International Journal of

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS IN

ENGINEERING
ISSN:2147-67992147-6799 [Link] Original Research Paper

Performance Optimization of Long-Haul Optical Transmission Link

with Optical-OFDM
Jyoti Prashant Singh1*, Deepak Kumar Singh2, B B Tiwari3

Submitted: 07/02/2024 Revised: 15/03/2024 Accepted: 21/03/2024

Abstract: This research focuses on improving communication system performance by implementing optical orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is utilized to extract data from high-capacity systems involved in extensive
information transmission. Advanced computer programs and strategic methodologies are employed to develop a measurable
and highly efficient communication system. The study delves into both theoretical and practical applications of these
techniques. Using MATLAB simulations, the investigation into OFDM capabilities offers a robust platform for
comprehensive analysis and evaluation. Researchers can easily adjust subcarrier separation, modulating schemes, and other
key parameters to gauge their impact on system performance. This adaptability facilitates thorough exploration of various
scenarios and optimization strategies. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and feasibility
of optical multiplexing with OFDM for high-capacity transmission in optical communication systems. Optical OFDM,
through simulations, demonstrates outstanding spectrum utilization in the light domain compared to conventional radio-
frequency (RF) OFDM, owing to its ability to tightly allocate subcarriers.

Keywords: Optical-OFDM, Subcarriers, Long-haul transmission, RF-OFDM, MIMO, MATLAB.

I. INTRODUCTION optical technology for communication and meeting the

pressing need for efficient data transmission solutions, with
The primary objective of this ongoing research is to a focus on optical orthogonal frequency division
develop, analyze, and implement a high-capacity method multiplexing (OFDM) in high-capacity transmission [1].
for transmitting messages in optical communication The surge in digital content, cloud computing, streaming
networks. This technique is referred to as "optical video, and emerging technologies like the Internet of Things
orthogonal wavelength division multiplexing (OFDM)". (IoT) and 5G networks has led to a rapid escalation in
The aims include establishing and evaluating an optical demand for fast data transfer and internet services over the
OFDM communication network, considering factors such past few decades. Optical connections, renowned for their
as subcarrier spacing, diverse modulation techniques, and unparalleled data-carrying capacity and reliability, have
methods for mitigating dispersion. Evaluation will involve supplanted traditional telecommunications networks as the
assessing the system's reliability, error correction backbone infrastructure to accommodate this surge in data
capabilities, and signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, to traffic [2]. However, conventional optical communication
evaluate performance in large-scale video networks, we networks primarily based on intensity modulation and direct
will compare optical OFDM with traditional radio detection (IM/DD) techniques faced limitations in spectrum
frequency multiplexing. The growing demand for high- efficiency and signal robustness, struggling to keep pace
capacity data transmission over optical fibers necessitates with escalating data rates for both long-haul and short-reach
exploration of cutting-edge technologies. This demand optical connections.
arises from the limitations of conventional RF OFDM, In response to these challenges, optical OFDM has emerged
which may struggle to keep pace with escalating data as a groundbreaking solution. Optical OFDM applies the
requirements. Optical OFDM presents a promising principles of orthogonal subcarrier multiplexing to the
solution, offering enhanced resilience and performance optical domain, drawing from its well-established RF (radio
capabilities. frequency) counterpart [3]. High-capacity optical networks
encountered challenges such as chromatic dispersion and
II. LITERATUREREVIEW irregularities, which were effectively addressed through
advanced signal processing techniques. The standardization
A. Research background and deployment of optical OFDM by telecommunications
organizations and network service providers are crucial
The research framework revolves around advancing elements within the research context. Over time, optical
1,2,3 OFDM has been recognized as an effective means to enhance
Department of Electronics Engineering the capacity and spectral efficiency of optical networks for
VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, U.P. 222001 data transmission [4].

