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Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

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Energy and exergy analyses of an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) cycle
integrated with biomass gasifier for distributed power generation
Amitava Datta*, Ranjan Ganguly, Luna Sarkar
Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700098, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Biomass based decentralized power generation using externally fired gas turbine (EFGT) can be a tech-
Received 9 January 2009 nically feasible option. In this work, thermal performance and sizing of such plants have been analyzed at
Received in revised form different cycle pressure ratio (rp ¼ 28), turbine inlet temperature (TIT ¼ 1050–1350 K) and the heat
1 August 2009
exchanger cold end temperature difference (CETD ¼ 200–300 K). It is found that the thermal efficiency of
Accepted 25 September 2009
the EFGT plant reaches a maximum at an optimum pressure ratio depending upon the TIT and heat
Available online 28 October 2009
exchanger CETD. For a particular pressure ratio, thermal efficiency increases either with the increase in
TIT or with the decrease in heat exchanger CETD. The specific air flow, associated with the size of the
Keywords:
Gas turbine plant equipment, decreases with the increase in pressure ratio. This decrease is rapid at the lower end of
External firing the pressure ratio (rp < 4) but levels-off at higher rp values. An increase in the TIT reduces the specific air
Biomass flow, while a change in the heat exchanger CETD has no influence on it. Based on this comparison, the
Gasifier performance of a 100 kW EFGT plant has been analyzed for three sets of operating parameters and
a trade-off in the operating condition is reached.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction reciprocating components require more maintenance and abun-

dance of cooling water, which make them unsuitable for remote
Small scale decentralized power generation is gaining impor- locations.
tance for distributing electricity in the remote areas far from the The use of biomass as fuel in conventional (internally fired) gas
centralized grid [1–4]. The delivery of grid power to the remote turbine engines entails various problems [9]. Firstly, the gas
areas, particularly in the hilly terrain, is extremely uneconomic [5]. turbines are sensitive machines that require extremely clean gas to
On the contrary, the installation of small capacity plants catering to avoid damage to the turbine blades (such as erosion, incrustation,
the local needs using the local resource can be an attractive alter- and corrosion) and blockage of filters and fuel injectors. This
native for remote places. Biomass is one of the important available requires installation of expensive gas clean up system, consisting of
primary resources, which generally exists in abundance in the scrubbers, ceramic filters, cyclones etc., at the gasifier outlet.
villages and already serves as the source of energy e.g. in cooking. Secondly, the low calorific value of the producer gas, obtained from
Energy from the biomass can be thermochemically recovered biomass gasification, necessitates a high fuel flow. It calls for
for the generation of electricity either through direct combustion or a design modification in the combustor and the turbine inlet guide
through gasification and subsequent combustion of the producer vanes, otherwise the change in the mass balance between the
gas. In large scale, biomass gasification can be used for power compressor and the turbine moves the compressor operating point
generation in a combined cycle [6,7]. On the other hand, piston towards surge [9]. These problems are resolved, if the biomass can
engines or micro gas turbines are suitable for small capacity be conveniently used as a fuel in an externally fired gas turbine
distributed generation. Producer gas can be used in conventional (EFGT) engine.
diesel engines in the dual fuel mode or in producer gas engines for In an EFGT cycle [9], the high pressure air from the compressor is
the generation of power [8]. However, such engines having heated in a heat exchanger before admitting to the turbine. The
turbine essentially handles clean air and the turbine exhaust air is
subsequently used to burn the fuel in a combustion chamber. The
combustion product is employed as the hot stream of the heat
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 33 23355813; fax: þ91 33 23357254. exchanger, before being released from the power cycle. The cycle
E-mail address: amdatta_ju@[Link] (A. Datta). can employ dirty and low cost fuels, as the combustion products do

0360-5442/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/[Link].2009.09.031
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342 A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

Nomenclature Greek Letters

4 Equivalence ratio
AHE Heat exchanger surface area g Ratio of specific heats
AFSt Stoichiometric Air-fuel ratio hc,isen Isentropic efficiency of compressor
CETD Cold End Temperature Difference of heat exchanger ht,isen Isentropic efficiency of turbine
Cp Specific heat at constant pressure h Efficiency
ei Specific thermomechanical flow exergy at state i
ech Specific chemical exergy Sub-scripts
EFGT Externally Fired Gas Turbine a Air
EN Energy released with exhaust gas B Producer gas after gasification of biomass
h Enthalpy C Compressor
hf Enthalpy of formation CC Combustion chamber
K Equilibrium constant f Fuel
Mj Molecular weight of species j G Gasifier
Pi Pressure at state i or Partial pressure for species i g Product gas
DP Pressure drop HE Heat exchanger
rp Pressure ratio in Input
R Universal gas constant i Index for thermodynamic state point
s Entropy o Reference state
Ti Temperature at state i T Turbine
TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature w Water
U Overall heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger
w Specific work Super-scripts
W Work c Cold side of the heat exchanger
X Number of moles h Hot side of the heat exchanger
Z Moisture content in the as-fired biomass (by mass)

not enter the turbine. Although the presence of ash in the products All the literatures on EFGT universally claim that one of the
may cause erosion and fouling of the heat exchanger tubes, while biggest challenges in the design lies in developing the high
corrosive products eats away the tube material, maintenance of the temperature heat exchanger that is capable of achieving high
heat exchanger is much less troublesome than that for the turbine. turbine inlet temperature and at the same time withstands the
Anheden [10] presented thermodynamic and economic analyses stresses imposed by the working conditions and the constituent of
of closed and open cycle externally fired gas turbine plants with the combustion product [9–12]. The size of the heat exchanger and
direct combustion of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed furnace. the cost of material are the two important considerations that
It is found that the efficiency reaches a maximum value at an decide the economy of the plant. The use of nickel based super
optimum pressure ratio of the cycle. Ferreira and Pilidis [9] alloys in the heat exchanger allows the turbine inlet temperature to

compared the thermodynamic performance of an externally fired reach 800–825 C, while more advanced oxide dispersion (ODS)

gas turbine cycle with direct combustion of biomass against an alloys withstand temperature up to 1100 C at the turbine inlet [10].

