SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

1. Discuss the sources from which History is reconstructed

2. Show the importance of studying history in the development of human being
3. What are the limitations of oral tradition
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of linguistic as the source of
history
5. Identify various ways of getting the exact date for different events
6. Show advantages and disadvantages of archeology and oral traditions as methods of reconstruction of history?
7. Define historical sites and list down advantages and disadvantages of historical sites as the sources of historical
information
8. Draw a map of East Africa showing important historical sites found in the region and mention what are found in those
areas.

EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

1. Summarize the process of human evolution in East Africa
2. Give an account of the technological development of the early man in history
3. Discuss the effects of iron technology to African societies
4. Assess the major changes in man’s way of life during the late stone age in Africa
5. In which ways were the Iron Age people different from the Stone Age people?
6. Explain how the discovery of fire led to changes in the lives of most people in East Africa
7. How did the development of iron technology in East Africa help bring economic and social changes?
8. What were the effects of the discovery of iron technology in African societies?

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT

1. Outline the effects of long distance trade to the people of East Africa
2. Trace the development of industrial sector in pre-colonial African societies
3. Describe the factors for the rise or growth of the Trans-Saharan trade and effects it brought to people
4. Discuss the reasons for the decline of Trans-Saharan trade
5. Critically examine the social and economic effects of long distance trade on West Africa and East Africa
6. What factors gave rise to the Trans-Saharan trade?
7. Show the importance of long distance trade in the development of centralized states in Western Tanzania during the
19th C
8. What was the contribution of long distance trade to the formation of states in the interior of Tanganyika in 19th C?
9. Draw a maps of West and East Africa showing the routes of Trans-Saharan trade

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS

1. Show how environment and economic activities influenced difference in the evolution of political organization in pre-
colonial Tanzania
2. Give reasons why most pastoral societies evolved age-set political organizations in East Africa?
3. Account for the rise of state organization in pre-colonial Africa
4. How did climate and economy determine the level and type of political organizations in pre-colonial East Africa?
5. Examine the factors which led to the establishment of state systems in East Africa?
6. Examine the factors which led to the establishment of state systems in East Africa
7. Outline the characteristics of the decentralized and centralized societies in Africa

INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA

1. Account for the outbreak of Mfecane war and its effects
2. Why most of the East African societies were defeated during the Ngoni invasion?
3. What were the effects of Ngoni migrations into East Africa in the 19th Century?
4. Explain the main factors for the rise and decline of Ghana Empire
5. Outline the factors for the rise and decline of the Mali empire
6. Examine the factors for the rise and collapse of Songhai empire
7. What were the factors for the rise and decline of the KANEM-BORNU?
8. What were the factors for the rise of the kingdom of Benin?
9. Why did the kingdom of Benin last long?
10. Examine the factors for the rise or survival of the kingdom of Dahomey

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 11. What were the consequences of the Ngoni migration into East Africa in the 19th Century?
12. Discuss the factors for rise and consolidation of the Buganda Kingdom
13. Discuss the rise and fall of the Oyo empire in Yoruba land
14. What were the main factors for the rise of the Kimbu empire in the second half of the 19th C?
15. Outline the factors for the rise of the Kingdom of Karagwe
16. Assess the contribution of gold in the rise and consolidation for the Ghana Empire in West Africa
17. Discuss the main factors for the rise of Mali Empire in Western Sudan
18. Discuss the factors which led to the rise and fall of different states in the Western Sudan up to the 15th Century A.D
19. Account the rise and downfall of the Asante Empire OR Discuss the factors for the rise and fall of Asante empire
20. Using specific examples, explain how the expansion of the Ngoni people during the 19th C affected the people of East
and Central Africa
21. With relevant examples show the reasons for the emergence and downfall of the Kongo- Zambezian states in Central
Africa
22. Trace the factors which contributed to the rise, expansion and fall of the empire of Mali between 13th and 15th
Centuries
23. Show the role played by the Islam in the formation and transformation of states in pre-colonial West Africa
24. Explain the social and economic factors which gave rise to the interactions among the people of Africa
25. Explain the impact of the economic interactions among the people of Africa
26. Analyse the factors that contributed to emergence of strong centralized feudal states in the interlacustrine region.
27. “While some African societies grew into powerful states in the 19th century others stagnated or disintegrated”
account for this variation.
28. Show how the religious wars or jihads contributed to the formation of centralized states in West Africa during the
19th Century.
29. “The causes of the Fulani Jihads of 19th Century were economic and political rather than religious”. Discuss
30. Show how Mfecane was a factor for state formation in East and Central Africa.

SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA

1. Show how environment and economic activities influence difference in the evolution of political organization in pre-
colonial East Africa.
2. Describe the characteristics of the pre-colonial /pre capitalist modes of production
3. Compare and contrast between communalism and slavery
4. How does primitive communalism differ from feudalism?
5. Clearly explain the major differences and similarities between slavery and feudalism systems
6. Identify and explain three of the main forms of feudal production relations in East Africa in the 19th Century
7. “The basic political organizations in the pre-colonial Africa were related to the environment of which the system
evolved” with concrete example discuss this statement

AFRICA AND THE EXTERNAL WORLD

1. What factors contributed to the decline of coastal city states between the 16th and 18th Centuries?
2. What were the effects of early commercial contact between East Africa, Middle East and Far East Africa?
3. What were the major effects of 19th Century caravan trade in East Africa?
4. How Seyyid Said’s Zanzibar did base commercial empire affect East Africa? OR How did the Oman Sultanate
stimulated the expansion of trade in East Africa?
5. Why did Seyyid Said move his capital from Oman to Zanzibar in 1840s?
6. Explain the aims and results of the Portuguese invasion of East Africa in the 16th and17th Centuries.
7. Give reasons why the Portuguese administration failed in East Africa?
8. Trace the steps taken towards the abolition of slave trade and discuss the main or reasons which led to the abolition
of slave trade in East Africa.
9. Why did the East Africa slave trade flourish after the abolition of West African Trans-Atlantic slave trade? OR Why did
the abolition of East Africa slave trade took a decade?
10. Explain the effects of the abolition of slave trade in East Africa
11. Describe the growth and operation of the Atlantic slave trade
12. What do you understand by the term ‘Legitimate trade’? Discuss the view that type of trade led to European
colonization of West Africa
13. What were the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa?
14. Examine the impact of Portuguese intrusion in East Africa in the 16th C

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 15. Show how the Portuguese disrupted the development of trade in the Indian Ocean up to the 17th century
16. What were the effects of the Triangular trade in West Africa?
17. Who benefited from the Triangular Atlantic slave trade and how?
18. Explain the aims and results of the Portuguese invasion of East Africa in the 16th and 17th Centuries
19. How was slave trade organized in East Africa?
20. Explain the consequences of the development of the Triangular trade on Africa
21. Why did Europeans take measures to abolish slave trade in the 19th C?
22. Explain the effects of the West African slave trade
23. What were the notable effects of the abolition of slave trade in East Africa?
24. Account for the rapid expansion of slave trade in East Africa during the 19th Century
25. Describe the origin, rise and effects of the Triangular trade to the West African societies
26. Show how legitimate trade was illegitimate?
27. Why legitimate trade was established?
28. “Africa has been a continent of trade ever since” Discuss
29. The underdevelopment of Africa began with the early contact. Discuss
30. Discuss the impact of long distance trade to the political and economic organization of the pre-colonial African
society.
31. With concrete examples discuss how the so-called legitimate trade served the interest of colonial economy.

TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM

1. Explain the part played by the missionaries, traders and explorers in the colonization process of East Africa
2. Describe the rise or development of capitalism(the rise of imperialism)
3. How did the discovery of mineral affect the South Africa economy?
4. What were the main causes and results of the Great Trek (Boer Trek)in South Africa?
5. Give reasons for the Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902?
6. What were the causes of the Great trek in South Africa? OR What were the causes of Boer exodus in South Africa?
7. Discuss the causes of the Boer trek and its consequences on the people of South Africa