* Corresponding Author: Jyoti Prashant Singh

Email: [Link]@[Link]
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 situations may impact the accuracy of simulation
findings. To validate the project's feasibility and
reliability in practical scenarios, it is imperative to
conduct practical experiments and confirm simulation
results in real optical communication setups. Considering
the resource requirements and scalability of MATLAB
simulations is crucial. As optical networks become larger
and more complex, the computational demands escalate,
limiting the scope and efficacy of simulations [8].
Enhancing the project's capability to handle broader and
more intricate optical communication scenarios could be
achieved through exploring the use of parallel or high-
performance computing technologies. Despite these
considerations, the project's utilization of MATLAB for
simulating optical OFDM remains commendable for its
insights into high-capacity optical communication.
Fig.1: OFDM signal frequency spectrum [3]
C. Linkage to Aim
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the
Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The primary objective of this project is to develop,
played pivotal roles in international standardization efforts investigate, and showcase the effectiveness of visual
crucial to the development of requirements and standards orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a
for optical OFDM-based systems. Furthermore, ongoing high-capacity transmission method in optical
research into advanced optical OFDM variations, such as communication systems [9]. The outlined theoretical
coherent and polarization-multiplexed systems, remains framework distinctly establishes this objective. The
underway. These variations are instrumental in shaping design and modeling of an optical OFDM system for
future optical communication networks by promising transmission serve a specific goal closely aligned with the
enhanced spectral efficiency and data throughput [5]. The development aspect [10]. This goal is to pioneer an
research trajectory of optical DFT in high-capacity advanced optical communication protocol that efficiently
transmission underscores the continual advancement of meets the demands of high-capacity data transmission by
optical communication technology, driven by the imperative optimizing crucial factors such as subcarrier spacing,
to meet escalating data demands. It underscores the modulation schemes, and dispersion correction
significance of state-of-the-art transmission methods like algorithms [11].
optical OFDM in addressing these challenges and guiding The investigative aspect of the objective directly benefits
the future development of optical networks. from the performance analysis objective, which focuses
on metrics such as spectral performance, bit error rate
(BER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [12]. Its aim is to
B. Critical Assessment empirically evaluate how well optical OFDM satisfies the
performance criteria for high-capacity data transfer in
The assessment of this project, which utilizes MATLAB
optical networks. The demonstration component of the
simulations to model optical orthogonal frequency division
goal is facilitated by the comparative evaluation
multiplexing (OFDM) technologies, highlights both
objective, which contrasts the advantages and
strengths and areas for improvement. One of the project's
performance of optical OFDM with traditional RF
notable advantages lies in its comprehensive exploration of
OFDM. This comparative analysis will provide tangible
Optical OFDM concepts and applications. Through
evidence of the capabilities of optical OFDM, thereby
MATLAB simulations, the project successfully examines
establishing its viability as a practical option for high-
multiple scenarios, offering a deep insight into the
capacity optical communication networks [13]. These
effectiveness of optical OFDM under various conditions [6].
objectives coalesce to form a cohesive philosophical
This approach aids in identifying optimal system
framework that not only supports the project's
configurations for high-capacity optical communication.
overarching purpose but also provides a systematic
Moreover, the extensive computational and communication
approach to achieving it.
toolbox capabilities in MATLAB simplify the
implementation of complex algorithms, expediting the
resolution of Optical OFDM challenges such as D. Theoretical Framework
synchronization and dispersion compensation.
Consequently, this enhances the project's credibility in The development, investigation, and implementation of
addressing real-world optical communication issues. optical transverse frequency division multiplexing, an
However, there are evident areas for further development [7]. innovative high-capacity transmission technique tailored
for optical communication systems, forms the theoretical
While MATLAB simulations are valuable, reliance on basis of this research. System Design and Simulation.
them necessitates cautious interpretation. Discrepancies
between mathematical models and actual physical
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 443
 [18]. This comparative analysis will facilitate a better
understanding of how optical OFDM could potentially
surpass or complement existing methods in optical
communication across network environments. These
objectives are geared towards enriching the theoretical
foundations of visual OFDM as a high-capacity
broadcasting technique for optical communication networks
[19]. The insights gleaned from this study will contribute to
the development of more reliable and efficient optical
communication technologies, potentially reshaping the
capabilities of current optical networks [20].