internally fired cycle firing either natural gas or producer gas from The turbine inlet temperature may be as high as 1300 C with
biomass gasification. The study was performed for the simple gas ceramic heat exchanger materials [14], but prolonged operation
turbine cycle as well as for the combined cycle operation with with such exchangers is yet to be firmly tested. Increase in the
a steam based Rankine cycle at the bottom. The results showed turbine inlet temperature is favorable towards achieving higher
promising performance for the EFGT plant particularly considering plant efficiency but it complicates the equipment design. An
the renewable and environment-friendly attributes of the biomass uncooled micro gas turbine can sustain a maximum turbine inlet

fuel. Bram et al. [11] reviewed the technological and economic temperature of 950 C, while further increase in the temperature
feasibility of the external firing of biomass in gas turbines. The requires turbine blade cooling arrangement [13]. Since all these
authors concluded that cogeneration based on EFGT on the scale of modifications towards performance improvement bear consider-
100–200 kWe offers good prospects from both economic and able cost implications, such modifications always needs a priori
technical aspects. Cocoa et al. [12] evaluated the performance of evaluation, based on energy and exergy based performance anal-
a 100 kW externally fired gas turbine plant fuelled with biomass ysis of the cycle.
and having an integral dryer for biomass. The influence of param- In the present work, we have conducted the energy and exergy
eters like pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and temperature based performance analysis of an externally fired gas turbine cycle
difference in the heat exchanger on the thermal efficiency for running on biomass as fuel. The effects of operating parameters,
electrical generation was analyzed. It was found that the dry like pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, heat exchanger cold
biomass produces efficiency in the range of 22–33% and the inte- end temperature difference, on the thermal efficiency and specific
gration of the dryer improves flexibility in the plant operation. air flow for the cycle have been analyzed. The main focus of the
Traverso et al. [13] presented the steady state and transient present study is to identify the ideal operating parameters for the
performance of an externally fired micro gas turbine pilot plant of use of a EFGT plant for decentralized power generation supplying
80 kW capacity fired with natural gas. The paper demonstrated the the local needs in the remote areas, where extending the grid
feasibility of operation and control of the gas turbine plant of small power is uneconomic. Accordingly, the performance parameters for
capacity. a 100 kW gas turbine plant have been evaluated with selective sets
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A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350 343

of operating conditions. An integral gasifier has been considered in biomass stock, while the remaining air undergoes the full
the cycle for the gasification of the biomass fuel prior to its compression. The compressed air is then heated in an indirect heat
combustion. This is because of the fact that the operation and exchanger before entering the turbine. After expansion in the
control of a direct biomass combustor (like a CFB combustor as in turbine, the air is fed into the combustion chamber, where the
[10]) at a small scale (as considered here) involves additional producer gas, generated from gasification of the biomass, is burnt.
complexities and more number of skilled personnel that is The high temperature products gas of combustion is then passed
unavailable in remote areas at low cost. On the other hand, there is through the heat exchanger in order to heat the air, and finally
developed technology of biomass gasifier at small scale [15] which released into the atmosphere.
can be integrated with the proposed gas turbine plant. An exergy The following assumptions have been made for the analysis of
based accounting has been performed for the cycle to find out the the cycle:
major irreversibilities in the cycle. The exergetic efficiencies of the
individual plant equipment are also compared at different cycle 1. Air is admitted to the compressor (state 1, refer Fig. 1b) at
operating conditions. atmospheric condition, P1 ¼101.325 kPa, T1 ¼ 300 K.
2. The compression process is adiabatic with an isentropic
efficiency of 87% [9].
2. Theoretical formulation 3. The gasification process is adiabatic and chemical equilibrium
is reached in the producer gas at the gasifier exit. A total
2.1. Description of the proposed cycle pressure drop (DPG) of 16 mm Hg column (i.e. 2.13 kPa) [16] is
considered across the gasifier.
Fig. 1(a) illustrates the schematic description of the externally 4. The ultimate analysis of the dry biomass fuel (wood) shows
fired gas turbine cycle analyzed, while Fig. 1(b) shows the different a gravimetric composition of C: 50%, H: 6% and O: 44%, while
processes on a temperature-entropy (T-s) plane. In the power cycle, the calorific value of the biomass (on dry basis) is 449568 kJ/
the ambient air is compressed in a centrifugal compressor over the kmol (i.e. 18732 kJ/kg) [17].
pressure ratio (rp) of the cycle. A part of the air is extracted from an 5. The moisture content in the biomass is 20% on mass basis.
intermediate stage of the compressor for the gasification of the 6. The pressure drop in heat exchanger cold side is 3% of the inlet
pressure, while on the hot side the pressure drop is 1.5% of the
inlet pressure [12].
Biomass
a 7. The expansion process in the turbine is adiabatic with an
isentropic efficiency of 89% [9].
8. Complete combustion takes place in the combustion chamber
G
under adiabatic condition. A pressure drop of 0.5% of the inlet
pressure takes place across the combustion chamber.
Exhaust 5 B

