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Oxfear:
Learner's
HESA .\URUS
synonyms

ED-ROM - Thesaurus Traineen|

Guide to Thesaurus Entries
headword part of speech
the most frequent synonym in some words have separate entries for different parts of speech, for example
the group work noun and work verb. Entries for different parts of speech always follow
each other in this order: noun, verb, adjective.

fast adj. See also the entry for QUICK

|r
TD,ee 5 a

fast - quick - high-speed - brisk + supersonic + express

These words all describe things and people moving or doing synonym group
general definition things with speed. the synonyms of the headwo!
the general meaning of listed in order of frequency
all the words in this group
fast high-speed supersonic
quick express
synonym scale
’ brisk
ee) shows all the words in the
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
patterns and » to be fast/ quick at doing sth group in order of strength,
coliocations > a fast/supersonic speed from the weakest to the
shows the prepositions, » a fast/ quick/ brisk movement/ pace/ walk/ run strongest
> quick/ brisk footsteps
structures and words that » a fast/ quick reader/ worker/learner/ rhythm
typically combine with > a fast/ a high-speed/ an express train/ link
two or more synonyms > a fast/ high-speed computer/ modem
in the group > a fast/ an express bus/ coach/ lane
» very/ quite/ fairly fast/ quick/ brisk
fast moving or able to move with speed; able to do sth with
individual synonyms speed; producing or allowing fast movement: She loves
each word in the group, in driving fast cars. © Are you a fast reader with the ability to
order of frequency, hasa retain the key points? © These are complex programs needing
very large and fast computers. © It’s a very fast road and
mini-entry of its own, with
people do not realise what speed they are doing. Ga slow
all the information you > SLOW
need on meaning and use > fast adv.: Don’t drive so fast! © I can’t go any faster. derivative ‘
quick moving or doing sth fast: He’s a very quick worker. ©
The kids were quick to learn. © She was quick (= too quick)
aword from the same family, | b
to point out the mistakes I'd made. © Her quick hands sud- with a different part of speech
denly stopped moving. © Try to be quick! We're late already.
Dag slow > sLow opposite
> quickly adv: She walked away quickly.
tells you the opposite of this;
eS
FAST OR QUICK? East is the usual word when you are word, and which entry to go
note talking about travelling, especially ini a vehicle: e-qiiek
to in order to find out more’
compares and contrasts earread © 4 A person who is able to
do sth with speed may be fast or quick: a fast/quick about this opposite and its —
two or three words from
reader/worker/runner/thinker/learner/brain. However, synonyms
the group to help you
fast is Nor used in other expressions when sb does sth in
understand exactly what a short time: Fre-kidssrerefastietearn: © Fryete-be fast!
the differences are Weretate already: See also the entry for QUICK
cross-reference
grammar and ,high-‘speed [usually before noun] that travels, works or
happens very fast: We are talking about a network of mod-
tells you about another
usage labels word or entry in the
ern highways, high-speed trains, airports and air routes.
see pages 1006-7 for a full There should be a large market for cheap high-speed modems. thesaurus, that is
list of labels and what © A police officer was injured during a high-speed chase connected with this one
they mean across two counties.
brisk moving fast, especially on foot: We went for a brisk
walk before ag © They set off at a brisk pace.
down the street.
pronunciation supersonic is su:pa'sonik; sju:-; AmE suzper'sa:nik/ faster
than the speed of sound: Until then, no aircraft was capable
is given for more difficult of supersonic flight.
words (see page 1008 for express [only before noun] travelling very fast; sent or done
more information) very quickly: An express coach runs once an hour from the
airport. © We provide express delivery services seven days a
week. @ Express is used to talk about transport and other
services. e note
gives extra information
about one particular word |

For a more detailed guide to using entries, see the Thesaurus Trainer on pages vili—xvi.
 Oxford
- Learner’s
Thesaurus
a dictionary of synonyms

Chief Editor Diana Lea

Editors Jennifer Bradbery
Richard Poole
Helen Warren

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Printed in China
 CONTENTS
inside front cover Guide to Thesaurus Entries