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM
1. Explain the part played by the missionaries, traders and explorers in the colonization process of East Africa
2. Discuss about the rise and role of trading or chartered companies in the establishment of colonial rule in Africa
3. Explain the reasons for the failure of the chartered companies in Africa
4. Give an account of the European scramble for and partition of East Africa
5. What were the terms and significance of the Berlin Conference of 1884/85?
6. Examine the reasons and terms of the Anglo-German agreements of 1886 and 1890
7. Discuss types or various methods of African reaction and responses to the imposition of imposition of colonial rule in
East Africa
8. What were the causes of the Nandi resistances in Kenya?
9. Outline the causes and effects of Maji-Maji war of 1905-1907
10. Outline the causes and effects of the Nama and Herero uprising of 1904-1907
11. Give the reasons for Samore Toure’s long resistance and give reasons why Africans were defeated
12. Discuss the reasons for Asante-Fante conflict of the 19th Century
13. What were the causes and effects of the Mashona –Ndebele uprising in Zimbabwe of 1896-1897?
14. Outline four reasons for the success of the Ethiopians during the Italian invasion
15. Discuss the causes and impact of the Jihad movements in West Africa
16. Why did the African societies stage strong resistances against the imposition of colonial rule?
17. Why most of the African resistances failed?
18. Account for the Ndebele –British war of 1893?
19. Show how the Ndebele and Shona reacted against the imposition of colonialism in Zimbabwe
20. Why the Berlin conference of 1884-85 held and what was were the decisions reached?
21. Account for the special significant role of Kinjekitile in the History of Tanzania
22. Why were European and American trading companies interested in the East Africa in the 19th C?
23. Relate the opening of the Suez Canal with the Scramble and Partition for colonies in Eastern Africa
24. Why was the position of Egypt of special importance of scramble and partition of Africa?
25. What were the effects of the activities of the European Missionaries in East Africa since the second half of the 19th
Century?

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 26. Mention and discuss any three of the motives of the imperialism in South Africa in the second part of the 19th
Century
27. Why did German manage to colonize Tanganyika inspite of strong resistances from the people?
28. What were the main effects of Majimaji uprising in Tanganyika and what was its importance in history?
29. Explain the part played by missionaries in the colonization of Uganda by Britain
30. “African resistances against the imposition of colonial rule failed due to African’s technological backwardness”
Discuss
31. What were the causes and effects of the 1884/85 Berlin Conference?
32. “ Chief Lobengula’s close relationship with John Moffat created colonialism in Zimbabwe in the late 19th Century”
Explain this statement.
33. “ The East African resistances against the imposition of colonial rule failed because of technological backwardness”
Analyse this statement
34. What methods did the Germans use in the conquest and occupation of Tanganyika?
35. Why did European nations show an increasing interest in East Africa in the 19thC?
36. Give an outline of the steps taken towards the colonization of Southern Rhodesia
37. Why was the position of Egypt of special importance of imperialist power during the scramble and partition of Africa?
38. Discuss the causes of religious conflicts in Buganda during the last quarter of the 19th C.
39. How did the Missionaries, Explorers and traders contribute to the scramble and partition of Africa by Western
European?
40. Why did Egypt attract imperialist powers during the scramble for and partition of Africa?
41. “ While some societies resisted the imposition of the colonial rule in Africa, others appeared to collaborate” Discuss
this context giving concrete examples from East Africa
42. The Maji Maji war of 1905- 1907 in Tanganyika remains a symbol of the African struggle against colonial rule. Justify
43. With concrete examples show why the conflict between Africans and the Whites during the colonial period was
inevitable
44. Through their activities the missionaries became forerunners of colonialism. Justify this statement
45. Discuss the factors that led to the partition of Africa among the imperialist powers
46. Why Christian missionaries were referred to as colonial agents?
47. Account for the timing of the Berlin conference in 1884-1885
48. What were the impacts of the influx of the colonial agents in the colonies of Africa?
49. Discuss how the missionaries, traders and explorers facilitated in the establishment and consolidation of colonial rule
in Africa.
50. “The colonization of Africa was due to industrial revolution in Europe” Discuss this statement.
51. “African resistances against colonial penetration were not homogeneous” Account for this statement.
52. “Some societies actively resisted while others corroborated against colonialism” why such variation occurred?

COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS

1. Describe the policies or theories used by the colonialists in establishing administrative system in Africa
2. Why did the British apply indirect rule in colonial Tanganyika?
3. With examples from East Africa, to what extent was the British colonial system of indirect rule indirect?
4. What were the short comings of indirect rule in British colonies in East Africa?
5. Compare and contrast the German direct rule system with the British indirect rule system as applied in East Africa
6. Describe the nature structure and features of the French assimilation policy.
7. Why did French applied Assimilation Policy in administering her West Africa colonies
8. Discuss the benefits and problems of the Assimilation policy.
9. Discuss the impact or effects of French Administrative style.
10. Compare and contrast between the Assimilation Policy and the British Indirect rule.
11. Describe the policy of Association as applied by the French in administering her West Africa colonies.
12. Examine the administrative policy adopted by the Portuguese in ruling their colonies.
13. Outline the problems faced by the colonialist during the establishment of the colonial administrative systems in
Africa.
14. Examine the reasons and function of the colonial military forces in Tanganyika.
15. Which tactics and methods did the imperialist powers used in establishing colonialism in East Africa?
16. What were the shortcomings of the indirect rule in British colonies in East Africa?
17. Examine the reasons for the changing nature of the French colonial policy of assimilation in controlling African
colonies