6 9. The reference temperature To and pressure Po are 25 C and
Gas HE
CC 101.325 kPa, respectively.
A 4
2 3
T
C 2.2. Energy analysis of the cycle

2.2.1. Air compressor

1 The compressor delivery pressure (P2) is evaluated using the
Air cycle pressure ratio (rp), which is varied in the range of 2–8. The
temperature of air (T2s) at pressure P2 for the isentropic compres-
sion is calculated considering a third order polynomial variation of
b c
P2- ΔPHE the molar specific heat of air with temperature as,
T5 5 Cpair ¼ aair þ bair T þ cair T 2 þ dair T 3 [18]. The actual work done on
T3 (=TIT) 3
the compressor per kmol of admitted air (wC) is calculated using the
isentropic efficiency of the compressor (hc,isen).
The specific compressor work can be expressed as:
P2
4 ZT2
CETD wC ¼ Cpair dT
T 6
2 T1
 
bair  2  c  
h
P1+ ΔPHE +ΔPCC
¼ aair ðT2  T1 Þ þ T2  T12 þ air T23  T13
2 3
h
P1+ ΔPHE  
dair  4 
þ T2  T14 (1)
T1 P1 4
1
Eq. (1) is solved by Newton–Raphson method for the actual
temperature of air (T2) at the compressor outlet.
s The air, extracted at the intermediate state point ‘A’ from the
compressor, is used for the gasification of the biomass stock. The
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) Temperature-Entropy diagram of the EFGT cycle.
C-Compressor, CC- Combustion Chamber, HE-Heat Exchanger, G-Gasifier, T-Turbine,
pressure PA should be sufficient to overcome the pressure drop
TIT-Turbine Inlet Temperature, CETD-Cold End Temperature Difference of Heat across the gasifier and feed the producer gas to the combustion
Exchanger. chamber. Therefore,
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344 A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

 
h
PA ¼ P1 þ DPHE þ DPCC þ DPG (2) energy balance equation is drawn to evaluate the gasification
temperature (Tg) (assuming no heat loss from the gasifier) as
h , DP
where, DPHE CC DPG are the pressure drops across the heat
follows:
exchanger hot side, combustion chamber and gasifier respectively. 0 1 0 1
The temperature of extracted air (TA) is obtained using a similar ZTA ZTA
B C B C
approach for T2 described above. hfwood þ BhfH þ XO @ CpO2 dT A þ 3:76XO @ CpN2 dT A
2O

To To
2.2.2. Gasifier 0 1 0 1
ZTg ZTg
The biomass feedstock (wood) is fed to the gasifier in a sub- B C B C
¼ X1 @hfH þ CpH2 dT A þ X2 @hfCO þ CpCO dT A
stoichiometric environment. The gasifier environment is described 2

by the equivalence ratio (f), which is defined as the ratio of stoi- To To

0 1 0 1
chiometric air-fuel ratio to actual air-fuel ratio. We have considered ZTg ZTg
f ¼ 3.33 for our calculation. B C B C
þ X3 @hfCO þ CpCO2 dT A þ X4 @hfH þ CpH2 O dT A
2 2O
A representative chemical formula is considered for the dry
To To
biomass fuel as CHQOR, using the mass percentage of carbon, 0 1 0 1
hydrogen and oxygen, respectively, from the ultimate analysis of ZTg ZTg
B C B C
the fuel [19]. þ X5 @hfCH þ CpCH4 dT A þ 3:76XO @ CpN2 dT A ð10Þ
4
The number of moles of oxygen for the gasification of 1 kmol of To To
dry biomass (CHQOR) is calculated as
where hfwood, hfH O , hfH , hfCO , hfCO and hfCH represent enthalpies of
2 2 2 4
AFSt ,Mf formation of wood, moisture, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
XO ¼ (3) dioxide and methane, respectively. The enthalpy of formation of
4:76,Ma f
wood has been derived from the heating value of the fuel.
where, AFSt is the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the fuel used and The composition and temperature of the producer gas are
Mf and Ma are the molecular weights of fuel and air, respectively. obtained by solving for the values of X1 through X5 and Tg
The amount of moisture (in kmol) fed with every kmol of dry simultaneously. Table 1 shows the product gas concentration on
feedstock is gasification of rubber wood using the present gasifier model
  under two different moisture content and air-fuel ratio. The
B ¼ ðZ=ð100  ZÞÞ, Mf =Mw (4) composition of the biomass is taken from the earlier work of Jayah
et al. [20] and Sharma [21], who worked with gasification of
where, Z is the moisture content (mass percentage) in the biomass. The corresponding results from the experiments of Jayah
biomass (as-fired) and Mw is the molecular weight of the water et al. [20] and the equilibrium model of Sharma [21] under the
vapour. same conditions are also given for comparison. The results show
The global gasification reaction can be expressed as follows: that the present gasifier model predicts the gas composition fairly
well.
CHQ OR þ BH2 O þ XO O2 þ 3:76XO ,N2
¼ X1 H2 þ X2 CO þ X3 CO2 þ X4 H2 O þ X5 CH4 þ 3:76XO ,N2 2.2.3. Turbine
(5) The turbine inlet pressure P3 is calculated considering a 3%
pressure drop from the compressor exit (P2) in the cold side of
where X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 are the number of moles of H2, CO, CO2, the heat exchanger. The temperature of air at the inlet to the
H2O, CH4, respectively, produced on gasification of one kmol of turbine (T3) is an input parameter for the analysis. The actual
wood. work done by the turbine per kmol of air (wT) is evaluated
The values of X1 through X5 are solved considering the carbon, considering the variable specific heat and the isentropic turbine
hydrogen and oxygen balances from the chemical reaction (Eq. (5)) efficiency (ht,isen). The actual temperature of air at the turbine
and the chemical equilibrium in the product gas following the outlet (T4) is found by solving the following equation using
methanation reaction and water gas shift reaction [17,19] as below: Newton-Raphson method.