E. Literature Gap
While there has been extensive research in the literature on
optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM), the objectives of this specific project diverge
significantly from the existing body of work [21]. Although
Fig.2: Optical Communication Link with optical OFDM has been a focal point in numerous studies
OFDM [5] within optical communications, there remains a notable gap
in the literature that requires addressing.
To attain the initial objective, meticulous design and Despite the abundance of research on the efficacy of optical
comprehensive simulation of an optical OFDM transmission OFDM, there remains a need for a more thorough
examination of key factors. What sets this study apart is its
system are imperative [14]. Factors such as subcarrier
comprehensive analysis of various aspects influencing
spacing, modulation techniques, and dispersion correctional performance, including spectral efficiency, bit error rate
algorithms are carefully considered in this design process. (BER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [22]. Understanding
By optimizing these elements, the research aims to develop the real-world applications of optical OFDM in optical
a robust and efficient optical OFDM system that maximizes network environments is further complicated by
data throughput while minimizing signal degradation [15]. discrepancies between literature sources, a critical
Our second objective necessitates a thorough evaluation of consideration.
Another notable deficiency lies in the limited comparative
the optical OFDM system [16]. This assessment evaluation of optical OFDM versus traditional RF OFDM
encompasses critical aspects such as spectral efficiency, bit within the context of high-capacity optical communication
error rate (BER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [17]. These networks. Existing research often scrutinizes these
metrics will provide insights into the system's performance, technologies individually, failing to provide a holistic
enabling us to determine its suitability for transmitting large understanding of how the benefits and performance
volumes of data through light in fiber optic cables. Below is characteristics of optical OFDM compare to well-
established RF OFDM systems. Given the significance of
a summary of some measurements and their significance for
informed decision-making regarding the adoption of new
a quick overview. technologies in optical network architecture, such a
comparative analysis is essential.
Table.1: Performance Analysis of Parameters This project aims to bridge the knowledge gap in the current
literature and advance the field of optical networks by
Performance Descriptions addressing these deficiencies. By offering insightful
Parameters information on the performance and practicality of OFDM
Bit-error-rate (BER) Measure the number of as a high-capacity broadcast technique, it aims to contribute
bits incorrectly received significantly to the advancement of optical communication
Signal-to-noise ratio Determines the ratio of technologies.
(SNR) signal power to noise
power III. METHODOLOGY
Throughput Represents the rate of data A. Research philosophy
achieved after error
corrections This research work demonstrates the facets of optical
Error vector magnitude It is a symbol of t h e communication systems aimed at achieving high-capacity
accuracy of the transmission. It underscores the importance of frequency
transmitted parameters. division within communication systems, offering a
The ultimate aim is to evaluate and contrast the advantages perspective on its significance. Employing a multifaceted
and performance characteristics of optical OFDM with approach, this research integrates various features of
traditional RF OFDM, particularly within the realm of high- communication systems, leading to efficient problem-
capacity distribution in optical communication networks
International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 444
solving through novel exploration and innovative
methodologies [23]. The study adopts a positive approach, A systematic approach is employed to establish the OFDM
employing critical data analysis and meticulous frequency system within a well-structured optical communication
considerations to enhance communication effectiveness. framework. The designs are tailored based on the specific
Thus, the research philosophy here is positivism, aiming to objectives of frequency division multiplexing in efficient
facilitate the effective design of the OFDM system. communication systems. Effective systems are developed
through a combination of theoretical analysis and software
experiments, with meticulous validation of datasets.
Challenges are assessed within the framework of the OFDM
system in high-capacity transmission systems. Additionally,
evolutionary parameters of communication systems are
considered in the design process [24]. Consequently, both
descriptive and software-based practical designs are
executed in this research. The applicable software tools
include Simulink and MATLAB, which facilitate spectrum
analyses for the frequency division of the system.
Theoretical analysis serves as the foundation to blueprint the
effective OFDM system, followed by mathematical
modeling to demonstrate the advantages of OFDM in
spectral efficiency and data rate.