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 18. With particular reference to Nigeria, examine the long term effects of the system of indirect rule
19. What do you understand by the French policy of assimilation and association?
20. What do you understand by the policy of indirect rule which was applied by the British colonial government in East
Africa? How was it applied?
21. Explain the policy adopted by the Portuguese colonialists in colonies before the launching of armed struggle by the
Africans in the 1960s
22. Taking Nigeria and Uganda as examples discuss the immediate and long term effects of the British system of indirect
rule
23. With example from East Africa to what extent was the British colonial system of indirect rule indirect?
24. What were the administrative techniques applied by the colonialists to establish colonial rule and what other factors
played similar role?
25. Discuss the role of the colonial education in establishing and consolidating of colonial rule in African colonies.
26. Explain why French assimilation policy failed in her colonies of West Africa?

COLONIAL ECONOMY
1. What are the characteristics of the colonial Economy?
2. Why did the colonialist introduce colonial Economy in E. Africa?
3. Discuss the types or patterns of the colonial Economy established in East Africa.
4. Describe the different forms of Agricultural system in the three East Africa countries during the colonial period. Show
the reason for their differences.
5. Why did Agricultural production in the colonies remain technologically backward?
6. Why European plantation owners did preferred migrant labourers?
7. Identify the mechanism through which cheap labour was obtained in Kenya or how did colonial government ensure
constant supply of labour in their colonies in East Africa?
8. How did the colonial state establish and consolidate settler Agriculture in Kenya?
9. Briefly analyze the pattern of colonial infrastructure railways roads and ports in Mainland Tanzania. Showing how it
facilitated the exploitation of the country.
10. Outline the purpose, difficulties and result of constructing Kenya –Uganda Railway.
11. Show the impact of the colonial Economy on the Africa societies particularly in East Africa.
12. What do you know about Buganda Agreement of 1900? What important effects had the agreement caused in the
development of Uganda?
13. Show the terms and significance of the Devonshire White Paper in the development of Kenya.
14. Discuss the colonial labour system taxation in Central Africa
15. How did the colonial state establish and consolidate settler agriculture in Kenya?
16. Why and how were peasant marketing cooperatives established from the 1930s in East Africa Colonies?
17. Explain why Africans societies and the white settlers were engaged in continuous clashes from the 17th C to 19th C in
South Africa
18. What was the significance of the Buganda Agreement in the history of colonialism in Uganda?
19. How did the discovery of precious gems in South Africa bring about drastic changes which transformed South Africa
from mercantile system of the 17th Century to industrial capitalism?
1. 22. Why was settler economy a success in Kenya but a failure in Uganda?
2. 23. How did colonial economy differ from the pre-colonial economy?
3. 24. Show the economic and social effects to Kenya of the construction of Uganda Railway line
4. 25. What were the effects of the mineral revolution to South Africa?
27. Discuss the mechanism used by the colonialists to break up the natural (indigenous) economy of the East African
people
28. Discuss the effects of the discovery and mining of diamonds and gold in South Africa
29. Why did the colonial powers oppose the development if manufacturing industries in the colonies?
30. Discuss the impact of Mineral revolution in South Africa
31. Using concrete examples from any East African country show how the pattern of the physical and social
infrastructures were largely determined by the system of the colonial economy
32. How did the colonial government ensure constant supply of labour in their colonies in East Africa?
33. Show the main characteristics of the colonial economy
34. How did the colonial state protect settler interests in Kenya?
35. Describe the pattern of the economy established by Britain in her West
5. African colonies