C þ 2H2 4CH4 (6)

Table 1
CO þ H2 O4CO2 þ H2 (7)
Product gas composition from gasification of rubber wood using the present model
The equilibrium constants for methanation reaction (K1) and and from the works of Jayah et al. [20] and Sharma [21].

water gas shift reaction (K2) are expressed as follows: Dry Gas Composition Jayah et al. [20] Sharma [21] Present
Experiment Equilibrium Model
5
X Model
X5 Po Xj Moisture content ¼ 16%, A-F Ratio ¼ 2.2
PCH4 =Po j¼1 H2 18.3 19.35 18.97
K1 ¼  2 ¼ (8) CO 20.2 19.34 24.75
PH2 =Po X1 P4
CO2 9.7 11.18 8.01
CH4 1.1 0.25 0.39
   N2 50.7 50.19 47.88
PCO2 =Po PH2 =Po X X
K2 ¼   ¼ 1 3 (9)
ðPCO =Po Þ PH2 O =Po X2 X4 Moisture content ¼ 18.5%, A-F Ratio ¼ 2.03
H2 17.2 19.85 20.91
In Eqs. (8) and (9), Pi represents the partial pressure of species i, CO 19.6 19.64 23.79
while Po is the reference pressure. P4 is the pressure at the gasifier CO2 9.9 11.01 9.25
exit (which is equal to the combustor pressure). The equilibrium CH4 1.4 0.26 0.99
N2 51.9 49.26 45.06
constants K1 and K2 depend on the gasification temperature. An
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A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350 345

ZT3   considered in the analysis. The thermomechanical exergy is defined

bair  2  c  
wT ¼ Cpair dT ¼ aair ðT3 T4 Þþ T3 T42 þ air T33 T43 with respect to a restricted dead state, which is characterized by the
2 3 reference pressure and temperature of the dead state. The specific
T4 
d  thermomechanical flow exergy at any state is calculated from the
þ air T34 T44 (11) generalized equation given as follows:
4
ei ¼ hi  ho  To ðsi  so Þ (16)
2.2.4. Combustion chamber
The combustion chamber is fed with the air from the turbine where ‘i’ represents the state point (e.g. 1 through 6 and A, as given
exhaust and the producer gas from the gasifier. Complete in Fig. 1) at which the exergy is evaluated and ‘o’ is the state point at
combustion has been assumed in the combustion chamber the exergy reference environment.
following the chemical equation
ZTi
hi  ho ¼ Cp dT (17)
ðX1 H2 þ X2 CO þ X3 CO2 þ X4 H2 O þ X5 CH4 þ 3:76XO N2 Þ
To
þ XO0 ðO2 þ 3:76N2 Þ/X6 CO2 þ X7 H2 O þ X8 O2
 
þ 3:76 XO þ XO0 N2 (12) ZTi
dT P
s i  so ¼ Cp  Rln i (18)
T Po
XO0 denotes the kmoles of O2 entering the combustor from the To
turbine for each kmol of wood fired in the cycle. Assuming an
adiabatic condition in the combustor, the energy balance is given The chemical exergy is defined with respect to the true dead
as:- state, which considers the chemical composition of the reference
  environment in addition to the reference pressure and temperature
X ZTg  X ZT4 
  [22]. In true thermodynamic sense a multicomponent system
Xjðhfj þ Cpj dTÞ þ Xj ðhfj þ Cpj dTÞ possesses chemical exergy at restricted dead state when the partial
 
j j
To Fuel To Air pressure of the components in the system differs from the partial
ZT5  pressure of the same components in the reference environment.
X 
 However, in the combustion literature chemical availability is
¼ Xj ðhfj þ Cpj dTÞ (13)
 associated when useful work could be extracted through chemical
j
To Products reaction [23,24] at reference temperature and pressure conditions.
We have followed the latter concept in evaluating chemical exergy
where, Xj represents the number of mole of the jth component in
in this work.
fuel (the producer gas), air or product gas mixture and hfj and Cpj
The chemical exergy of the wood (ech
wood
) is obtained from its lower
are the heat of formation and temperature dependent specific heat
heating value using a multiplication factor b [25], which is given by
of that component. Putting the number of moles of different
components from Eq. (12), it is found that Eq. (13) reduces to one
 
involving T5 and XO0 . H O H
1:044 þ 0:0160  0:34493 1 þ 0:0531
C C C
2.2.5. Heat exchanger b¼ (19)
O
The hot combustion gases leaving the combustor enters the heat 1  0:4124
C
exchanger at state 5 and leaves at state 6, heating the compressed
air from state 2 to state 3 without any heat loss to the surrounding
The producer gas from the gasifier possesses chemical exergy
(See Fig. 1).
(ech
B ) in addition to the thermomechanical exergy (eB, which is due
A heat balance across the heat exchanger gives
to the elevated pressure and temperature of the gas and the mixing
ZT3 ZT5 of the constituents). The specific chemical exergy of the producer
gas is given by
4:76XO0 Cpair dT ¼ Xg Cpg dT (14)
T2 T6 X1
ech
B ¼ ech
where, Xg represents the number of moles of hot exhaust gases X1 þ X 2 þX3 þ X4 þ X5 þ 3:76XO H2
leaving the combustor. Following the reaction Eq. (12), X2
þ ech
X1 þ X2 þ X3 þ X4 þ X 5 þ3:76XO CO
 
