how architects consume and communicate design information. To optimize on
more far-reaching effect. Only three decades ago, architects labored over the effectiveness of this, it was also our ambition to provide more focused
drafting boards, producing so-called “working drawings” for the purpose of information. The editors constantly asked us, “What do architects need to
providing the contractor with a complete set of instructions on how to put know about this subject matter?” Our goal was to eliminate unimportant
together the building. Specifications were carefully written to reflect materi- content and concentrate on relevant knowledge, ensuring that information is
als and methods of construction. However, as design professionals sought to presented in a manner that is clear, complete, concise, and correct. Finally,
shift liability away from themselves for the construction issues and new we wanted to recognize the evolution of construction documents and were
design and production tools increased production efficiency and the ability to mindful of today’s best industry practices. It is also important to recognize
manage building information, the final work product of the architect has what AGS is not. This book is not intended to repeat information in The
evolved into “design intent” documentation. This type of construction docu- Architect’s Handbook of Professional Practice (American Institute of
ment is more generic and highly dependent upon contractor coordination Architects, 15th edition, Wiley, 2014), regarding firm management, project
drawings and manufacturer’s information, in order to explain the actual delivery, or contracts, but complement that knowledge with more technical
building construction. Building codes have recognized these changes in con- information on the graphic instruments in the service of the architect. While
struction documents and have codified some building product manufacturers’ AGS does not focus on building types or spaces, some design information
installation instructions, as requirements to provide the minimum informa- regarding the construction of unique spaces and building types is included.
tion necessary to construct buildings and to protect the health, safety, and The 12th edition of AGS concentrates on the core knowledge of architectural
welfare of the public. design and the creation of the built environment. As the great architect and
Now with the 12th edition, AGS is undergoing a watershed moment in educator Mies van der Rohe liked to say: “Architecture begins when you
its own evolution as it shifts from being defined purely by the page and place two bricks carefully together.” Likewise, Mario Botta said, “The first act
becomes available digitally online for the first time. Content is being liberated of architecture is to put a stone on the ground. That act transforms a condi-
from the confines of a book binding and the limits of its previous electronic tion of nature into a condition of culture; it’s a holy act.” Both architects

flast.indd 16 2/13/2017 5:47:44 PM

 XVII

understood the importance of how to use materials creatively and correctly efficiency in processes and building performance. This is dependent upon our
in creating great architecture. AGS will continue to provide architects with ability to gather, manage, and use building information to achieve better
the knowledge to understand the elements of a building and the implications aesthetic, functional, and technical performance of our designs. International
of technology and construction as part of the design process. efforts in the creation of global unique identifiers (GUIDs) that associate
properties of construction objects with specific products is a first step in
achieving this goal, but we can only achieve goals we can measure and we
While graphics are a far better medium for communicating design ideas than must develop practice tools to verify and monitor building performance at
words, in today’s complex world of “big data,” words are necessary to con- every level. These evolving practice tools are only a few of the evolutional
vey building performance requirements and other nongraphic information. changes in a rapidly expanding industry of traditional and specialty practices.
As architects, we are not only the designers of our buildings, but also the For the last 84 years, AGS has sought to provide design professionals, own-
managers of the information necessary to procure, construct, and operate ers, and contractors knowledge regarding best practices in architectural
the facility. AGS recognizes the importance of terminology as notations on graphics as a means of creating architecture. We recognize the changes and
drawings, building code requirements, manufacturer’s installation instruc- challenges of our industry and are poised to create electronic tools to con-
tions, and for electronic search tools. Careful attention has been paid to tinue the legacy of Ramsey and Sleeper in sharing design knowledge. The
ensure the consistent use of proper construction terminology throughout new online version of AGS will enable continuous updates of critical informa-
AGS. Terminology has been coordinated with the 2010 edition of UniFormat™, tion and the latest standards of practice. The ability to link knowledge from a
MasterFormat™ 2014 Update, the OmniClass Construction Classification wide array of Wiley design publications and industry experts will make this
System™ tables, and the International Building Code. These building infor- tool truly indispensable.
mation organizational structures are used in AGS as a means of organizing The American Institute of Architects (AIA) was founded upon the lofty
chapters into sections and information within the chapters. We can also goal of architects working together to improve our profession and the cre-
expect the future of architectural graphics to be highly dependent upon the ation of the built environment through knowledge sharing. I am honored and
ability to organize, retrieve, and reuse information. pleased to have contributed to this worthy goal and the 12th edition of
Architectural Graphic Standards.

Architectural graphics as a part of the architect’s instruments of service have

Dennis J. Hall, FAIA, FCSI
evolved and will continue to do so. The interoperability of building information Editor-in-Chief of Architectural
is critical to the future of a profession and an industry that must improve Graphic Standards

flast.indd 17 2/13/2017 5:47:44 PM

 XVIII

PR E FAC E

For more than eight decades, the Architectural Graphics Standards (AGS) has You will discover that this flagship book is much more than our first
been the iconic book, which guided the design of the built environment in the ‘go-to’ resource. The book bears stories of legend. I urge you to find your
20th and 21st century North American by bringing complex ideas to visual life professor’s AGS on her bookshelf and ask. You will see a face light up and
like no other comprehensive manuscript. The AGS is an indispensable profes- regale in a reflective tale of late night studio adventures. Architecture is a
sional resource that articulates the state-of-the-art in holistic building design passion that burns in many of us, and your new Student Edition is the tinder.
and construction through a graphic-centric composition. The visual delivery Virtually everything needed to realize a design idea is at your fingertips, as
of information uniquely unites the gap between concept and practice with you will experience your own swashbuckling tales of enlightenment.
incredible content breadth and depth. Many thanks to the AIA, and the AGS editors and contributors in estab-
Revised for the first time since 2008, the AGS Student Edition thought- lishing the truly exceptional underlying framework; the Wiley team of
fully frames the significantly new and updated content into an academic Margaret, Lauren, Kalli, and others for injecting life into the Student Edition
companion piece suitable for a wide range of design and technical curricula and bringing it to fruition; the advisory board of Chris, Danielle, Leslie,
throughout a student's architecture education, and even into the early stages Michael, Randy, Tony, and Traci for their insightful feedback; and my wife
of professional practice. The Student Edition covers the design and documen- Kathy and children Sarah and Brice for their patience and encouragement.
tation process for the building materials and elements of several project
types, and features considerably new and updated content such as the emer- Keith E. Hedges, AIA, NCARB
gent theme of resiliency in buildings. A strong index offers direct access to Editor-in-Chief of Architectural
hundreds of architectural elements from over a thousand illustrations. Graphic Standards, Student Edition

flast.indd 18 2/13/2017 5:47:44 PM

 SECTION 1
DESIGN PRINCIPLES &
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION

31

53

77

p01.indd 1 2/13/2017 5:48:10 PM

p01.indd 2 2/13/2017 5:48:10 PM
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