Fig.3: Data Transmission system [6]

This philosophy underscores the true significance of OFDM

for highly efficient optical communication. The modulation
technique within this multiplexing system is optimized to
enhance data speed and spectral efficiency in the
communication network.
This project provides an honest assessment of the
limitations inherent in the OFDM system. Challenges are
effectively addressed through the implementation of
efficient linearization techniques. By embracing this
positive outlook towards the OFDM system, innovative
ideas are generated to mitigate oscillations in optical
communication systems, thereby enhancing effectiveness. Fig.4: OFDM System framework [12]
This research facilitates seamless exchange of vast datasets,
Thorough analysis is conducted to ensure the efficacy of the
contributing to the effectiveness of high-capacity systems in
designs by addressing errors and glitches in the
developing communication networks worldwide.
communication system. Dispersions and nonlinearities are
mitigated through the adoption of appropriate frequency-
B. Research approach based techniques in this research. Quality assurance is
heavily reliant on the efficient spectral design of the OFDM
This study adopts a positivist perspective and underscores system, facilitated by mathematical modeling and rigorous
the importance of optical connections, as well as the role of optical simulation.
frequency division in achieving high-capacity distribution
[32]. It employs a comprehensive approach that integrates
elements of communication systems, cutting-edge
technological advancements, and thorough data analysis. To
enhance modulation techniques for faster data transmission
and improved spectral efficiency, the research emphasizes
the relevance of "orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM)." Effective linearization techniques
are applied and the limitations of OFDM are evaluated.
With the aim of facilitating seamless high-capacity data
exchange and the advancement of international
communication systems, the positive orientation aims to
address disruptions in visual communication networks. Fig.5: MIMO OFDM System [14]

C. Research Design D. Experimental validations are conducted using various

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 445
telecom techniques, with optical parameters being justified. improvements are achieved through multiple testing
Synchronization is meticulously tested to ensure the phases of the collected secondary data, ensuring the
accuracy of outcomes in effective high-capacity system's synchronization. This method of data analysis
transmission systems. Extensive measures are taken to and collection provides a fresh perspective for this
mitigate obstacles in digital signal processing for frequency- research to explore solutions for optical communication
based communication and data transmission systems. These techniques. As a result, the efficient development of the
techniques are employed to precisely modulate and encode OFDM system is facilitated by several research
schemes for error correction while orthogonal frequency recommendations and pieces of evidence.
division multiplexing (OFDM) frequency divisions are
multiplexed. Performance is enhanced through the F. Ethical Considerations
optimization of subcarrier allocation in data transfer, aimed
at minimizing error rates. Thus, thorough research is Maintaining ethical standards is paramount in this study. All
conducted on the systematic design of communication research data is handled discreetly and in compliance with
structures using the OFDM system in the field of optical applicable data protection laws, ensuring confidentiality and
communication. the safety of information. Furthermore, proper citations are
utilized, and intellectual property rights are respected when
E. Data Analysis and Collection Method disseminating findings [26]. Upholding a sense of ethics
across the research process ensures the respectful and
This research project necessitates extensive data collection responsible advancement of knowledge and creativity in the
and meticulous analysis through efficient software field of optical exchanges.
techniques. This methodology involves quantitative
secondary data analysis utilizing the specific tools IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
available in MATLAB and Simulink. The datasets used are A. Critical Analysis
secondary in nature as they are sourced from existing data
repositories. This data analysis is primarily aimed at The examination of optical orthogonal frequency division
facilitating trustworthy optimization methods in multiplexing (OFDM) capabilities in this study is
developing necessary techniques. Pertinent online conducted through simulation using MATLAB software,
repositories are utilized to access the numerical datasets providing a valuable platform for comprehensive analysis
required for this research. The project aims to enhance and evaluation. MATLAB's versatility in system design
understanding of key trends in the latest advancements in and parameter manipulation stands out as a significant
OFDM technologies, utilizing software implementation to advantage. Researchers can easily adjust subcarrier
visually represent the numeric data through spectral separation, modulating schemes, and other critical factors
representation. Errors are scrutinized using advanced to assess their impact on system performance. This
analytics methods in MATLAB to address nonlinearity and adaptability facilitates a thorough exploration of various
oscillations in the communication system. Secondary data scenarios and optimization techniques.
is also gathered to identify various advanced algorithms
aimed at improving the system's performance level.

