MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review MODULE 36 – Steel Design 1 – Part 1

NSCP 2010/2015 1. Evaluate the safe load “P” based on shearing on the bolts, in kN.

TENSILE STRENGTH 2. Evaluate the safe load “P” based on net area rupture, in kN.
1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 3. Evaluate the safe load “P” based on bearing of bolts to the plates, in kN.
ϕ = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
4. Evaluate the safe load “P” based on block shear, in kN.
2. For tensile rupture in the net section:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD) SITUATION.
Refer to the bolted lap splice connection shown. The main plate with thickness
EFFECTIVE NET AREA 𝑡1 = 16 mm.
The effective area of tension members shall be determined as follows:
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑈 Tensile yielding, ϕ = 0.90
Tensile rupture, ϕ = 0.75
w/r: 𝑈 = Shear lag factor. Block shear, ϕ = 0.75

If the nominal diameter of the hole is given, we add 5. Evaluate the ultimate load based on gross area yielding, in kN.
1.6 mm (2001)
2 mm (2010/2015) 6. Evaluate the ultimate load based on net area rupture, in kN.
To get the effective/standard hole diameter.
7. Evaluate the ultimate load based on block shear, in kN.
BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD) TENSION MEMBERS WITH STAGGERED HOLES
Cochrane’s Formula: 𝒔𝟐 ⁄𝟒𝒈
STRENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
𝑅𝑛 = 0.60 𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 (0.707𝑡𝐿) 8. From the figure shown, determine the maximum tensile force that the
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD) member could carry if the allowable tensile stress is 140 MPa. Rivet
diameter is 20mm. Rivet hole = 23mm. Thickness = 12mm, Width =
350mm.

SITUATION.
Refer to the bolted lap splice connection shown. The main plate with thickness
𝑡1 = 16 mm is to carry “P” kN of axial load.
𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠1

𝑠3
+ + +

𝑠4

+ + +

𝑠3

9. From the figure shown is an L150x100x6 connected to a larger angular

𝑡2 bar. Assume that the tensile force P pass through the centroid such that
𝑡1 there is no eccentricity. Determine the safe load P that the member could
𝑡2 carry if the allowable tensile stress is 148 MPa. Diameter of bolt = 20mm.
Diameter of hole = 22mm.
Given: Spacing, 𝑠1 = 50 mm Thickness, 𝑡1 = 16 mm
Spacing, 𝑠2 = 50 mm Thickness, 𝑡2 = 8 mm
Spacing, 𝑠3 = 50 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 248 MPa
Spacing, 𝑠4 = 80 mm 𝐹𝑢 = 400 MPa
Standard bolt diameter = 22 mm
Standard bolt hole diameter = 25 mm

Allowable Stresses:
Tensile rupture, 𝐹𝑡 = 0.50 𝐹𝑢
Shear rupture, 𝐹𝑣 = 0.30 𝐹𝑢
Bearing on the plate, 𝐹𝑝 = 1.2 𝐹𝑢
Shearing on the bolts, 𝐹𝑣𝑏 = 128 MPa
10. Evaluate the ultimate tensile force that the member could carry if Fu = 400
MPa. Use ϕ = 0.75.

11. If the shorter leg of the angle bar is not connected, determine the nominal
tensile strength. Fu = 400 MPa.
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SITUATION. SITUATION.
The 76mm x 76mm x 6mm single angle shown in Figure STEEL-033 is welded Two L150x100x8 are welded to a gusset plate as shown. Fy = 276 MPa.
to an 8mm-thick gusset plate. Steel is A36 with Fy = 248 Mpa and Fu = 400
MPa. The weld electrode used is E60 with Fuw = 414 MPa. Angle cross-
sectional area is 876 mm². Assume load P is acting on the centroid of the weld
group.

Properties of an L150x100x8:
Area of two angles: 3872 mm^2
Centroid, y = 48 mm
Thickness of fillet weld = 8mm

20. Determine the allowable tensile force, P based on yielding on gross area.

Figure STEEL-033 21. Determine the minimum value of L2 if Fv (welds) = 140 MPa.

Given:
Weld leg thickness, t = 6 mm
On gross area: Ft = 0.60 Fy
On net area: Ft = 0.50 Fu
On effective area of weld in shear: Fv = 0.30 Fuw

12. Determine the value of P based on gross area of the angle.

13. Determine the value of P based on net area of the angle and using a
strength reduction coefficient of 85%.

14. Determine the value of P based on the allowable strength of the fillet
welds.

15. Determine the value of P based on the block shear strength of the gusset
plate.

SITUATION.
The 76mm x 76mm x 6mm single angle shown in Figure STEEL-033 is welded
to an 8mm-thick gusset plate. Steel is A36 with Fy = 248 Mpa and Fu = 400
MPa. The weld electrode used is E60 with Fuw = 414 MPa. Assume load P is
acting on the centroid of the weld group.