Xg ¼ X6 þ X7 þ X8 þ 3:76 XO þ XO0 (15) X5
þ ech (20)
X1 þ X2 þ X3 þ X4 þ X5 þ 3:76XO CH4
Cpg represents the molar specific heat of the exhaust gas mixture
entering the heat exchanger. where, ech ch ch
H2 eCO and eCH4 represent the specific chemical exergy of H2,
Equations (13) and (14), representing the energy balance of the CO and CH4, respectively [22].
combustor and the heat exchanger, are simultaneously solved using
an iterative technique to obtain the values of T5 and XO0 .
2.4. Performance parameters
2.3. Exergy analysis of the cycle
Finally, the cycle performance parameters have been evaluated
Since the power cycle involves the gasifier and the combustor, based on one kmole of dry biomass fed to the plant. The actual work
both the thermomechanical exergy and chemical exergy are done on the compressor is expressed as,
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346 A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

Table 3
ZT2 ZTA Parameters for the analysis of EFGT cycle in the present work.
WC ¼ 4:76XO0 Cpair dT þ 4:76XO Cpair dT; (21) Biomass Analysis (by mass) on dry basis [17]
T1 T1 Carbon 50%
Hydrogen 6%
While the actual work done by the turbine is Oxygen 44%
Calorific Value 449568 kJ/kmol
ZT3 (18732 kJ/kg)
Moisture content in the biomass by mass 20%
WT ¼ 4:76XO0 Cpair dT (22)
Properties of Ambient Air
T4
Pressure 101.325 kPa
The thermal efficiency (hth) of the EFGT cycle is obtained using Temperature 300 K
Composition (by vol.)
the turbine and compressor work and the calorific value of the fuel.
Nitrogen 79%
The energy delivered with the exhaust gas from the cycle, which Oxygen 21%
can be subsequently recovered as waste heat in a downstream
Equipment performance
process is Isentropic efficiency of compressor (hc,isen) 87%
Isentropic efficiency of turbine (ht,isen) 89%
X ZT6 Pressure drop across the gasifier (DPG) 16 mm Hg column
EN ¼ Xj Cpj dT (23) Pressure drop at heat exchanger 3
cold side ðDPHEc Þ as % of inlet pressure
j
To Pressure drop at heat exchanger 1.5
hot side ðDPHEh Þ as % of inlet pressure
where, Xj is the number of moles of the jth species on the product Pressure drop across combustor (DPCC) 0.5
side of Eq. (12) and Cpj is the respective specific heat. as % of inlet pressure
The exergy input into the plant (ein) for every mole of biomass
Operating parameters with range
fed to the cycle is given as ðech
wood
þ 4:76fXO þ XO0 ge1 Þ. A part of the Equivalence ratio at the gasifier (4) 3.33
input exergy is actually converted into useful work, while the other Compressor Pressure ratio (rp) 2–8
parts are lost with the exhaust gas and are destroyed due to the Turbine inlet temperature (TIT) 1050–1350 K
irreversibilities in different components of the plant. The useful Heat exchanger cold end temperature 200–300 K
difference (CETD)
exergy and the exergy lost as fractions of the input exergy are
ðWT WC Þ EN
ein and ein respectively. The former also represents the exer-
and low cost are the two key factors in choosing the plant operating
getic efficiency of the cycle. In addition to these, exergy has been
parameters for distributed generation in remote areas. In this effort,
destroyed in each of the components of the cycle due to process
both the thermal performance and sizing of the plant are taken into
irreversibilities. The expressions of exergy destruction in the indi-
account. The former is represented by the thermal efficiency of the
vidual components of the cycle are presented in Table 2.
plant and is an indicator of the operating cost (fuel cost) for
In addition to the exergy destruction, the expressions of the
a particular plant capacity. The plant size is compared on the basis
exergetic efficiency of the individual components are also evalu-
of specific air flow (i.e. air flow per unit energy output) through the
ated as indicators of their deviation from ideality, while operating
turbine. Lower value of the specific air flow indicates smaller size of
between the corresponding thermodynamic states. The expres-
the plant equipment and lower capital cost. Table 3 summarizes the
sions of exergetic efficiency of the individual plant components are
operating parameters based on which the performance analysis has
also shown in Table 2.
been performed here. The estimated producer gas temperature
from the gasifier at the corresponding conditions is 1006 K. The
3. Results and discussion influence of three salient operating parameters, viz., the pressure
ratio of the cycle (rp), turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and the heat
3.1. Influence of the key operating parameters on cycle performance exchanger cold end temperature difference (CETD) are the three
critical operating parameters, whose influence on the cycle
The integrated model has been used to evaluate the perfor- performance are investigated.
mance of an EFGT cycle at different operating conditions. A Fig. 2 shows the variation in the cycle thermal efficiency with
performance comparison is eventually made with reference to the pressure ratio at three different turbine inlet temperatures, viz.
a 100 kW unit for distributed power generation. Simple operation 1050 K, 1200 K and 1350 K. Still higher turbine inlet temperature is

Table 2
Exergy destruction and second law efficiency of individual component of the EFGT plant.

