CHAPTER 1
SOLUTIONS
LECTURE—1
LECTURE—2
LECTURE—3
LECTURE—4
LECTURE—5
LECTURE—6
Aspect Molarity Formality
Definition Moles of solute (actual chemical Formula units (total mass of
species) per liter of solution compound) per litre of solution
Applicable to Molecular and ionic compounds Primilarly for ionic compounds
that dissociate in solution
Changes with Changes of the solute dissociate Does not change ; counts the total
Dissociation? (like NaCl Na+ + Cl- ) formula mass even if it dissociates
Molarity of NaCl means moles Formality of NaCl means the total
Example(NaCl) of NaCl that actually remain as moles of NaCl you added ,
Na+ + Cl- regardless of dissociation
LECTURE—7
LECTURE—8
LECTURE—9
(Q4) If the total vapour pressure of the liquid mixture A and B is given by the equation : P = 180 XA + 90 then the ratio of
the vapour pressure of the pure liquids A and B is given by :
(A)3:2
(B)4:1
(C)3:1
(D)6:2
(Q5) The vapour pressure of ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol are 45mm and 90mm. An ideal solution is formed at the
same temperature by mixing 60g of C2H5OH with 40g of CH3OH. Total vapour pressure of the solution is approximately
(A) 70 mm
(B) 35 mm
(C) 67 mm
(D) 140 mm
(Q6) Liquids A and B form ideal solution for all compositions of A and B at 25°C. Two such solutions with 0.25 and 0.50
mole fractions of A have the total vapor pressures of 0.3 and 0.4 bar, respectively. What is the vapor pressure of pure liquid
B in bar?
(Q7) The vapour pressures of A and B at 25°C are 90 mm Hg and 15 mm Hg respectively. If A and B are mixed such that the
mole fraction of A in the mixture is 0.6, then the mole fraction of B in the vapour phase is x x 10-1. The value of x is
(Nearest Integer)
(Q8) A gaseous mixture of two substances A and B, under a total pressure of 0.8 atm is in equilibrium with an ideal liquid
solution. The mole fraction of substance A is 0.5 in the vapour phase and 0.2 in the liquid phase. The vapour pressure of
pure liquid A is atm . (Nearest Integer)
(Q9) The vapour pressure of two volatile liquids A and B at 25°C are 50 Torr and 100 Torr, respectively. If the liquid mixture
contains 0.3 mole fraction of A, then the mole fraction of liquid B in the vapour phase is x/17. The value of x is
(Q10) The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm and 700 mm of Hg respectively at 350 K. Find out the
composition of the liquid if total vapour pressure as 600 mm of Hg. Also, find the composition in vapour phase?
(Q11) Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of these beakers, labelled "A", was filled with 400mL water whereas
the beaker labelled "B" was filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the same temperature both the beakers were
placed in closed containers of same material and same capacity as shown in figure. At a given temperature, which of the
following statement is correct about the vapour pressure of pure water and that of NaCl solution.
(A)vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in container (B).
(B)vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in container (B).
(C)vapour pressure is equal in both the containers.
(D)vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour pressure in container (A)
(Q12) The Total pressure observed by mixing two liquid A and B is 350 mm Hg when their mole fractions are 0.7 and 0.3
respectively. The total pressure becomes 410 mm Hg if the mole fractions are changed to 0.2 and 0.8 respectively for A and
B. The vapour pressure of pure A is mm Hg (Nearest Integer) .Consider the liquid and solution behave ideally.
(Q13) Two liquids, A and B have the same molecular weights and form an ideal solution. The solution of composition x has
the vapour pressure 700 mm Hg at 80°C. The above solution is distilled without reflux till 3/4 of the solution is collected
as condensate. The composition of the condensate is x'= 0.75 and that of residue is x = 0.3. If the vapour pressure of the
residue at 80°C is 600 mm Hg, calculate x ,P , P .
LECTURE—10
Distillation
Case Of Evaporation
The vapour pressure of two pure liquids, A and B, which form an ideal solution are 300 and 800 torr respectively, at temperature T. A liquid solution of A and B for which the mole
fraction of A is 0.60 is contained in a cylinder closed by a piston on which the pressure can be varied. The solution is slowly vaporized at temperature T by decreasing the applied
pressure, starting with a pressure of about 1atm. Calculate
A The pressure at which the first bubble of vapour is formed
B The composition of the vapour in this bubble
C The composition of the last droplet, and
D The pressure when only this last droplet of liquid remains.
Case Of Condensation
The vapour pressure of two pure liquids, A and B that form an ideal solution are 300 and 800 torr respectively, at temperature T. A
mixture of the vapours of A and B for which the more fraction of A is 0.25 is slowly compressed at temperature T. Calculate
A The composition of the first drop of the condensate
B The total pressure when this drop is formed
C The composition of the solution whose normal boiling point is T
D The pressure when only the last bubble of vapour remains, and
E The composition of the last bubble.
LECTURE— 11
Mixture Of Two Volatile Liquids Both Are Immscible
Ideal Solution
LECTURE— 12
Conditions for Ideal Solution
Pressure composition curve for ideal solution
Distillation of an Ideal Solution of liquid A and liquid B
Non-Ideal Solution
Positive Deviation
Negative Deviation
LECTURE— 13
Pressure Composition Curve For Non-Ideal Solutions
Distillation of an Ideal Solution of liquid A and liquid B
Pressure-Composition Curve For a Strongly Positive Deviated Solution
Azeotropic Mixture
Minimum Boiling Azeotropes
Maximum Boiling Azeotropes
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure (RLVP)
LECTURE— 14
Oswalt-Walker Experiment
Elevation in Boiling Point
Depression in Freezing Point
LECTURE— 15
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Confusion Summary: O–H···N vs O–H···O
You asked why O–H···N is usually stronger than O–H···O,but in phenol–phenol, O–H···O is stronger than in phenol–aniline, where O–H···N happens.
General Rule (Isolated Groups): O–H···N > O–H···O
Because nitrogen has more available lone pairs (less electronegative)
Better lone pair donation
But in Real Molecules (Phenol vs Aniline):
In phenol–phenol, both oxygens have free lone pairs strong O–H···O hydrogen bonding.
In phenol–aniline, nitrogen’s lone pair is delocalized into the benzene ring due to resonance, so it's less available for bonding.
Final Verdict:
Even though O–H···N is generally stronger, in phenol and aniline, the H-bond O–H···O (phenol–phenol) is stronger because aniline’s N has reduced lone pair availability due to resonance.