Fig.7: Block diagram of Optical-OFDM [12]

The execution of essential computations, including

channel equalization, dispersion correction, and
Fig.6: Quantitative Data [13] synchronization, crucial for mitigating the inherent
challenges of Optical OFDM, is streamlined by the
Experiments and surveys are conducted with critical extensive library of processing and communications
attention to detail to ensure precise outcomes aimed at toolbox functions available in MATLAB [27].
enhancing the OFDM system for the development of a Researchers can gain insights into the performance of
highly effective transmission system. Performance optical systems employing OFDM in diverse scenarios

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 446
through the robust simulation and analysis tools provided The base band signal is represented by 𝑥(𝑡) which is a
by MATLAB. function of time and the sum of all subcarriers. It is
expressed as
B. Evidence of practical work
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑𝑁−1
𝑛=0 𝐷𝑛 𝑒
𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑛 𝑡 (2)

where 𝑁 represents the total number of subcarriers, 𝑥(𝑡)

denotes the time-domain signal on Y-axis and 𝑡 is the time
on X-axis.

Fig.8: OFDM simulation model

The OFDM model depicted in the image is utilized for Fig.9 Channel subsystem
simulation purposes, generated through MATLAB. It serves
as a representation of digital communication, incorporating The channel subsystem depicted in the image above serves
various subsystems within the model to simulate the the purpose of simulating how signals propagate. Within
behavior of the OFDM system. The first equation provided this subsystem, there are components such as the
here pertains to subcarrier frequencies, which are evenly convolutional encoder, coded bits, and uncoded bits. It plays
spaced. a crucial role in defining the transmission of signals through
a communication channel, accounting for various effects
Algorithm: Obtain Decimal Number 𝒁 from Indices and distortions.
Sequence 𝑱 Firstly, the channel impulse response is defined herewith a
function called ℎ(𝑡) concerning received signal 𝑟(𝑡) and
1: Input: The binary sequence of 𝑝1 bits, the number transmitted signal 𝑥(𝑡).
of subcarriers 𝑛, the number of active subcarriers 𝑘 Thus, the equation of channel impulse response is defined
2: Initialization: Convert 𝑝1 bits into a decimal by
number
𝑍, 𝑗𝑗 ← 𝑛 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) × ℎ(𝑡) + 𝑛(𝑡) (3)
3: for 𝒊 = 𝒌: − 1 ∶ 1 do
4: repeat where 𝑛(𝑡) is the additive white Gaussian noise and ‘ ∗ ’
5: 𝑗𝑗 ← 𝑗𝑗 − 1 represents convolution operator.
6: ComCoef ← 𝐶 (𝑗𝑗, 𝑖) The equation of channel transfer function is given by:
7: until ComCoef ≤ 𝑍
8: 𝑗𝑖 ← 𝑗𝑗
9: 𝑍 ← 𝑍 − ComCoef
𝐻(𝑓) = 𝐹{ℎ(𝑡)}. (4)
10: end for
11: return array 𝑗𝑖 In above Equation (3), 𝐹 represents the Fourier transform.