Component Exergy Destruction Exergetic efficiency

Compressor 4:76½ðXO þ XO0 Þe1  XO eA  XO0 e2 þWC 4:76½XO eA þ XO0 e2  ðXO þ XO0 Þe1 
WC

XB ðech
B þ eB Þ
Gasifier jwood þ 4:76XO eA  XB ðech
B þ eB Þ;
ech þ 4:76XO eA
where, XB ¼ X1 þ X2 þ X3 þ X4 þ X5 þ 3.76XO wood

WT
Turbine
0
4.76X O (e3  e4)WT 4:76XO0 ðe3  e4 Þ

Xg e5
Combustor 4:76XO0 e4 þ XB ðech
B þ eB Þ  Xg e5
4:76XO0 e4 þ XB ðech
B þ eB Þ

0 Xg e6 þ 4:76XO0 e3
Heat Exchanger Xg (e5  e6) þ 4.76X O (e2  e3)
Xg e5 þ 4:76XO0 e2
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A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350 347

0.5
a 50
TIT=1050 K
TIT=1050 K
TIT=1200 K

Specific air flow by mass (kg/kWh)

0.4 TIT=1200 K
TIT=1350 K 40
TIT=1350 K

0.3 30

0.2 20

0.1 10

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
rp rp

Fig. 2. Variation of thermal efficiency (h) of the EFGT cycle with the pressure ratio (rp)
at different turbine inlet temperatures (TIT). b 70
TIT=1050 K

Specific air flow by volume (m3/kWh)

60 TIT=1200 K
possible in today’s gas turbine technology [26]. However, it requires TIT=1350 K
expensive turbine materials and extensive cooling arrangement for 50
the turbine blades, thereby increasing the capital cost as well as the
complexity of operation. It is observed that for a particular turbine 40
inlet temperature, the efficiency first increases with the increase in
pressure ratio to attain a maximum value and then decreases with 30
further increase in the pressure ratio. On the other hand, higher
turbine inlet temperature ensures higher thermal efficiency at all 20
pressure ratios. As a result, the efficiency peaks of 24.3%, 29.7% and
34.4% are obtained for TITs of 1050 K, 1200 K and 1350 K, respec- 10
tively. The maximum efficiency is reached in the pressure ratio
range of 3–4 for the three TITs considered here.
0
The variation in the pressure ratio influences the specific air 0 2 4 6 8 10
consumption in the cycle and therefore the size of the plant rp
components. The pressure at the inlet to the turbine is different at
different pressure ratios, while at the exit of the turbine the pres- Fig. 3. (a) Variation of specific air flow by mass (kg/kWh) with pressure ratio (rp) for
sure remains the same for all the cases. At the high pressure end of the EFGT cycle at different turbine inlet temperatures (TIT). (b) Variation of specific air
flow by volume (m3/kWh) with pressure ratio (rp) for the EFGT cycle at different
the turbine the size at different conditions are compared using the
turbine inlet temperatures (TIT).
specific air consumption by volume, while for the low pressure end
the specific consumption by mass determines the size. Also, an
increase in the pressure increases the metal thickness of the
equipment casing walls, increasing their weight and cost. Fig. 3a change becomes less at higher rp. The specific volume flow of air at
shows the variation of the specific air flow by mass (kg/kWh) the turbine inlet is guided by the pressure and the specific mass
entering the turbine against the pressure ratio (rp) at different flow rate at a given TIT. At low values of rp the pressure remains
turbine inlet temperature. It is observed that at a particular turbine low and the specific mass flow is high, both contributing to the
inlet temperature the specific air mass flow first decreases with the fact that in the small rp regime a reduction in pressure ratio
increase in the pressure ratio. The decrease in mass flow is found to sharply increases the specific volume flow of air. At higher values
be rapid at the lower end of pressure ratio and gradually decreases of rp, the changes are much flatter since the specific mass flow
as the pressure ratio is increased. Beyond a pressure ratio value the curves are nearly flat, and the pressure is high. For TIT ¼ 1050 K
mass flow begins to increase with further increase in pressure ratio. and 1200 K, although the mass flow of air observes a gradual
The pressure ratio at which the reversal in the trend of mass flow increase with the increase in rp, such an increase is masked the
variation occurs is lower at lower value of turbine inlet temperature effect of increasing pressure, and the volume flow continues to
(for TIT ¼ 1050 K the reversal occurs at rp ¼ 7.0, while for decrease (though only at a slow rate).
TIT ¼ 1200 K and 1350 K this reversal is not observed till rp ¼ 8.0). It Therefore, as observed from Figs. 3a and b, the specific mass and
is also important to note from Fig. 3a that the increase in the volume flow rates of air are high at low values of rp (e.g. at rp ¼ 2.0).
turbine inlet temperature decreases the specific air consumption at Both the values decrease rapidly till rp increases to about 5.0.
the turbine inlet. Further increase in rp levels-off the specific mass flow of air and
The variation in the specific air consumption by volume (m3/ leads to a marginal decrease in the specific volume flow, but the
kWh) at the inlet to the turbine with changing pressure ratio, at increased pressure warrants thicker walls for the high pressure
constant turbine inlet temperature, is shown in Fig. 3b. The components of the cycle. Therefore, though there may be
decrease in the specific air consumption by volume is monotonic a marginal advantage in the reduction in volume flow rate (and
in this case with the increase in rp. While the decrease is very hence the plant size) beyond a particular pressure ratio, the higher
rapid at the lower end of the pressure ratio range, the incremental wall thickness will offset the cost benefit.
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348 A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