-v_ Preface

vi Introduction

viii-xvi Thesaurus Trainer

1-870 The Thesaurus

871-887 Study Pages
872 Arts and Entertainment
874 Customs and Traditions
876 Green Issues
878 Descriptions
880 Friends and Relationships
882 Workand Jobs
884 Language and Communication
886 Travel and Tourism

888-901 Topic Maps and Exercises

888 Education
890 Health
892 Sport and Leisure
894 The Individual and Society
896 Conflict
898 Fact and Opinion
900 The Media

903-912 Topic Index

913-920 Key to Thesaurus Trainer,

Study Pages and Exercises

921-1003 Alphabetical Index

1004 Irregular verbs

1006 Abbreviations and labels

1008 Pronunciation and phonetic symbols

 een
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tose
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by , Heo
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+
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Ne Shaya PR iibik ag Sx eae ruaaedtT 1 3 shine” witsIRE shatayt
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a
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: Pri AE BR
Mee SRP ae
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cte, ili,
P f ’ : > i tapers pxrt aha Pe wach +23 areas.
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AER, . aay
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pat. One ae fe
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tinea noe
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ioe yi hapigen ye RRO Nich oT aia protease
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ad oth pies at teed i ae is rics eye
ptesyrh eae 3© ters Ho) re pv al
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= LE sa Prec »
> raged
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SR at Hie ae eee Sica ac — eae rig yee
i: eee stars
Yaga ayewrans ater CE aii
int 4 withinl uaepa eamh y Hae eC) ‘a aH
oto8 ipPoul,
Ue SS, eter iyeeteyinnisiaes ti elegy vee
bien
; ; 5 35 aa Reece ia: aaa mate
Soo banetng bility Loe oieaieiad eS '
ae oe cag ies opemnnsthy,Hine glans
ee ‘npplsuture Sach wony i rypaiees cageeae3 peacotay,oligobrid = Bie > Jeietiony, RN, He
S = fag
tea pees Se A He BO as en aie pe RAG aa. Toren, 4
Sandiaer site See eo ne salbotinat SoyCay <5 ete, tackobenaaetion
to PipaSear aes = ae pvt pe ahme raiaab tal * come rd parish when
a Dicrscnataainecatill (a tele prt
% RR Marg) <n ay2 ab stint we oe iN
- fie est de taper SURE LPB Tenant - C 4g ah a o
| on CEshat ihd Li patina ts SP Ri eg a be S2 > 2% = : pian es, Aho ta
pees a! Bake ee et titan aie eee eee ee ;
_ TAR pai a aa S
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PREFACE
‘More help with synonyms’ has been one of the most
frequent requests from students and teachers to us
as lexicographers at Oxford University Press. To give
genuine help with synonyms we need to do more
than just list them; we need to explain exactly when
one word can substitute for another and when it
cannot. We therefore conceived of a dictionary—ora
learner’s thesaurus — that would do exactly that, and
which would be aimed at refining and expanding the
active vocabulary of learners at upper-intermediate
level and above. For an account of the principles and
methodology behind the selection and presentation
of synonyms in this thesaurus, please see the
introduction that follows.
The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus — a dictionary of
synonyms is the result of many years of research,
experiment and concentrated work by a large
number of people. I would first like to thank the
small but dedicated team of editors who worked
with me on the project: Jennifer Bradbery, Richard
Poole and Helen Warren. I am also grateful to Frank
Keenan and his team for managing the technical
side of things. And I should like to acknowledge
Moira Runcie, whose brainchild the Oxford Learner’s
Thesaurus was, and who has been a support and an
inspiration throughout.
Penny Stock created the framework for
assigning words to areas of meaning and
drawing up the synonym groups. The following
lexicographers worked on compiling the entries:
Andrew Delahunty, Penny Hands, Tim McLeish,
Julie Moore, Stella O’Shea and Daryl Tayar.
Daniel Barron, Lisa Isenman, Karen Stern and
Ashley Wagner were American English consultants.
Finally, thanks are due to the many students and
teachers in different countries who have assisted
with piloting and research through all stages of the
project. It is the input from learners and dictionary
users that has enabled us, I believe, to produce the
thesaurus that best meets learners’ needs.