The channel equalization compensates the effects of the

Thus, the frequency of the nth subcarrier is given channel and it is represented by
by
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) × 𝑤(𝑡) (5)
𝑓𝑛 = (𝑛⁄𝑇) (1)
where 𝑟(𝑡) represents equalised signal and 𝑤(𝑡) is impulse
where 𝑛 is subcarrier index and 𝑇 represents symbol- response of equalizer.
duration.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 447
 Fig.11: Equalization subsystem
Fig.10 Receiver subsystem
Table.2: Simulation parameters descriptions
The receiving end of the optical link is depicted in the image,
which is utilized to simulate the optical OFDM system. Parameter Description
Within the Simulink model, the Receiver Subsystem 𝑁 Number of scbcarrier in the OFDM
represents the receiving endpoint of the optical link. This system
subsystem encompasses essential components that convert 𝑇 Symbol period (time duration of one
optical impulses into electrical signals, including optically- symbol)
to-electrical converter modules and intricate signal ∆ Subcarrier spacing in the frequency
processing strategies. Collectively, these components domain
facilitate accurate data recovery from transmitted signals. A 𝑥(𝑡) Time domain representation of the
matched filter is employed to enhance the signal-to-noise OFDM signal
ratio (SNR) and detect the presence of the transmitted signal. 𝑋(𝑓) Frequency domain representation of
The impulse response of the matched filter is a time-reversed the OFDM signal
conjugate of the transmitted signal 𝑥(𝑡).
The equation is given by This subsystem aims to achieve the most accurate outcome
by mitigating the effects of channel distortion.
ℎ𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝑥 × (−𝑡) (6) Zero-forcing equalization is employed to counteract the
impact of the channel by inversely adjusting the channel
response. Therefore, the transfer function of the equalizer
where 𝑥 × (−𝑡) represents complex conjugate of 𝑥(𝑡).
corresponds to the inverse of the channel transfer function,
as represented by the following equation:
Thus, the output of the matched filter is given by
𝑊(𝑓) = 1⁄𝐻(𝑓) (9)
𝑦𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) × ℎ𝑚 (𝑡). (7)
Another type of equalization is required to minimize the
Equalized signal for the receiver subsystem is given by mean square error between the transmitted symbols and
equalized output, i.e., MSME. The transfer function 𝑊(𝑓) is
calculated as:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦𝑚 (𝑡) × 𝑤(𝑡) (8)
𝑊(𝑓) = 𝐻 × (𝑓)⁄[|𝐻(𝑓)|2 + (1⁄SNR)] . (10)
The Equalization Subsystem helps in mitigating distortion
that occurs during transmission. It is employed to rectify where 𝐻 × (𝑓) is complex conjugate of channel transfer
signal distortions resulting from the transmission process.
function and SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio
The algorithms within this subsystem are capable of
adapting to changing channel conditions and reducing The Synchronization Subsystem is tasked with addressing
distortion caused by factors such as frequency-selective fade timing and phase synchronization issues that may arise
and multipath interference. during transmission.

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 Fig. 12: Synchronization subsystem

In high-capacity optical communication systems, precise

time synchronization is crucial for accurately extracting data
from complex modulation signals, making this component
essential for enhancing signal reception. The
synchronization subsystem employs a cross-correlation
method between the received signal 𝑟(𝑡) and the generated
symbolic waveform 𝑠(𝑡). The peak of the cross-correlation
function is referred to as the timing offset, and is determined
by the Equation:

𝑇 = arg 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑥 = |∫ 𝑟(𝑡)𝑠 × (𝑡 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑡| (11)

In above Equation, 𝑠 × (𝑡) represents the complex conjugate

of the symbol waveform.
A table is given for describing the synchronization
subsystem with multiple considerations below.