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 36. Examine the effects of migrant labour on African societies during colonial domination
37. Describe briefly the common characteristics of settler and plantation agriculture in colonial Africa
38. Show the relationship between the discovery of minerals and the growth of imperialism in South Africa
39. “Colonialism and imperialism never intended to develop Africa but practically there are some development on the
ground” how would you reconcile such conflicting statement?
40. Explain why colonialism in Africa did not transform Africa economies into capitalism like that of Europe.
41. “We consumed what we don’t produce and produced what we don’t consume” in relation to the colonial economy
justify this statement.
42. How did colonial government encourage settlers’ agriculture in the colonial states?
43. Discuss the nature of settlers’ agriculture in either Zimbabwe or Kenya.
44. How did the colonial state encourage white settlers in the colonial state?
45. Discuss the components of colonial economy and strategies applied to
6. establish colonial economy in Africa.
46. Discuss the motives and impacts that surrounded the establishment of
7. colonial agriculture in the colonies.
47. How the colonial apparatus did maintain and consolidate colonial plantation agriculture?
48. Why colonial government established plantation agriculture in some areas and settlers in other areas?
49. Compare and contrast between colonial agriculture in Tanganyika with that of Kenya.
50. Discuss the factors that favoured Britain to establish peasant agriculture in Uganda and Nigeria.
51. Discuss how the colonial agriculture in colonies contributed to the rise of African nationalism taking either Uganda,
Kenya or Tanganyika
52. Why Britain was very reluctant to establish settlers’ agriculture in her West African colonies?
53. Discuss the features and forms of African labourers during colonialism.
54. Discuss how the colonial economy maintained the de-industrialization of African economies during the establishment
and maintenance of colonialism.
55. Historically most post independent African economies lack viable industrial sector. With relevant examples explain
the root cause of this.
56. The source of African problems in the post independent Africa has got their roots from the colonial economy.
Substantiate
57. With relevant examples discuss how the colonial economy brought poverty and suffering among the Africans
58. Assess the evils of the colonial economy on the Africans, during the period of colonialism.

COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES

1. Show the main features, characteristics and effects of colonial Education in East Africa.
2. Analyze the functions of infrastructures which were established by colonialists in Africa
3. Briefly analyze the pattern of colonial infrastructure (Railway, Roads and Ports) in Mainland Tanzania show how it
facilitated the exploitation of the Country.
4. How effective was the Uganda Railway in the colonization of Kenya and Uganda?
5. Identify the characteristics of pre-colonial education
6. Account for the aims and effects of colonial education
7. Discuss the role and characteristics of the pre-colonial African education
8. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the pre-colonial African education
9. Compare and contrast between the pre-colonial African education and the colonial education.
10. In colonial Tanganyika all the roads, track and rail were running perpendicular to the coast. Why?
11. Discuss the role of colonial education in maintaining and establishing of colonial rule in the colonies
12. Show the role played by the colonial social services in consolidating colonialism in Africa.
13. With relevant examples show the demerits of the colonial education in relation to the pre-colonial education in Africa
14. What were the content and methodology of the colonial education in Africa?
15. Discuss the pattern and role of communication system in consolidating colonialism in mainland Tanganyika
16. Give the full account for the imbalance development in the colonial Tanganyika by pointing out specific regions.
17. Discuss the role of colonial state apparatus in establishing and consolidating colonialism
18. “The colonial state was the most violent”. Discuss
19. What were the features of the colonial bureaucracy?
20. Discuss the forms of classes that existed during colonialism and why?
21. Show how colonial policy of racism facilitated the consolidation of colonial motives in colonial Africa.
22. Discuss the nature and characteristics of colonial bureaucracy

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 CRISES IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM
1. Discuss the causes and effects of the First World War on East Africa.
2. What were the causes and effects of the Second World War on East Africa?
3. How the First World War did affected Europe Nations?
4. Explain the effects of the World War 11 on European counties.
5. Identify the causes of the Great Economic Depression of 1929/1933.
6. What were the effects of the Great Economic Depression to East Africa?
7. Show how Europe and USA were affected by the Great Economic depression of the 1930s
8. Mention the measures taken against the effect of the Great Economic Depression
9. Account for the rise of U.S.A. as the leading imperialist power after the Second World War.
10. How did the Great depression affect East Africa and what were solutions to the problems?
11. Explain the main causes of the first World War
12. Discuss the effects of the two World wars on the East African countries
13. How did the Great Depression affect East Africa and what were solutions to the problem?