Diana Lea
December 2007
INTRODUCTION S2 22
22 eee
What is a learner’s thesaurus?
According to the Oxford Dictionary of English a It is often said that there are no absolute synonyms
thesaurus is ‘a book that lists words in groups of in English: that there is always some difference of
synonyms and related concepts’. It is typically used nuance, register or collocation, that makes one word
by someone who is writing and cannot quite think of choice better, or at least different, from another. These
the right word to use. The person looks up a word differences may be very slight; they may not matter in
with nearly the right meaning and is offered a list of every context. But it is a frustrating experience for
other words to choose from. learners at any level to be prevented from saying
Language learners need synonyms too. They exactly what they mean by lack of the appropriate
need to be able to express themselves in more vocabulary. And as learners progress with their
precise and interesting ways. They need to choose English it becomes increasingly important for them to
language of an appropriate register for the context. be aware of the nuances of words, to be sure that the
But the needs of learners when consulting a meaning conveyed to the reader or listener is the one
thesaurus are actually much more complex than that was intended.
those of native or expert speakers of the language. Therefore we designed a new kind of thesaurus:
Native speakers have a large bank of language a learner’s thesaurus. It does not just offer lists of
stored in their brains; the thesaurus, for them, is synonyms, but is a true dictionary of synonyms.
simply a means of accessing this information. It Words of similar meaning are grouped together,
reminds them of words that they already know but as ina thesaurus, but they are also given definitions
cannot bring to mind. Their chief requirement from and example sentences, and grammar and usage
a thesaurus is that it should offer as wide a choice as information, as in a learner’s dictionary. Words
possible. The New Oxford Thesaurus of English gives within each group are compared and contrasted,
37 different words for fast as an adjective, but in terms of their meanings, use and collocations,
that is all it gives: no definitions, minimal usage in special notes that pinpoint the exact differences
information and no way of distinguishing between between them. There are over 17,000 synonyms
the words on offer. and opposites explained in these pages, whichis a
Language learners, on the other hand, need not large number of words and expressions for anyone’s
only range but depth. They need tolearnnewwords; active vocabulary. (It has been estimated that
and they also need to be able to choose more English native-speaking university graduates know
effectively between words that they have met before, around 20,000 word families, but that includes both
where their knowledge of the exact meaning and active and passive vocabulary.) However, the entry
usage of the words was previously incomplete. They structure of this thesaurus has been carefully designed
need a thesaurus that will not only enable them to to enable learners to find the precise information they
access information, but will also teach them things. want as quickly and easily as possible.
:

How are synonyms presented in the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus?

In the course of researching and compiling the In the case of words with more than one meaning,
Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus we established a number — we of course counted the frequency only of the
of principles governing the information that should relevant meaning in each case. We used corpora of
be included and how it should be presented. This written and spoken British and American English,
thesaurus is intended to help learners at upper- plus a corpus of business English.) Less frequent
intermediate level and above with their writing and words were rejected. The aim was to present learners
speaking in English. This means that all the words with manageable groups of between three and ten
and expressions included are such as might synonyms. In a few cases the upper limit was
reasonably form part ofa learner’s active vocabulary. extended to twelve; a few entries present just a pair
How did we decide whether or not a word qualified of synonyms, when there simply was nota third
for inclusion? Synonym groups were based around synonym to add to the number.
key words, mostly drawn from a 3,000-word core The frequency ranking was also used to order the
vocabulary for learners. As many synonyms as synonyms within the entries. The idea was that
possible were gathered for each key word. The words __ learners still at upper-intermediate level could focus
in each group were then ordered according to on the more frequent and general words near the top
frequency across a range of corpora. (Acorpus, inthis of the entry; more advanced learners could skip
context, is a database of millions of words ofrunning __ straight to the less well-known expressions near the
English text, from which it is possible call up, view bottom. Consultation with teachers and practical
and count all occurrences of any given word, in research with students showed how important
context. This makes it possible to establish the it was for learners to be able to find what they want
overall frequency of any word within the corpus. quickly, without always having to read through the
 INTRODUCTION Vii