Given:
Angle cross-sectional area is 876 mm².
Distance from the outermost part of the angle leg to the centroid of
the angle bar, 𝑥̅ = 22 mm
Weld leg thickness, t = 6 mm
Shear lag factor, 𝑈 = 1 − 𝑥̅⁄ℓ

16. Determine the shear lag factor, U.

17. Determine the ultimate load Pu based on net area of the angle.

18. Determine the ultimate load Pu based on the strength of the fillet welds.

19. Determine the ultimate load Pu based on the block shear strength of the
gusset plate.
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Review Module – Steel Design – Plastic Analysis and The Collapse Mechanism

PLASTIC ANALYSIS COLLAPSE MECHANISM

If the structure is subjected to loads that produce a stress When the whole cross-section yields, the material reaches
greater than the yield stress of the material, yielding fully plastic condition and produces a plastic hinge that
propagates from the outermost fiber to the plastic neutral makes your structure unstable. Thus, any additional load
axis. after the establishment of the plastic hinge will cause the
structure to collapse. This configuration of the structure is
known to be the collapse mechanism.

𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒎

Stage (a) – the load applied causes a moment that
produces a bending stress up to the yield stress of 𝑷𝒖 – collapse load; minimum load that results in the collapse
the material. of a structure.
Stage (b) – additional load is applied, and the outer fiber
cannot go beyond yield stress, so the yielding ANALYSIS USING VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
propagates towards the neutral axis.
Stage (c) – additional load is added, and the propagation PROBLEM 1. A 6 m simply supported beam carries a
continues towards the neutral axis. service live load of 40kN at midspan. Use live load factor of
Stage (d) – yielding reaches the neutral axis and this 1.6, determine the plastic moment of the beam.
becomes the fully plastic stress distribution.
PROBLEM 2. A restrained steel beam is used to carry a
PROBLEM 1. A steel T-section has dimensions shown in the uniform ultimate load throughout its span. The beam has a
figure. It is of A36 steel with a yield stress of 248 MPa. span of 8 m and a plastic moment capacity of 300 kN-m.
Determine the uniform load it can carry right before collapse.

PROBLEM 3. A continuous beam is to be designed using

the plastic method of analysis. The first span is 12 m long
and the adjacent span is 8m. Both spans are loaded with
uniform dead load of 40 kN/m. The shorter span carries
concentrated live load of 90 kN at its center. Using a load
factor of 1.2 for dead load and 1.6 for live loads, what is the
beam’s plastic moment capacity?

a. Compute the elastic section modulus of the section.

b. Determine the plastic section modulus of the section.
c. Determine the shape factor.
d. Compute for the plastic moment capacity of the section.
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Review Module 37 – Steel Design 2

NSCP 2010 / 2015 506.3 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and
(Load and Resistance Factor Design - LRFD) Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis

FLEXURE The nominal flexural strength Mn, shall be the lower value obtained according to
the limit states of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local
Critical Buckling Stress, Fcr buckling.
𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽 𝑐 𝐿𝑏 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = √ 506.3.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
2 1 + 0.078 ( )
𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝐿 For lateral-torsional buckling, the provisions of Section 506.2.2 shall apply.
( 𝑏⁄𝑟𝑡𝑠 )
506.3.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling
For a doubly symmetric I-shape: 𝑐 = 1 For sections with non-compact flanges
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
The limiting lengths 𝑳𝒑 and 𝑳𝒓 are determined as follows: 𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )]
𝜆𝑟𝑓 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
𝐸 For sections with slender flanges
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76 𝑟𝑦 √ 0.9 𝐸 𝑘𝑐 𝑆𝑥
𝐹𝑦 𝑀𝑛 =
𝜆2
𝑏𝑓
Where 𝜆 = ⁄2 𝑡
𝑓
𝐸 𝐽𝑐 0.7 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 2 4
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95 𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ √1 + √1 + 6.76 ( ) 𝑘𝑐 =
0.7 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸 𝐽𝑐 √ℎ/𝑡𝑤
And shall NOT be taken less than 0.35 NOR greater than 0.76 for calculation
purposes.

NOTE: rts may be approximated accurately and conservatively as the radius

of gyration of the compression flanges plus one-sixth of the web: Table 502.4.1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements
Limiting Width-Thickness
𝑏𝑓 Ratios
𝑟𝑡𝑠 = Width-
1 ℎ 𝑡𝑤 Case Description of Elements Thickne 𝜆𝑝 𝜆𝑟 Example
√12 (1 + ) ss Ratio (compact) (non-
6 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓
compact)
NOTE: The square root term in the equation for Fcr may be conservatively Flexure in flanges of
taken equal to 1.0. The equation for Lr becomes, rolled I-shaped 𝑏 𝐸 𝐸
1 0.38√ 1.0√
𝐸 sections and 𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑡𝑠 √ channels
0.7 𝐹𝑦
… … … … … …

506.2 Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent

Flexure in flanges of 𝑏 𝐸 𝐸
about their Major Axis. (Compact Flanges and Webs) 7
tees
0.38√ 1.0√
𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
506.2.1 Yielding
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 … … … … … …

506.2.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling Flexure in webs of

1. When 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 , the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does NOT doubly symmetric I- 𝐸 𝐸
9 ℎ/𝑡𝑤 3.76√ 5.70√
apply. shaped sections and 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
channels
2. When 𝐿𝑝 < 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 ) ( )] ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝 Table User Note 506.1.1
Selection Table for the Application of Section 506 Sections
3. When 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿𝑟 Flange Web Limit
Section Cross Section
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 Slenderness Slenderness States