Table.2: Synchronization components and their functions Fig.13: Spectrum scope output

Synchronization Function The image displays the output of the spectrum scope,
Component revealing frequency details along with power spectral
Frame Indicates the start and end of density. It has been observed that, especially in long-
Synchronization OFDM frames and symbols. distance optical transmission scenarios, the higher spectrum
Frequency Offset Estimates and corrects the efficiency of OFDM comes at the cost of increased
carrier frequency offset. susceptibility to phase noise and nonlinearities.
Timing Offset Estimates and corrects the Additionally, it was found that signal integrity across
symbol timing offset. various distances heavily relies on adaptive algorithms
Channel Shows the properties of designed to counteract phase noise [28]. These findings
Estimation channels for equalization. underscore the importance of synchronization techniques
and highlight the necessity of accurate synchronization for
Pilot Signals Utilizes the pilot symbols for
the efficient deployment of optical OFDM. The spectrum
synchronization.
scope output delineates the spectral waveform
characteristics of received signals from OFDM, as
C. Interpretation of results (Governing represented by the equation:
Equations)
𝑆𝑘 = |𝑋(𝑓𝑘 )|2 (12)
This study provides valuable insights into the efficiency and
feasibility of optical multiplexing using orthogonal
frequency division (OFDM) for high-capacity transmission
in optical communication systems. Optical OFDM exhibits
exceptional spectrum utilization in the light domain
compared to conventional RF OFDM, as demonstrated by
the simulations. This capacity stems from its ability to
tightly allocate subcarriers, enhancing its effectiveness in
utilizing the spectrum.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 449
 where 𝑑𝑒𝑙(𝑓) represents frequency offset due to the channel
effects or Doppler shifts, 𝑛(𝑡) is the noise distortion and
𝑑𝑒𝑙(𝑓) is corrected with estimated functions of frequency
recovery algorithms such as PLL.
The demapped signal equation for binary phase-shifting is
given by:
𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 (cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)𝜑) × 𝑟(𝑡) (18)

where 𝑏 is estimate bit value, 𝑟(𝑡) denotes received signal,

𝐴 is signal amplitude, 𝑓𝑐 is Carrier frequency and 𝜑
represents Phase shift.

Demapper equation for Quadrature Amplitude is given by:

𝐼 = arg 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 |𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)|2 . (19)

where 𝐼 is the estimated in-phase component and 𝑖 denotes

symbol index for minimizing the euclidian distance.

Fig.14: Scattered Plot of OFDM

The depiction of the OFDM system illustrates the in-phase

amplitude on one axis (x-axis) and the quadrature part on
another axis (y-axis). Simulations also provided insights
into the effectiveness of Optical OFDM across various
communication scenarios. The technology's adaptability
for large city transport networks and data center links
demonstrates its capability to efficiently handle the
increasing demand for data transmission in modern
communications.

−𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛⁄𝑁
𝑋(𝑘) = 𝑁1 ∑𝑁−1
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 (13)

where 𝑋(𝑘) represents the complemented module

symbols, N shows the overall collected number of sub-
carriers and 𝑥(𝑛) is the symbols of data in time domain. Fig.15: Frequency division representation

2 2𝜋𝑓
𝐻(𝑓) = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽 (14) V. CONCLUSION
where 𝐻(𝑓) represents the frequency results after divergent This study underscores the significance of optical
payment, 𝛽 2 is the velocity of collected groups in divergent "orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)" as a
parameters. transformative method for high-capacity transfer in optical
networked communications [29]. Through extensive
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 ⁄𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 (15) simulations and thorough research, this technology
undergoes a rigorous evaluation revealing both its strengths
and weaknesses. A robust platform for analyzing the
where 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 is the signal power and 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 represents
performance of optical OFDM has been established by
noise power. leveraging MATLAB as a fundamental simulation tool.
With MATLAB's flexibility, various scenarios including
BER = 1⁄(2 × SNR) = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 (2 × SNR) (16) modulation schemes and subcarrier spacing can be
examined to assess their impact on system efficiency.
where 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐 represents error function. It is recommended to conduct large-scale real-world trials to
further validate the findings of the study. These trials should
involve the practical implementation of optical OFDM in
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑑𝑒𝑙(𝑓))𝑡 + 𝜑) + 𝑛(𝑡) (17) optical networked communications to evaluate its
performance under diverse conditions and confirm the

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2024, 12(12s), 442-453 | 450
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