NATIONALISM AND DECOLONIZATION

1. Outline the internal and external factors which gave rise to nationalism in East Africa
2. Explain the roles of the social and welfare association, independent churches and peasant cooperatives in the rise of
nationalism in Africa.
3. Outline the factors led to the formation of peasant cooperative organizations
4. What are the current problems of co-operative unions in East Africa?
5. Examine the factors fir the rise of nationalism in East Africa after the second world war
6. Discuss the objectives and problems which faced TANU during the struggle independence in Tanganyika
7. Why Tanganyika archived independence earlier than the other East Africa states?
8. Describe the factors which led the early independence of Ghana in 1957
9. Examine the origin stages and importance of Pan- Africanism
10. Discuss the causes of the Mau Mau war and show its contribution to the struggle for national independence in Kenya
11. Describe measures taken by the British when they declared the state of emergency in Kenya
12. Explain the causes and effects of the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
13. Why was it necessary for Zimbabwe to use armed struggle in order to archive national independence?
14. Explain the factors which helped the people of Zimbabwe to attain their political independence
15. Discuss the reasons for independence struggle in the Portuguese colonies.
16. Why in most of the Portuguese colonies [Mozambique and Angola ] political independence was obtained through gun
–point or bloodshed?
17. Explain the factors which made it difficult the struggle for majority Rule in South Africa.
18. Outline the factors which supported attainment of independence in Namibia.
19. Why has it taken so long for Namibia to achieve independence?
20. Why U.S.A. put pressure on the colonial powers to grant independence to their colonies?
21. Outline the highlight of the White paper No .10 as the Kenyan economic development strategy after independence.
22. What contributed to the consolidation of the nationalist struggles in East Africa?
23. Why was it necessary for Mozambique and Angola to use armed struggle as the means of achieving independence?
24. The independence of Tanganyika in 1961 was an inevitable development given the nature of colonial state and the
global situation that existed after 1954. How far this true? (Substantiate)
25. Show the extent to which the people of Zanzibar have benefited from the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
26. How did the system of the colonial economy in Kenya influence the nature and character of the struggle for
independence in that country?
27. What were the causes and effects of the Mau Mau movement in Kenya?
28. Explain the factors which enabled Tanganyika to get independence before Kenya and Uganda
29. Why was armed struggle necessary in order to attain independence in Zanzibar?
30. Explain the roles of Welfare Associations, Religious Movements and Cooperative societies in the struggle for
independence in East Africa
31. Why did the Portuguese colonies in Africa engage in armed struggle to liberate themselves?
32. Analyze the problems which faced Uganda during the nationalistic struggles
33. Describe external and internal factors that gave rise to nationalism in Africa
34. With examples, describe the different forms of decolonization in Africa

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 35. Outline the main hindrances that faced struggle for political independence in Africa
36. Discuss the causes and effects of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Southern Rhodesia in 1965?
37. Why was Ghana among the earliest African Countries to achieve independence?
38. Explain the causes and effects of the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution
39. Discuss the role played by the nationalist parties in the struggle for independence in Africa
40. Explain the methods that were employed by the Black society in South Africa in the struggle for their liberation
41. Identify the external and internal forces which made Namibia to be the last country to eradicate colonialism in Africa.
42. Portuguese colonialism in Africa was the last to be eradicated. Why was this case?
43. What was the contribution of African Independent Church movements in the struggle against colonialism in Central
Africa?
44. “ Colonialism destroyed itself” basing on the contradictions after 1945 justify this statement
45. Discuss the objectives of the African resistance against the imperialists in the early days of colonialism
46. Discuss the motives and types of African Nationalism since the inception of colonialism
47. What were the grievances that prompted the early African resistance against the intruders?
48. Discuss the types of African nationalism and forces for its emergence.
49. The Second World War was the watershed in the history of African nationalism. Discuss
50. Discuss the formation of the cooperatives association and show their role in the rise of African nationalism after 1945
51. Why colonialism established peasant cooperative unions and why they turned against them?
52. Discuss the factors that led to ant-colonial struggle in Africa after 1945.
53. Using specific examples assess the role of African independent churches in the struggle for African independence in
African colonies.
54. The Manchester conference of 1945 was a turning point in the history of pan-Africanism.
55. What influence did Ghana’s independence have on the de-colonization of Africa and the formation of modern states
of Africa?
56. What were the lessons that Africans derive from Burma, India and Pakistan independence?
57. Why USA has campaign for decolonization of Africa since 1945?
58. Discuss the role of USSR to the anti-colonial struggle in sub-Saharan Africa?
59. Discuss the role played by the Ghanaian independence to the rise of African nationalism.
60. Evaluate the role of Kwame Nkrumah to the development of African nationalism.
61. What were the contributions of Pan- African for the rise of nationalism in Africa?
62. Why some countries their road to independence was not smooth?
63. Why some African countries got their independence by the barrel of the gun?
64. Was it necessary for Africans to use barrel of a gun for their independence?
65. Show the extent to which the people of Zanzibar have benefited from the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution.

CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1. Examine the factors for the formation of one-party and multi-party system in Africa
2. What were the features of flag independence?
3. Most of the problems of the post independent African states were inherited from colonialism. Discuss
4. Explain the crucial problems faced the post independent African states immediately after independence.
5. Describe the historical events that led to the formation of the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in April 26,
1964
6. Discuss the success and failure of the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar since 1964
7. Discuss the problems facing African states since Independence.
8. Outline the attempts made by African countries to solve the post independence problems.
9. What do you understand by Neo –colonialism? Show how it operates in Africa.
10. Outline the strategic to be adopted by the third world countries in eradicating Neo –colonialism in Africa.
11. Examine the causes of political Instabilities in Africa.
12. How European influence led to the underdevelopment of Africa?
13. Outline the steps the people of Tanzania have taken in solving their political, economic and social problems since
independence
14. Outline the development of racial discrimination in the South Africa mining industry since the last quarter of the 19th
Century
15. Show how Tanzania has been struggling to establish an independence socialist economy since 1967

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 16. Account for the state of political instability and coups in many African countries since the attainment of political
independence
17. Describe the historical events that led to the formation of the Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in April 1964
18. Why was it necessary for African countries to change the political, ideological and administrative systems after
gaining independence?
19. When and why did apartheid policies emerge in South Africa?
20. Discuss the efforts made by Tanzania government to bring about economic freedom since 1961.
21. Identify the problems which have faced most African Countries since attaining independence at the beginning of the
second half of the 20th Century
22. What is the historical significance of the Arusha Declaration?
23. Colonial and neo- colonialism were both exploitative systems being experienced in Africa. To what extend did
colonialism paved way to neo colonialism?
24. The present political nature of Nigeria is the outcome of its pre-colonial and colonial history. Explain
25. Why was multi-partism introduced to Tanzania in the early 1990s?
26. Discuss the effects of civil war in Africa giving concrete examples
27. Show the main factors contributing to political instability in most African Countries
28. What problems have African countries experienced in their efforts to build socialism?
29. With concrete examples from Tanzania assess the factors that made independent African states change their social,
political and economic outlook a few years after independence
30. Explain the main sources of hostility between African societies and the white settlers from the 17th C to 19th C in
South Africa.
31. The East African Heads of state are trying all efforts necessary to reestablish the East African Community since 1996.
Explain
32. Assess for the state of political instability and coups tat in many Africa Countries since the attainment of
independence
33. Critically describe the practices and collapse of Apartheid policy in the Republic of South Africa
34. Account for the rise of multiparty system politics in 1990s in many African countries
35. Discuss the difference between Coup d’etat and a Revolution
36. Why one party system politics short-lived in the post independent African states?
37. Account for the political instability in the post independent African states
38. What were the impacts of civil wars in the post independent African states what solutions can you advance to solve
the problem?
39. Setting Tanganyika as an example show the originality of the debt crisis in African after independence
40. The IMF and World Bank with their structural adjustment programme have created more problems to Africa than
they have solved. Discuss
41. Discuss the steps undertaken by Tanganyika to revive her economic crisis since the attainment of her independence
in 1961.
42. The Structural Adjustment Programme (SAPs) increases the dependency ratio of African nations to the metropole.
Justify
43. Why African nations have failed to fulfill their dream of creating a single African nation since 1960s?
44. Examine the historical background of Biafra war in Nigeria
45. “Despite the efforts made by African states to promote political and economic co-operation has still been facing
serious crises” Discuss

AFRICA IN NTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

1. Examine the objectives, success and problems of the defunct Organization of African Unity [O.A.U.]
2. Describe the objectives, achievements and problems of the East African Community(E.A.C)
3. Discuss the objectives, expected benefits and achievements of the New East African Cooperation
4. What were the objectives, achievements and problems of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
5. Discuss the objectives, achievements and problems of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA)
6. Outline the objectives, achievements and problems of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
7. Discuss the purpose, success and problems of the United Nations Organizations (UNO)
8. How does Tanzania benefit from its membership to the UNO?
9. Give an account of the principles, benefits and problems of the Common Wealth
10. Explain the achievements and problems of the French Community