506.2 C C Y, LTB
MOMENT GRADIENT MULTIPLIER / LTB MODIFICATION FACTOR
To account for the non-uniformity of moment diagrams when both ends of the
unsupported segments are braced. 506.3 NC, S C LTB, FLB
12.5 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑏 = ∙ 𝑅 ≤ 3.0
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 𝑀 … … … … …
Unsymmetrical All limit
506.12 N/A N/A
Where, Shapes states
RM = Cross-section monosymmetry parameter
= 1.0, doubly symmetric members
= 1.0, singly symmetric members subjected to single
curvature bending
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SITUATION. A W section is used as a beam with a simple span of 6 m. The 1. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with
beam carries a total uniform ultimate load (dead plus live) of 80 kN/m including 𝒉⁄ ≤ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒√𝑬⁄
selfweight. 𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
Properties of W section:
A = 12300 mm2 tw = 9.91 mm k = 30.5 mm 𝝓𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 (𝑳𝑹𝑭𝑫) 𝛀𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 (𝑨𝑺𝑫)
d = 307 mm Ix = 222 x 106 mm4 rx = 134 mm
bf = 305 mm Zx = 1590 x 103 mm4 ry = 76.7 mm And
tf = 15.40 mm Sx = 1440 x 103 mm3 J = 907 x 103 mm4 𝑪𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Yield Strength, Fy = 345 MPa rts = 85 mm
Strength reduction factor (for flexure), 𝜙 = 0.90 Cb = 1.136 2. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly symmetric
shapes and channels, except round HSS, the web shear coefficient, 𝑪𝒗 ,
1. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if it is laterally supported at midspan. is determined as follows:

2. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if the beam is laterally unsupported. 𝒌 𝑬

a. For 𝒉⁄𝒕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒘 𝒚
3. Evaluate the ultimate moment capacity if the beam is 12 meters long with 𝑪𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎
no lateral supports.
𝒌 𝑬 𝒌 𝑬
SITUATION. b. For 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭 < 𝒉⁄𝒕 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒚 𝒘 𝒚
A fixed-ended girder spans 10 m long. Neglecting self-weight the beam carries
concentrated dead and live loads at midspan. 𝒌 𝑬
𝟏. 𝟎√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒚
𝑪𝒗 =
Properties of the Girder: 𝒉⁄
𝒕𝒘
Area, A = 19,226 mm^2
Depth, d = 540 mm 𝒌 𝑬
Flange Width, bf = 312 mm c. For 𝒉⁄𝒕 > 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕√ 𝒗 ⁄𝑭
𝒘 𝒚
Flange Thickness, tf = 20 mm 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝑬𝒌𝒗
Web Thickness, tw = 12 mm 𝑪𝒗 = 𝟐
Fillet, k = 30 mm (𝒉⁄𝒕 ) 𝑭𝒚
𝒘
Radius of gyration, rx = 230 mm
Radius of gyration, ry = 40 mm The web plate buckling coefficient, 𝒌𝒗 , is determined as follows:
Moment of inertia, Ix = 1004.4 x 10^6 mm^4
Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 10^6 mm^3
Plastic Section Modulus, Zx = 4.14 x 10^6 mm^3 a. For unstiffened webs with 𝒉⁄𝒕 < 𝟐𝟔𝟎, 𝒌𝒗 = 𝟓
𝒘
Torsional Constant, J = 1120 x 10³ mm4 except for the stem of tee shapes where 𝒌𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟐.
rts = 60 mm
Steel Yield Stress, Fy = 345 MPa b. For stiffened webs,
Factored Load, U = 1.2D + 1.6L 𝟓
𝒌𝒗 = 𝟓 +
Strength reduction factor, 𝜙 = 0.90 (𝒂⁄𝒉)𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝟔𝟎
1. If the compression flange of the girder is supported only at midspan, = 𝟓 when 𝒂⁄𝒉 > 𝟑. 𝟎 or 𝒂⁄𝒉 > [𝒉 ]
⁄𝒕
evaluate the moment gradient multiplier. 𝒘

Where:
2. Evaluate the design moment. 𝑨𝒘 = the overall depth times the web thickness, 𝒅𝒕𝒘 , mm²
𝒂 = clear distance between transverse stiffeners, mm
𝒉 = for rolled shapes, the clear distance between flanges less
SECTION 507 the fillet or corner radii, mm
DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR = for built-up welded sections, the clear distance between
(Tension field action NOT included) flanges, mm
= for built-up bolted sections, the distance between
507.1 General Provisions fastener lines, mm
The design shear strength, 𝝓𝒗 𝑽𝒏 , and the allowable shear strength, 𝑽𝒏 /𝛀𝒗 , = for tees, the overall depth, mm
shall be determined as follows,

For all provisions in this section except Section 507.2.1(1):

𝝓𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (LRFD) 𝛀𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (ASD)

507.2 Members with Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs

507.2.1 Nominal Shear Strength

This section applies to webs of singly or doubly symmetric members and
channels subject to shear in the plane of the web.