0.4 Table 4
Performance parameters of 100 kW Biomass fired EFGT plant at different operating
conditions.

Case 1: rp ¼ 4, Case 2: rp ¼ 4, Case 3: rp ¼ 4,

0.3
TIT ¼ 1200 K TIT ¼ 1350 K TIT ¼ 1200 K
CETD ¼ 200 K CETD ¼ 200 K CETD ¼ 300 K
Fuel (biomass) 0.0216 0.0186 0.0265
0.2 flow rate, kg/s
Air flow rate, kg/s 0.5867 0.4712 0.5942
Thermal Efficiency, % 29.68 34.33 24.18
Exhaust heat, kW 238.92 193.09 315.65
0.1 CETD=200 K Rate of heat exchange 450.5 440.03 450.72
CETD=250 K across heat
exchanger, kW
CETD=300 K Heat Exchanger hot end 80.0 44.2 147.0
0 temperature
0 2 4 6 8 10 difference, K
rp LMTD, K 131.0 103.2 214.5
(UAHE)overall for heat 3.44 4.26 2.10
exchanger, W/K
Fig. 4. Variation of thermal efficiency (h) of the EFGT cycle with the pressure ratio (rp)
at different heat exchanger cold end temperature difference (CETD).

The heat exchanger is one of the most critical equipment in the load. It is seen from Table 4 that when the TIT is 1350 K and CETD is
EFGT cycle. Considering the cost of the material for the high 200 K (Case 2), the thermal efficiency of the plant attains the highest
temperature heat exchanger its size requires to be optimized. value of 34.33%. Accordingly, the fuel flow rate and the exhaust heat
However, the design of the heat exchanger also influences the loss are the lowest. The air flow rate is also the lowest for this case,
thermal performance of the power cycle, by influencing the exhaust indicating smaller size of the components, like compressor and
gas loss from the cycle. Fig. 4 shows the variation in the cycle thermal turbine. On the other hand, the logarithmic mean temperature
efficiency with pressure ratio at different cold end temperature difference (LMTD) of the heat exchanger based on the temperature
difference (CETD) of the heat exchanger for a particular turbine inlet differences at the hot and cold ends is low, giving a high overall
temperature. The results show the same trend in the variation of (UAHE) value for the heat exchanger, where U and AHE are the overall
efficiency with pressure ratio at all the CETD values, with the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer surface area of the heat
maximum efficiency reached at an optimum pressure ratio. The exchanger, respectively. If we consider a nearly constant value of the
optimum pressure ratio is found to be 4.0 for the three different overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for all the cases, then case 2
CETD values of 200 K, 250 K and 300 K considered. However, with performance data calls for the largest size of the heat exchanger. The
the increase in the CETD at a particular pressure ratio, the efficiency higher turbine inlet temperature and the increased size of the heat
is found to decrease. When the CETD is high more amount of the exchanger required for this case is indicative of a high cost of the
energy is wasted through the exhaust gas stream, reducing the net plant.
work produced in the cycle. In fact for particular rp and TIT, the state In case when the TIT is 1200 K and the CETD 300 K (Case3) the
points 2, 3 and 4 shown in Fig. 1 do not change with the variation of thermal efficiency of the plant is the lowest (24.18%). The fuel flow
CETD. However, the variation in the temperatures across the heat rate and the exhaust heat loss are the maximum in this case. The
exchanger changes the quantity of air flow governed by the energy corresponding air flow rate is also the highest among the three sets
balance across the heat exchanger. It is observed that the number of compared indicating a larger size of the turbine and compressor.
moles of air flowing through the turbine per unit mole of dry While the heat exchanger LMTD for this case is high (214.5 K)
biomass feed (XO0 ) decreases with the increase in the CETD. The indicating a smaller sized heat exchanger.
variation in CETD does not change the specific air flow rate through The operating parameters in case 1 offer a performance trade-
the turbine as the corresponding state points remain identical. off in terms of thermal efficiency and the heat exchanger size. A
Based on the above discussion, it can be proclaimed that the thermal efficiency of 29.68% has been achieved in this case. The
cycle thermal efficiency is maximized in the rp range of 3–4, heat exchanger LMTD is 131 K giving overall UA as 3.44. Therefore,
depending on the TIT and CETD. At the low pressure ratio of 2–3, the considering the capital and operating cost of the plant, case 1 is the
size of the equipment will be large because of the high value of the better choice of plant operating condition.
specific air flow. Conversely, a high pressure ratio increases the wall A second law based performance analysis for the three cases
thickness of the equipment, thereby increasing the cost and weight. has been presented in Fig. 5, where the complete exergy
Considering all these facts, we have chosen rp ¼ 4.0 as the optimum balance has been made as fractions of the exergy input to the
value of the pressure ratio for the EFGT cycle. Two different turbine cycle. The fraction of the input exergy converted into useful
inlet temperatures (1200 K and 1350 K) and two different CETD work determines the exergetic efficiency of the cycle. The
values (200 K and 300 K) are chosen to compare the performance. remaining part of the input exergy is either lost in the exhaust
Accordingly, three sets of cycle operating conditions with different heat or destroyed through irreversibilities in various compo-
turbine inlet temperatures (TIT) and heat exchanger cold end nents. It is observed from the results of the three cases that the
temperature differences (CETD) have been identified (as given in maximum exergetic efficiency is attained in case 2, where the
Table 4) to compare the performance of a 100 kW EFGT plant. turbine inlet temperature is the highest. The exergy loss in the
exhaust is the highest in case 3, where the exhaust gas leaves
3.2. Energy and exergy based analysis of a 100 kW biomass fired the cycle at the maximum temperature (because of the highest
EFGT plant CETD). Table 4 shows a comparison of the exhaust heat for the
three cases.
Table 4 lists the important performance parameters for the three The major exergy destruction takes place in the gasifier,
cases for a 100 kW EFGT based micro gas turbine plant running at full combustor and the heat exchanger, while the exergy destruction
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A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350 349

