SECTION-B

1. Fuctions of Cholesterol
A. i. It forms a structural part of all biomembranes.
ii. It acts as a precursor for biosynthesis of bile salts such as sodium glycocholate and sodium
taurocholate.
iii. It plays an important role in biosynthesis of corticosteroid hormone such as glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids. These two hormones together function to relieve physical strain and mental
stress.
iv. It is required for the biosynthesis of male and female sex hormone or prostaglandins.
v. Cholesterol is also the chief constituent of gallstones.

2. Define and classify proteins with ex.

[Link] are naturally occurring polymers made-up of amino acids linked together by peptide
bonds (-CONH-) having high molecular weight found in all living cells.
Classification:

3. Deficiency diseases due to protein.

A. Protein Deficiency Disorders
1. Kwashiorkor Disease
It is a protein deficiency disease occurring commonly in the children. It is characterized by
qualitative and quantitative deficiency of proteins.
Causes/contributory factors of kwashiorkor.
i. Large family size.
ii. Poor health of mother.
iii Premature termination of breastfeeding.
iv. Poor environmental condition.
v. Delayed supplementary feeding.
vi. Use of diluted cows milk to the infants or children.
Symptoms/effects:
i. Retarded growth
ii. Oedema
iii. Changes or alteration in pigmentation of skin and hair
iv. Changes in texture of skin
v. Enlargement of liver
vi. Hypoalbuminaemia
vii. GIT disturbances
viii. Psychic changes
ix. Hypoglycaemia
x. Stools containing much higher quantity of undigested food.
Other symptoms:
i. Macrocytic anaemia
ii. Normocytic anaemia
iii. Decreased BMR
iv. Falling body temperature
v. Fall in plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoprotein.
Treatment for kwashiorkor:
i. Supply of diet rich in protein.
ii. First choice milk and egg should be given, both being rich in proteins.
iii. Soybeans are best known vegetarian source of first class as well as second class proteins.
iv. Food from nonvegetarian source like liver, meat, seafood.
v. In severe condition, blood transfusion is required.
vi. The use of preventive measures is the best way to avoid this disease.
2. Marasmus Disease
It is the protein deficiency disease commonly found in infants below 1 year of age.
Causes:
i. It is mainly caused due to deficiency of protiens and carbo-hydrates with some other nutritional
factors.
ii. Protein and energy deficiency disease of such type is also known as marasmic kawshiorkor.
iii. It is commonly found in people in absence of maintaining proper diet.
iv. Early stop breastfeeding.
Symptoms:
i. Retarded growth
ii. Complete loss of body fat
iii. Weakness
iv. Changes in texture of skin
v. Alteration in pigmentation of skin and hair
vi. GIT disturbances
vii. Oedema.
Treatment:
i. Providing diet rich in calories
ii. Providing protein diet
iii. Other nutritional factors are best course in prevention and cure of the marasmus.

4. Note on mitochondria
A.6. Mitochondria: There are small intracellular organelles and are known as powerhouse of cells.
Each one is bounded by inner folded and other smooth membrane. Inner surface have many cristae
and are covered with F, particles.
Functions:
i. It is the main site for synthesis and storage of ATP.
ii. It is the site of citric acid cycle, ẞ-oxidation, urea cycle and ETS.
iii. It contains special DNA and is self-replicative.
iv. Mitochondrion performs the main function of conversion and transfer of cellular energy.

5. Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy

A. i. Biochemistry is helpful for detailed study of structure and functions of biomolecules like
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals and DNA.
ii. Biochemistry is useful for study of various interactions of different biomolecules.
iii. Biochemistry is useful for study of nature and working of enzymes and study of different types
of enzymes.
iv. Study of the energy transformations in living cells and organisms is another objective of study of
biochemistry.
v. Heredity and variations possess rational molecular basis. The study of this molecular basis is one
of the main aims of biochemistry.
vi. Study of self-replication and duplication processes which main-tains the genetic continuity from
cell to cell, is main objective of biochemistry.
vii. Knowledge of biochemistry is used to control diseases, abnormal deficiency and treatment of
deficiencies.
viii. Metabolic abnormalities can be studied by the knowledge of biochemistry.