The nominal shear strength, 𝑽𝒏 , of unstiffened or stiffened webs, according to

the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling, is

𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒘 𝑪𝒗
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SITUATION. A 12m long beam is simply supported at the left end and is fixed a. Concrete crushing
at the right end. It is subjected to uniformly distributed loads. 𝑉 ′ = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐
Dead Load, w = 16.7 kN/m. b. Tensile yielding of the steel section
Bending is about the major X-axis. 𝑉 ′ = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
c. Strength of shear connectors
Section W540 mm x 150 kg/m 𝑉 ′ = ∑𝑄𝑛
Area , A = 19,225 mm^2
Depth, d = 540 mm Where:
Flange Width, bf = 310 mm 𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete slab within effective width, mm²
Web Thickness, tw = 12.5 mm 𝐴𝑠 = area of steel cross-section, mm²
Flange Thickness, tf = 20 mm ∑𝑄𝑛 = sum of nominal strengths of shear connectors between the point of
Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 3.72 x 10^6 mm^3 maximum positive moment and the point of zero moment, N.
Elastic Section. Modulus, Sy = 0.66 x 10^6 mm^3
Plastic Modulus, Zx = 4 .14 x 10^6 m^3
SITUATION. A composite beam is shown in the figure. The 10-meter long beam
Plastic Modulus, Zy = 1.01 x 10^6 mm^3
is a W16x40, A36 steel spaced 2-meters on-center and the concrete slab is 150
Structural Steel, Fy = 345 MPa
mm thick. Shear connectors ensure that there is a full composite action.
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 200 GPa
Properties of W16x40:
1. Based on the design flexural strength of the beam, Mu, which following
A = 7612 mm2
gives the maximum live load (kN/m) it can carry?
d = 410 mm
Factored Load Combination, U= 1.2D + 1.6L
Ix = 216 x 106 mm4
Resistance Factor for Flexure, phi = 0.9.
Given:
2. Based on the design shear strength of the beam, Vu, how much is the fy = 248 MPa
maximum live load (kN/m) that the beam can be subjected to? ts = 130 mm
Factored Load Combination, U = 1.2D + 1.6L f’c = 21 MPa
Resistance Factor for Shear, phi = 1.0 Nominal strength of each
Shear Stress at Factored Loads, vu = 𝜙0.6Fy shear connector, Qn = 50 kN
Strength-reduction factor, 𝜙 = 0.90
3. Which of the following gives the maximum service live load (kN/m) on the
beam based on an allowable deflection due to live load of 1/360 of the 1. Evaluate the effective flange width.
span? 2. Compute the ultimate positive flexural strength of the composite section
3. Evaluate the required number of shear connectors.

509.3.1.1 EFFECTIVE WIDTH

The effective width of the concrete slab is the sum of the effective widths for SITUATION. A plate-and-angle girder is fabricated by bolting the short legs of
each side of the beam centerline, each of which shall NOT exceed: four 125 x 75 x 13 mm angles to a web plate 1000 mm x 10 mm to form a section
1. One-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports; 1020 mm deep. Cover plates each 300 mm x 10 mm are then bolted to the flange
2. One-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam; or angles making the overall height of 1040 mm.
3. The distance to the edge of the slab.

509.3.2 STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH SHEAR CONNECTORS

509.3.2.1 POSITIVE FLEXURAL STRENGTH

The design positive flexural strength, 𝛟𝒃 𝑴𝒏 , and the allowable positive
flexural strength, 𝑴𝒏 /𝛀𝒃 , shall be determined for the limit state of yielding as
follows:
𝜙𝑏 = 0.90 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑏 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)

1. For ℎ⁄𝑡 ≤ 3.76√𝐸⁄𝐹 ,

𝑤 𝑦

𝑴𝒏 shall be determined from the plastic stress distribution on the composite

section for the limit state of yielding (plastic moment).

2. For ℎ⁄𝑡 > 3.76√𝐸⁄𝐹 , Properties of 125 x 75 x 13 mm angle:

𝑤 𝑦
Ix = 3.82 × 106 mm4 A = 2430 mm2
6 4
Iy = 1.04 × 10 mm y = 39.6 mm x = 20.7 mm
𝑴𝒏 shall be determined from the superposition of elastic stresses, considering
the effects of shoring, for the limit state of yielding (yield moment)
Bolt Ultimate Shear Stress, 𝜏𝑢𝑣 = 100 MPa
Bolt Ultimate Bearing Stress, 𝜏𝑢𝑏 = 200 MPa
509.3.2.4 SHEAR CONNECTORS 1. Determine the moment of inertia of the section about NA.
1. Load Transfer for Positive Moment
2. Determine the pitch for the 22 mm-dia bolts, connecting the angles to the
The entire horizontal shear at the interface between the steel beam and the web plate at a section where the ultimate shear load, Vu = 450 kN.
concrete slab shall be assumed to be transferred by shear connectors, except
for concrete encased beams as defined in Section 509.3. For composite action
3. Determine the pitch for the 22 mm-dia bolts, connecting the angles and the
with concrete subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear force, cover plates at a section where the ultimate shear load, Vu = 450 kN.
𝑽′, shall be taken as the lowest value according to:
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Review Module –Steel Design – Compression Members (ASD/LRFD)
SLENDERNESS RATIO, SR
𝐾𝑙
𝑆𝑅 =
𝑟

EULER’S CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝐾𝑙)2

EULER’S CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑆𝑅)2

END FIXITY FACTOR / EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to x – axis.
b. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y – axis.
c. Compute the Euler’s critical buckling load.
d. What is the minimum length of column without exceeding the
proportional limit?

