Artificial Intelligence

INTRODUCTION TO
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Bùi Duy Đăng

bddang@[Link]
Outline
• What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• The foundations of AI
• A brief history of AI
• AI applications in various fields
• What are we going to learn?

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What is AI?

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AI: A dream for everyone

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AI Innovations: Personal robots

Source: [Link]
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AI Innovations: Humanoid robots

Source: h=ps://[Link]/watch?v=9DaTZQxg21U
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AI Innovations: Deep Blue – AlphaGo

AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol

(03/2016)

Deep Blue vs. Kasparov

(02/1996 and 05/1997)

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The complexity of Chess and GO

Source: [Link]
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AI Innovations: OpenAI Five

Source: h=ps://[Link]/projects/five/
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Large Language Models

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Intelligence vs. Artificial Intelligence

Intelligence includes the capacity for logic, understanding,

learning, reasoning, creativity, and problem solving, etc.

Artificial intelligence (AI) attempts not just to understand

but also to build intelligent entities.
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The field of Artificial Intelligence
• AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering.
• Work started in earnest soon after World War II
• The name was coined at a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956.

John McCarthy Marvin Minsky Allen Newell Arthur Samuel Herbert Simon
(1927 – 2011) (1927 – 2016) (1927 – 1992) (1901 – 1990) (1916 – 2001)

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The field of Artificial Intelligence
• AI research builds intelligent entities that simulate humans
in different aspects.

ü Thinking: learning, planning, and

refining knowledge

ü Perception: see, hear, feel, etc.

ü Communication in natural languages

ü Manipulation and moving objects

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Thought processes and reasoning

Systems that Systems that

think think

Rationality
Humans

like humans rationally

Systems that Systems that

act act
like humans rationally

Behavior 15
Systems that act like humans
• The Turing Test approach (Alan Turing, 1950)

A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing several written
questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a
computer.

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Systems that act like humans

• Problems with the Turing Test

• Variations
• Reverse Turing Test: CAPTCHA
• Total Turing Test: additionally examine the perceptual (computer
vision) and the objects manipulation (robotics) abilities of the subject.

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A better Turing Test?
• AI researchers have devoted little effort to pass the test.
• It is more important to study the underlying principles of
intelligence than to duplicate an exemplar.

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Major roles and Goals of AI

Goals of AI

AI studies the intelligent part concerned with human and

represents those actions using computers.

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Foundations
of AI

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Research fields related to AI

Control theory Mathematics

and
cybernetics Philosophy

Linguistics Neuroscience

Economics Computer Psychology

Engineering
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Research fields related to AI
Field Description
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
Philosophy system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
Mathematics computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability.

Economics Utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

Neuroscience Neurons as information processing units.

Psychology/ How do people behave, perceive, process
Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.
Computer Engineering Building fast computers
Design systems that maximize an objective
Control Theory
function over time
Linguistic Knowledge representation, grammar
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Research fields related to AI

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AI and related concepts

Source: [Link]
deep-learning-ai/
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Pros and Cons of AI

More powerful and more useful computers

New and improved interfaces
Solve new problems
Better handling of information
Relieve information overload
Conversion of information into knowledge

Increased costs
Difficulty with software development - slow and expensive
Few experienced programmers
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A brief
history of AI

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A brief history of AI
• 1940-1950: Early days
• 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
• 1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's
Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
• 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
• 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
• 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”

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A brief history of AI
• 1990—: Statistical approaches
• Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
• General increase in technical depth
• Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?
• 2000—: Where are we now?

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A demo of artificial neural network

Source: [Link]
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AI Applications

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Autonomous Planning and Scheduling

Autonomous rovers
Autonomous rovers

Telescope scheduling

Analysis of data 31
Medicine

Classification on
medical images

Have you obtained positive cultures?

Yes.
What type of infection is it?
Primary bacteremia.
When did the symptoms first appear?
May 5
Diagnosis system
I recommend gentamycin using a doze of ...
(e.g., MYCIN)
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Games and Entertainment

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What are we
going to
learn?

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Main topics in AI
• Search (includes Game Playing)
• Representing knowledge and reasoning with it
• Planning
• Learning
• Natural language processing
• Expert systems
• Interacting with the Environment
• E.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics, etc.
• And more…

We won’t have time in this course to consider all of these.

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Solving problems by searching
• Uninformed and informed strategies
• Global vs. local search

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Knowledge and reasoning
• The second most important concept in AI
• If we are going to act rationally in our environment, then we
must have some way to describe the given environment and
draw inferences from that representation.
• How do we describe what we know about the world ?
• How do we describe it concisely ?
• How do we describe it so that we can get hold of the right piece of
knowledge when we need it ?
• How do we generate new pieces of knowledge ?
• How do we deal with uncertain knowledge ?

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Knowledge and reasoning
• Propositional logic and predicate logic
• Inference techniques: forward chaining, backward chaining,
and resolution
• Uncertain knowledge and reasoning

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Machine learning
• Let machine learn rules/pattern from data
• Classification with ID3 Decision tree and Naïve Bayes
• Artificial neural networks

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Machine learning
• Classification with ID3 Decision tree and Naïve Bayes
• Artificial neural networks

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THE END

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