Case 1: rp=4, TIT=1200 K, CETD= 200 K Case 2: rp =4, TIT=1350 K, CETD=200 K

Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger 8.45%
8.94%

Useful
28.01% Useful
Combustor 32.40%
17.57%
Combustor
19.60%

Turbine
2.11%
Turbine
2.28%

Gasifier
15.39%
Gasifier Exergy out
15.39% 23.54%
Compressor Exergy out
Compressor
2.07% 22.01%
2.24%

Case 3: rp =4, TIT=1200 K, CETD= 300 K

Heat Exchanger
10.08% Useful
22.82%

Combustor
18.98%

Turbine
1.85%

Exergy out
Gasifier 29.05%
15.39%
Compressor
1.83%

Fig. 5. Exergy balance of the EFGT cycle for the three different cases described in Table 4.

of the compressor and turbine are only a little. The fraction of the compressor, turbine and heat exchanger remain above 90%,
exergy destructed in the gasifier is the same in the three cases, while those of the gasifier and the combustion chamber are less.
since the operating parameters of the gasifier has been considered The relatively lower exergetic efficiency in the gasifier and the
identical. A sizeable amount (15.39%) of the input exergy is des- combustion chamber is attributed to the irreversibility pertaining
tructed in the gasifier owing to the gasification reactions that take to the chemical reactions occurring there. The exergetic efficiency
place there. The exergy destruction in the combustor is the of the compressor is identical for all the three cases (91.5%), since
highest in all the three cases, amounting to 19.6%, 17.57% and it operates at same pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency.
18.98% of the input exergy, respectively. The destruction of exergy Similarly, the exergy efficiencies of the gasifier are the same for
in the combustion chamber is due to the heat exchange between the three cases as the operating pressure, gasifier equivalence
the streams and chemical reactions that take place. Operating the ratio and the properties of the biomass are considered to be the
combustor at higher temperature and higher temperature of the same. The exergetic efficiency for the turbine is the highest
air fed to the combustion chamber decrease the exergy destruc- (96.4%) in case 2 where the turbine operates with the highest
tion in the combustor. Exergy destruction in the heat exchanger inlet temperature. For this condition, the air temperature at the
increases when the temperature difference between the two turbine outlet also remains higher than the other conditions. As
streams exchanging heat increases. Accordingly, the maximum a result, the combustion chamber operates with the maximum air
fraction of the exergy destruction in heat exchanger occurs in case preheat in case 2. The flame temperature in the combustor also
3, where the LMTD is also the highest. More than 10% of the input becomes the maximum in this case. As the chemical reaction
exergy is destroyed in the heat exchanger for this case. For the occurs at high temperature the associated irreversibility becomes
other two cases (i.e. case 1 and case 2) the exergy destroyed in the less and the combustion chamber exergetic efficiency attains the
heat exchanger are 8.94% and 8.45% of the input exergy maximum value for case 2. The exergetic efficiency of the heat
respectively. exchanger largely depends on the mean temperature difference
Fig. 6 shows the exergetic efficiencies for the individual between the streams across the exchanger. Lower mean
components for the three cases. The individual exergetic effi- temperature difference is indicative of lower irreversibilities. This
ciency value of the equipment indicates the deviation from is evident in the result as the heat exchanger in case 2 (the case
ideality for the equipment operating across its respective ther- with lowest LMTD among the three) shows the highest exergetic
modynamic states. It is observed that the exergetic efficiency of efficiency.
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350 A. Datta et al. / Energy 35 (2010) 341–350

1.0 performance of a 100 kW plant running on EFGT cycle. The thermal

performance and sizing have been compared based on the thermal
efficiency, air flow rate and heat transfer area of the heat exchanger.
Moreover, an exergy balance has been carried out for each of the
0.8 cases to account the useful exergy, exergy loss and exergy
destruction. Major exergy destruction is found to occur in the
gasifier, combustor and the heat exchanger.
Though the parameters in Case 2 (TIT ¼ 1350 K, CETD ¼ 200 K)
0.6 offer a higher thermal efficiency and exergetic efficiency and
a lower air flow rate, the heat exchanger size for this case is found to
be large. On the other hand, the heat exchanger size for the Case 3
ε

(TIT ¼ 1200 K, CETD ¼ 300 K) is small, but it gives the lowest

0.4 thermal and exergetic efficiencies. A trade-off in performance is
observed for Case 1 (TIT ¼ 1200 K, CETD ¼ 200 K)

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