SITUATION (November 2021 CE Board Exam)

A steel column is fixed at the bottom and hinged at the top. There is no
sidesway. The concentric load that will cause initial buckling of a column
within the proportional limit is the Euler buckling load., Pe.

Pe=(pi)^2*E*I/(KL)^2
Fe=(pi)^2 E/ (KL/r)^2
Slenderness ratio=L/r
Effective length factor= K=0.8

SITUATION. A build-up section is used as a compression member, has Column Properties:

the following properties: A=9290 mm^2
Assume that one end of the column is fixed and the other pinned (k = Ix=113.21 x 10^6 mm^4
0.80) and proportional limit is 240 MPa. E=200GPa.. Iy=38.88 x 10^6 mm^4
d=250mm
I-Beam Properties: Es=20000MPa
A = 22000 mm2 Column Height = 8.0m
d = 730 mm
bf = 310 mm 1. Determine the axial load (kN) that will cause initial buckling.
Ix = 295 x 106 mm4 A. 1874
Iy = 30.6 x 106 mm4 B. 5456
C. 3492
D. 2447

2. Determine the buckling stress (MPa)

Properties of each C- A. 376
Section: B. 263
A = 7350 mm2 d = 380 mm C. 202
tw = 15 mm x = 24 mm D. 587
Ix = 65 x 106 mm4 Iy = 5.08 x 106 mm4
a. Determine the shortest length for which the column would fail by 3. Using the figure, determine the allowable compressive load in the
buckling. column.
b. Determine the largest allowable axial load that can be supported by a A. 1037
10m column with a factor of safety of 2.5. B. 623
C. 1129
SITUATION. D. 840
Built up column 12 m long consists of W 8 x 6.5 x 28 with two plates
welded to form a box section. With respect to x – axis column is fixed, y
– axis column is braced at mid height. Use the theoretical k values
Properties of W 8 x 6.5 x 28
A = 5320 mm2 tw = 7.2 mm Poportional limit = 380 MPa
Ix = 40.88 x 10 mm
6 4 bf =166 mm Iy = 9.005 x 106 mm4
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Review Module –Steel Design – Compression Members (ASD/LRFD)
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Review Module –Steel Design – Compression Members (ASD/LRFD)
NSCP 2015 (ASD & LRFD) SITUATION.
SECTION 505 – DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION A W 14 x 142 is used as a column having length of 9 m long. It is hinged
at the upper end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing
Design Compressive Strength 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 perpendicular to the minor axis of the W section at the 5.4 m above the
Allowable Compressive Strength
𝑃𝑛 bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned connected at the bracing
Ω𝑐 point. Using A-36 steel Fy=248 MPa and the NSCP specifications. Es=
200 GPa. Use NSCP 2015.
𝜙𝑐 = 0.9 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω𝑐 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
Properties of W 14 x 142
505.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF A=26967.69 mm2
MEMBERS WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS d=374.65 mm bf=393.70 mm
tf=27.00 mm tw= 17.27 mm
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the Ix= 695.11 x 106 mm4
limit state of flexural buckling. Iy= 274.71 x 106 mm4
Sx=3719.18 x 103 mm3
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑. 𝟏) Sy= 1396.18 x 103 mm3
rx=160.53 mm
The Flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows: ry= 100.84 mm

kL E
1. When  4.71 or (Fe  0.44 Fy )
r Fy
𝐹𝑦 (Use the recommended k values)
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝐹𝑦 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟐) 1. Critical slenderness ratio.

2. Compute the allowable axial stress.

kL E
2. When  4.71 or (Fe  0.44 Fy ) 3. Compute the capacity of the column section.
r Fy
SITUATION.
An axial dead load of 600 kN and live load of 1900 kN is to be carried by
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒 (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟑) a steel column W14x90. The column is 9m long and is pinned at the top
and bottom in both axes. Additional support has been added with lateral
and torsional bracing about the y-axis and midpoint respectively. Using
Where: NSCP 2015, determine the adequacy of the column section given
Fy=345 MPa.
Fe = Elastic Critical buckling stress determined according to Eq.
505.3-4, Section 505.4, or the provisions of Section 503.2, as L=9.0m
applicable, MPa. DL=600 kN
LL=1900 kN
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = (𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟑 − 𝟒) Properties of W14x90
(𝐾𝑙/𝑟)2 A=17097 mm2
502.8.1 For members whose design is based on compressive force, the Ix=415.8x106 mm4
slenderness ratio 𝐾𝑙/𝑟 preferably should NOT exceed 200. If this limit Iy=150.7x106 mm4
is exceeded, the allowable stress shall NOT exceed the value obtained Fy=345 MPa
from Equation (505-2).

SITUATION.
A compression member is 3 meters long and pinned at both ends.
Effective length factor k = 1.0. The section is made up of two- 150mm x
100mm x 10mm angle of unequal legs with long legs back to back and
separated by a gusset plate 10 mm thick. Use A-36 steel, Fy= 248 MPa
and E= 200,000 MPa. Use NSCP 2015.