6. Give structure of fructise, sucrose, aspartic acid, valice

A.
Section-C

1. Define purine and pyridine bases

2. diff btw dna and rna

3. Define lipids and classify with examples

A. Simple lipids: These are the esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
Fats and oils: Fats are the esters of fatty acids with glycerol which are found richly in nature. Fats
are solid at room temperature whereas oils are liquid.
Fats act as food reservoir, as insulator and as a padding material for protecting internal organs.
Waxes: Waxes are the esters of fatty acids with higher alcohols The common waxes present in
human body are esters of chalesterol found in blood, e.g. carnauba wax, bees wax, lanolin
spermaceti.
B. Compound lipids (complex lipids): These are esters of fatty acids with alcohols containing
additional groups such as phosphate, nitrog-enous base, carbohydrate, protein, etc. They are further
classified as:
a. Phospholipids: These are the esters of fatty acids with glycerol containing phosphoric acid and a
nitrogen base, e.g. lecithins, cephalins, lipositol, sphingolipids.
b. Glycolipids: These lipids contain a fatty acid, carbohydrate and nitrogenous base. These are also
called galactolipids. They are present in the white matter of the brain and in the myelin sheath of
nerves. Glycolipids may be of two types:
i. Cerebrosides: They contain galactose and spingosine and are chief constituents of myelin sheath,
e.g. kerasin, cerebron, nervon, oxynervon.
ii. Gangliosides: They occur in the brain and contain ceramide, i.e. sphingosine + fatty acids,
glucose, galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine and sialic acid.
c. Lipoproteins: These are macromolecular complexes of lipids with proteins, e.g.
LDL (Low density lipoprotein)
HDL (High density lipoprotein)
VLDL (Very low density lipoprotein) chylomicrons.
d. Aminolipids: These contains two amino acids linked to fatty acid through an amide bond, e.g.
Lipopeptides, lipid containing tyrosine.
e. Sulpholipids: These are the lipids containing sulphur, e.g. sufatide, seminolipid.
f. Lipopolysaccharides: These contain lipids and polysaccharides, e.g. endotoxin.
C. Derived lipids: Derived lipids are obtained from simple and com-pound lipids by hydrolysis, e.g.
sphingolipids, glucosphingolipids, prostaglandins.

4. define carbohydrates and classify wit heg

A. Carbohydrates
"Carbohydrates can be defined as organic compounds which are polyhydroxy aldehydes or
polyhydroxy ketones or their derivatives or substances which upon hydrolysis give these
derivatives."
Carbohydrates are also called saccharides meaning sugar.
A. Monosaccharides: These contain one saccharin unit. These are the polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones, which cannot be further hydrolysed into simple sugar.
The general formula is Cn (H₂O)
Sugars containing aldehyde group are called aldoses. Sugars containing ketone group are called
ketoses.
a. Trioses: These are the monosaccharides containing three carbon atoms, e.g. glyceraldehyde.
b. Tetroses: These contain four carbon atoms in the chain, e.g. erythrose, threose.
c. Pentoses: These contain five carbon atoms in the molecule, e.g. ribulose, ribose, xylose,
arabinose.
d. Hexoses: These contain six carbon atoms in the molecules, e.g. glucose, galactose, mannose and
fructose.
B. Oligosaccharides: The carbohydrates that hydrolyse to yield 2 to 10 moles of monosaccharides
are called oligosaccharides.
The general formula is Cn(H₂O)-1-
Disaccharides
The sugars that undergo hydrolysis to produce only two moles of monosaccharides are called
disaccharides.
Generally, these are sweet, crystalline, water-soluble substances, easily hydrolysed by enzymes and
dilute mineral acids, e.g.
Maltose 1 mol. glucose + 1 mol. glucose
Lactose 1 mol. glucose + 1 mol. galactose Sucrose 1 mol. glucose + 1 mol. fructose
Reducing sugars: Maltose, lactose
Non-reducing sugars: Sucrose
C. Polysaccharides: Several monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are of two types:
a. Homopolysaccharides: These are made-up of several units of one monosaccharide only, e.g.
starch, glycogen, cellulose, dextrans, inulin, agar, etc.
b. Heteropolysaccharides: These contain more than one monosaccharides, e.g. pectin,
mucopolysaccharide, heparin.

5. Explain watson and crick model of DNA.