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 11. Discuss the objectives, achievements and problems of the Non- Aligned Movement (NAM)
12. Show how Tanzania benefited from participating in the NAM
13. Describe the objectives, achievements and problems of the European Union (EU)
14. Examine the relationship between the European Union and developing countries of Africa, Caribbean and Asia
15. Explain the background to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbours (The middle East crises)
16. To what extent have Africa Members benefited from the Common Wealth of Nations?
17. What have been the major success and problems of the OAU since it formation?
18. How has membership in the Non-Aligned Movement helped independent African Countries?
19. “ The history of the Organization of African Unity is characterized by a number of problem”. Elaborate
20. Despite its role in the international community, the organization of African Unity (OAU) had several weaknesses.
Explain
21. Outline the similarities and difference between the aims and functions of the Commonwealth Nations and those of
the French Community
22. With relevant example, show the challenges most likely to face the New East African Community.
23. Explain the reasons that led to the collapse of the East African Community in 1977
24. How has the international community involved itself in maintaining peace in East and Central Africa regions since
1960?
25. Discuss the role played by the Organization of Africa Unity (OAU) in the decolonization of Africa
26. Why has the dream of a United Africa not been achieved?
27. Discuss the benefits gained by the members of the Commonwealth
28. How has the membership in the Non- Aligned Movement helped independent African countries?
29. Show the economic and political roots of Central African Federation and highlight the main oppositions which
retarded the Federation
30. Assess the success of the former Organization of African Union since its creation in 1960s.
31. How has the International Community involved itself in maintaining peace in East and Central African regions?
32. Why did Tanzania withdraw herself from COMESA?
33. Assess the role of the New International Economic Order in the struggle of the African countries against the system of
underdevelopment

EXAMINATION KEY WORDS

1. ACCOUNT FOR: Why? Give reasons.
1. COMPARE: look for similarities and differences between
2. CONTRAST: set in position in order to bring out differences between
3. COMPARE AND CONTRAST: give similarities and display the differences between
4. CRITICISE: give your judgments about the merit of a theory or opinions or about the truth of facts and back your
judgments with discussion of the evidence.
5. DEFINE: give the meaning of a word or phrase.
6. DISCUSS: investigate, give ideas by argument, giving reasons, pro and cons to debate
7. DESCRIBE: give a detailed or graphic clear picture in the mind/ account of or portrayal of a person, scene, or event, a
technical account or definition
8. EVALUATE: make an appraisal of the worth of something in the light of its truth and ability. Include to a lesser extent
or degree of your personal opinion.
9. EXPLAIN: to make plain, to interpret and to account for.
10. EXAMINE: look at carefully in order to learn about or from.
11. ILLUSTRATE: use a figure or diagram to explain or to clarify or make clear by the use if concrete examples.
2. 16. INTERPRET: expound the meaning of, make clear and explicit usually by giving your judgement.
3. 18. JUSTIFY: show adequate grounds for decision or conclusion
20. OUTLINE: give the main features or general principles of a subject omitting minor details and emphasizing structure
and arrangement- what, why, when
21. SHOW: cause to be seen, guide, conduct, to offer for public view, to indicate, give to understand, to point out.
22. IDENTIFY: say, show, prove who or what somebody or something is establishing the identity of.
4. 25. TO WHAT EXTENT: to what length or area or range or degree.
5. 26. GIVE PROS AND CONS: give the advantages and disadvantages of a phenomenon
6. 27. GIVE HIGHLIGHTS: show the outstanding part of a performance, show an event of special importance to draw
special attention to something.
7. 29. HOW: in what way, in what manner, by what means.

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 8. 30. SHOW THE ROLE: show the part or duty in undertaking
32. ASSESS THE ACHIEVEMENTS: test the value of
33. RELATE: connect in thought or meaning
34. ANALYSE: examine something in order to learn what it is made up of. Study or examine in order to learn about.
35. COMMENT: give opinion, views
36. EXPLORE: examine thoroughly problems or possibilities for the purpose of learning about.
37. ASSESS: test the value of
38. APPRAISE: evaluate, say what something is worth.
39. CONSIDER: think about
40. ESTIMATE: approximate, form a judgments about, calculate the value
41. SUMMARISE: brief, the chief points
42. TRACE: outline, sketch, draw
43. TO WHAT DEGREES: step or stage
44. WOULD YOU AGREE?: if you say YES or NO should write the reasons. Also do you agree?
45. IN WHAT RESPECT: consideration detail, relation.
46. WHAT DO YOU THINK?: reasonable
47. WHAT IS YOUR ARGUMENT?: reasoned discussion
48. WHAT LIMITS: point that cannot be passed
49. HOW ADEQUATE IS THIS COMMENT?: enough
50. EXAMINE THIS CONTENTION: quarreling or disputing
51. GIVE A BRIEF ACCOUNT: reason briefly.
52. MAKE A CRITICAL EXAMINATION: make judgments
53. DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS ASSERTION: claim, strong statement
54. ELABORATE THIS VIEW: work out in great detail

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