Properties of one angle 150mm x 100mm x 10mm

A = 2400mm2 tf = 16 mm
Ix = 5.576 x 106 mm4 x = 23.75 mm
Iy = 2.026 x 106 mm4 y = 48.75 mm

1. Determine the minimum radius of gyration.

2. Determine the allowable axial capacity of the compression member
with Ω𝑐 = 1.67.
3. Determine the design axial capacity of the compression member
with 𝜙𝑐 = 0.9.
4. If the length is increased to 6 meters, Determine the allowable axial
capacity of the compression member with Ω𝑐 = 1.67.
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Review Module –Steel Design – Compression Members (ASD/LRFD)
NSCP 2015 (ASD & LRFD)
SECTION 508 - DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES where:
AND TORSION Cm = column curvature coefficient
α = equal to 1.0 (LRFD, equal to 1.60 (ASD)
This Section addresses members subject to axial force and flexure about one
Pr = Required Axial compressive strength (Pu for LRFD, Pa for ASD)
or both axes, with or without torsion, and to members subject to torsion only.
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
The interaction of flexure and compression in doubly symmetric members and
singly symmetric members for which Pe1 = Euler load in the plane of bending
𝑰𝒚𝒄 π2 EI
𝟎. 𝟏 ≤ ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗 Pe1 =
𝑰𝒚 (K1 L1 )2
that are constrained to bend about a geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited ∑Pnt = sum of required load for all columns in the story under consideration
by Eq. 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b, where Iyc is the moment of inertia about the y- ∑Pe2 = sum of Euler loads for all columns in the story under consideration.
axis referred to the compression flange mm4.
COLUMN CURVATURE COEFFICIENT, Cm
508.1 DOUBLY AND SINGLY SYMMETRIC MEMBERS SUBJECT TO
The coefficient applied to the x or y axis of bending term in the interaction
FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE
equation (508-1) and is dependent upon column curvature caused by the applied
𝑷𝒓
1. For ≥ 0.2 moments. This value shall be taken as follows
𝑷𝒄
Pr 8 𝑴𝒓𝒙 𝑴𝒓𝒚 a. For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway),
+ [ + ] ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1a) Cm = 0.85
Pc 9 𝑴𝒄𝒙 𝑴𝒄𝒚
𝑷𝒓 b. For rotationally restrained compression members in frames braced against
2. For < 0.2 joint translation and NOT subject to transverse loading between their supports in
𝑷𝒄 the plane of bending
Pr 𝑴𝒓𝒙 𝑴𝒓𝒚 Cm = 0.6 – 0.4 (M1 / M2)
+[ + ] ≤ 1.0 (508.1-1b)
2Pc 𝑴𝒄𝒙 𝑴𝒄𝒚 where M1 / M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of the
where: portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration.
Pr = required axial compressive strength or actual load, N M1/ M2 is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative
Pc = available axial compressive strength or axial capacity, N when bent in single curvature
Mr = required flexural strength or actual moment, N-mm
Mc = available flexural strength or flexural capacity, N-mm
x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending.
M1 M1
=(+) =(−)
M2 M2
SITUATION. A 3-m W310x97 section is used as a beam-column. (Ωb = 1.67, Double Curvature Single Curvature
Ωc = 1.67) (Reversed Curvature)
PDL = 100 kN MDLx = 40 kN-m MDLy = 30 kN-m
PLL = 140 kN MLLx = 20 kN-m MLLy = 10 kN-m
The properties of W-section: c. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the
A = 12,300 mm2 Zx = 1,590 x103 mm3 rx = 134 mm plane of loading and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the
Fy = 345 MPa Zy = 723 x103 mm3 ry = 77 mm value of Cm may be determined by an analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis,
Mnx = 548.55 kN-m Ix = 222 x10 mm
6 4 K = 1.0 the following values are permitted:
Mny = 249.44 kN-m Iy = 72.9 x106 mm4 i. For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of
bending
1. Calculate the axial capacity of the beam-column. Cm = 0.85
ii. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane
2. Calculate the interaction value of for both axial and bending. of bending
Cm = 1.0
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS (AMPLIFICATION METHOD)
Displaced geometry is taken into consideration using iterative analysis
SITUATION. A 3-m W310x97 section is used as a beam-column in a braced
AMPLIFIED MOMENT: frame. The column is bent in a single curvature with equal and opposite end
Mr = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt moments. The frame is not subjected to transverse loads. (Øb = 0.90, Øc = 0.90)
where: PDL = 500 kN MDLx = 80 kN-m
Mnt - Maximum 1st order moment assuming no sidesway PLL = 700 kN MLLx = 100 kN-m
Mlt - Maximum 1st order moment assuming sidesway occurs
The properties of W-section:
B1 - Amplification factor for moments in member with no sidesway
B2 - Amplification factor for moments in member resulting from sidesway A = 12,300 mm2 Zx = 1,590 x103 mm3 rx = 134 mm
Fy = 345 MPa Zy = 723 x103 mm3 ry = 77 mm
BRACED FRAMES (nt, NO TRANSLATION): Mnx = 548.55 kN-m Ix = 222 x106 mm4 K = 1.0
Cm Mny = 249.44 kN-m Iy = 72.9 x106 mm4
B1 = ≥ 1.0
Pr
1-α
Pe1 3. Calculate the amplification factor.
UNBRACED FRAMES (lt, LATERAL TRANSLATION):
1 4. Calculate the value of the amplified moment.
B2 = ≥ 1.0
∑ Pnt 5. Calculate interaction value for both axial and bending, considering the
1-α
∑ Pe2 amplified moment.
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Review Module – Steel Design – Purlins

BIAXIAL BENDING SITUATION.

Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The top chord of the
Interaction Equation: truss has a roof slope of 1V:2H and distance between trusses is equal to 3.0m.
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦 The purlin has a weight of 80 N/m and spaced at 1.5m on centers. The dead
+ ≤ 1.0 load including the roof materials is 1000 Pa, live load of 800 Pa and wind load
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦
of 1200 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward are 0.5 and 0.2
Where: respectively. Sag rods are not provided. Assume that all sections are compact,
𝜙𝑏 = 0.90 (LRFD) and the compression flanges are laterally supported throughout its length.
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = factored-load moment about the x-axis Plastic Section Modulus, Zx = 7.70 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = factored-load moment about the y-axis Plastic Section Modulus, Zy = 2.10 x 104 mm3
Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 4.50 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = nominal moment strength for the x-axis
Elastic Section Modulus, Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = nominal moment strength for the y-axis
𝐹𝑦 = 345 MPa
Using the interaction formula, determine the following:
NOTE: When the lateral loads applied to the top flange of the beam does
NOT pass thru the centroid of the section, reduce the plastic/elastic section 1. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
modulus for the y-axis by 50%. combination 1.2D+1.6L.

WEAK-AXIS BENDING STRENGTH 2. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
combination 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W.
506.6 I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 , shall be the lower value obtained according 3. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling. combination 1.2D+1.6L, if one line of sag rod was placed at the mid-span.

506.6.1 Yielding SITUATION.

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 Refer to the figure:
C - PURLINS
506.6.2 Flange Local Buckling L1
1. For Sections with compact flanges the limit state of yielding shall apply. L2
L3
2. For Sections with non-compact flanges SAG RODS
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 ) ( )]
𝜆𝑟𝑓 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓

Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with
sagrods at midspan
L

Given: Roof Slope: 1V: 3H

Fy = 345 MPa
Sx = 4.90 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3
Zx = 8.30 x 104 mm3
Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with Zy = 1.80 x 104 mm3
sagrods at third points
Loads DL= 1200 Pa
LL = 600 Pa
Wind Pressure, W = 1400 Pa
Wind Pressure Coefficients
Windward Side = 0.2 pressure
Leeward side = 0.6 suction
Span, L = 6m.
Sagrod spacing, L1 = L2 = L3 = 2 m

Assume that all loads pass through the centroid of the C section.
1. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing (m) for
1.2D+1.6L load combination, in meters.

2. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing due to
1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the windward side, in meters.

3. Find the total flexural stress due to 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the

leeward side. Purlins are spaced at 0.75 m on-center.
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Review Module – Steel Design – Purlins

BIAXIAL BENDING SITUATION.

Light-grade steel channel was used as a purlin of a truss. The top chord of the
Interaction Equation: truss has a roof slope of 1V:2H and distance between trusses is equal to 3.0m.
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦 The purlin has a weight of 80 N/m and spaced at 1.5m on centers. The dead
+ ≤ 1.0 load including the roof materials is 1000 Pa, live load of 800 Pa and wind load
𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦
of 1200 Pa. Coefficient of pressure at leeward and windward are 0.5 and 0.2
Where: respectively. Sag rods are not provided. Assume that all sections are compact,
𝜙𝑏 = 0.90 (LRFD) and the compression flanges are laterally supported throughout its length.
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = factored-load moment about the x-axis Plastic Section Modulus, Zx = 7.70 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = factored-load moment about the y-axis Plastic Section Modulus, Zy = 2.10 x 104 mm3
Elastic Section Modulus, Sx = 4.50 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = nominal moment strength for the x-axis
Elastic Section Modulus, Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3
𝑀𝑛𝑦 = nominal moment strength for the y-axis
𝐹𝑦 = 345 MPa
Using the interaction formula, determine the following:
NOTE: When the lateral loads applied to the top flange of the beam does
NOT pass thru the centroid of the section, reduce the plastic/elastic section 1. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
modulus for the y-axis by 50%. combination 1.2D+1.6L.

WEAK-AXIS BENDING STRENGTH 2. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
combination 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W.
506.6 I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis
The nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 , shall be the lower value obtained according 3. Maximum ratio of required to the available flexural strength for the
to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling. combination 1.2D+1.6L, if one line of sag rod was placed at the mid-span.

506.6.1 Yielding SITUATION.

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 ≤ 1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 Refer to the figure:
C - PURLINS
506.6.2 Flange Local Buckling L1
1. For Sections with compact flanges the limit state of yielding shall apply. L2
L3
2. For Sections with non-compact flanges SAG RODS
𝜆 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = [𝑀𝑝 − (𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 ) ( )]
𝜆𝑟𝑓 − 𝜆𝑝𝑓

Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with
sagrods at midspan
L

Given: Roof Slope: 1V: 3H

Fy = 345 MPa
Sx = 4.90 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.20 x 104 mm3
Zx = 8.30 x 104 mm3
Loading and moment diagram for bending in the minor axis with Zy = 1.80 x 104 mm3
sagrods at third points
Loads DL= 1200 Pa
LL = 600 Pa
Wind Pressure, W = 1400 Pa
Wind Pressure Coefficients
Windward Side = 0.2 pressure
Leeward side = 0.6 suction
Span, L = 6m.
Sagrod spacing, L1 = L2 = L3 = 2 m

Assume that all loads pass through the centroid of the C section.
1. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing (m) for
1.2D+1.6L load combination, in meters.

2. Using 2 lines of sag rods, find the required purlin spacing due to
1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the windward side, in meters.

3. Find the total flexural stress due to 1.2D+1.0L+1.0W where W is at the

leeward side. Purlins are spaced at 0.75 m on-center.
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Review Module – Structural Engineering (Bolted and Welded Connections)

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED CONNECTIONS: WELDED CONNECTIONS:
BOLTED CONNECTIONS: Electrode used:
Due to direct load:
P
PD =
n
Due to moment/torsion:
M∗y M∗x Polar Moment of Inertia:
RTX =
∑(x2 + y2 )
; RTY= ∑(x2 J = ∑(I 𝑥 + I𝑦 )
+ y2 )
Polar Moment of Inertia = J = ∑(x 2 + y 2 ) L2
Where: Simplified Form: J = ∑ L ∗ [ + x̅ 2 + ȳ2 ]
12
RT = Shear Force M = Moment = P*e Where:
x = horizontal distance from center of fastener to the centroid of group of fasteners L = length of the weld
y = vertical distance from center of fastener to the centroid of group of fasteners x= horizontal distance between the point of consideration and the center of the weld
To determine the most stressed fasteners/rivets: ȳ = vertical distance between the point of consideration and the center of the weld
- Nearest to the line of action of the applied load Due to direct load: Due to moment/torsion:
- Farthest from the centroid of the group of fasteners P M∗y M∗x
PD = RTX = RTY=
L J J
Situation:
A single plate 225 mm x 650 mm is fastened to the flange of the column with 6 rivets Situation:
arranged as shown. The maximum/ultimate load on a corner rivet shall not exceed 50000 A bracket shown is subjected to an
N. The bolt hole diameter is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter. Ω = 2.0. ultimate eccentric load of 178 kN
Nominal Stresses: acting at 100 mm from the face of the
Tension of plates = 300 MPa flange of the column section. The
Bearing of plates = 440 MPa angular section is welded to the flange
Shearing of rivets = 220 MPa of the column section by an E80xx fillet
1. Determine the required diameter (mm) of rivets weld. Use ϕ = 0.75.
in the bracket connection. 1. Determine the moment of inertia
2. Determine the safe ultimate load P that the (mm3) at the centroid of the group of
bracket could carry in kN. fillet welds.
3. Determine the thickness of plate “t” in mm. 2. Determine the maximum torsional
moment (N/mm) to be resisted by the
Situation: fillet welds.
Determine the maximum and minimum nominal 3. Determine the thickness (mm) of the weld that could be used to carry the load.
shear stresses (MPa) developed in the 3-25 mm
diameter fasteners in the connection shown. Use Situation:
ϕ = 0.75. For the given weld bracket shown, note: Use w = 8 mm and E70xx fillet weld. ϕ = 0.75.
Given: c = 60 mm d = 100 mm e = 20 mm PU = 200 kN
a = 150 mm b = 80 mm 1. Determine the total length “L”
c = 120 mm PU = 250 kN in mm.
2. Determine the ultimate shear
stress (MPa) based on the
centroid of the group of welds.
3. Determine the maximum
Combined Tension and Shear in Connections: nominal shearing stress (MPa) if
the centroid of the weld is being
Situation: moved to 200 mm above load “P”
A seat angle 100 mm x 150 mm x 16 mm and 120 mm from weld “C” going
with a length of 200 mm and attached to a to the right.
column supports an ultimate reaction from
the beam of 40 kN. The seat angle is
attached to the column by two rows of two “PERSEVERANCE IS POWER”
20 mm diameter per row on the longer leg. Why?
The row of rivets are 62.5 mm apart and 56 Because with ORDINARY talent and EXTRAORDINARY
mm from the top and 31.5 mm from the
bottom of the 150 mm leg of the seat angle. PERSERVERANCE, ALL things are ATTAINABLE.
Let x = 33.33mm. Ω = 2.0.
1. Determine the maximum bending moment (kN-m) acting in the seat-angle.
2. Determine the maximum bending stress (MPa) of the seat angle.
3. Determine the maximum shearing stress (MPa) of the rivets.
4. Determine the maximum bearing stress (MPa) between the rivets and the seat angle.
5. Determine the tensile stress (MPa) of the most stress rivets connecting the seat angle
to the column.