whole entry. The list of synonyms at the top of each The difference in wording means something: it
entry serves as a menu. Within the body of the entry, signals a slight but distinct difference in meaning
each synonym is treated separately. The main or use, which will usually be reflected in the choice
definition for each word is kept as short as possible. of example sentences. The definitions and examples
Examples are carefully chosen to show the most for gift and present in the entry for gift are a good
typical and distinctive usage patterns. Essential example of this. It was not our intention, however,
grammar and usage information precedes each to make learners puzzle over the differences
definition, in the form of short codes and labels. between two very similar definitions. With very close
These will already be familiar to users of the synonyms the individual definitions and examples
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, but they are are backed up by a note in a tinted box, which
explained on the pages 1006-7 just inside the back explicitly compares and contrasts two or more
cover of this book. Irregular plurals are given, but synonyms in terms of meaning, register, collocation
irregular forms of verbs are listed in the table on and whatever else may distinguish them. Again,
pages 1004-5. The aim was to keep the entries as there is a typical example on ‘Gift or present?’ in the
far as possible uncluttered by information on form, entry for gift. Notes preceded by an @ symbol, on the
in order to enable learners to focus more easily on other hand, give extra information about one
meaning, register and collocation. particular word or expression.
The definitions in the entries have to work hard, For amore detailed survey of all the elements
conveying as much meaning as possible, clearly, in an entry, see the Guide to the Entries inside
in as few words as possible. When two close the front cover, and the Thesaurus Trainer,
synonyms have definitions that are nearly which also includes lots of practical examples
the same, but not quite, this is not an accident. and exercises.

How to use the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus

The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus can be used in Thesaurus Trainer give detailed instructions
anumber of different ways. It is expected that on how to use the index.
the most frequent uses will be to find a synonym It is also possible to search the thesaurus by
for a particular word, and to check on the exact topic, if, for example, you are interested in building
differences between two particular words. vocabulary in a particular topic area. The Topic Index
Entries are ordered alphabetically by headword, lists entries under 30 different topics. Further help
the headword being the most frequent word in with building and using topic vocabulary is provided
each synonym group. To find any word or by the Topic Maps, with accompanying exercises.
expression in any entry (whether it is the The Study Pages offer practice in a variety of topic
headword or not), use the alphabetical index areas through a number of different tasks, aimed
at the back of the book. The first two pages of the especially at students preparing for exams.

The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus CD-ROM

The accompanying CD-ROM contains the full text of enables you to create your own topics, using any of
the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus. The information in the entries from the thesaurus. The Topic Maps are
the thesaurus is even more accessible on CD-ROM: available in full colour and give you instant access
just key in the word, choose from the index menu to the related entries. All the study material from
and it will take you straight to the entry you need. the printed book is included as PDFs that you can
Navigating around entries is also even easier: you print out, write on, photocopy and use with classes.
can click straight from the list of synonyms at the In addition, the CD-ROM contains over 250 extra
top of the entry to the word or expression that short practice exercises testing word choice,
interests you. The split screen feature enables you opposites, register and pragmatics, each focusing
to look at two different parts of the same entry, or on a different entry. The Games module offers a
two different entries, at the same time. You can more light-hearted approach to practising
choose to hide or reveal the collocation information synonyms.
and notes, depending on whether you want a quick Allin all, the book and CD-ROM together offer
overview of the synonyms or an in-depth analysis. a complete guide to using, practising and teaching
You can also choose to see extra example sentences English synonyms. It is hoped that this thesaurus
for many of the synonyms. You can add your own will be of use not only to language students, but
notes and translations to any of the entries. You can also to teachers preparing classes, as well as to
print out any of the entries, or cut and paste from translators and people writing in English for
entries into your own documents. academic purposes: in fact to anyone wishing to
The ‘Topics’ feature offers quick access to all the improve their own, or their students’, fluency and
entries from the 30 topics; the ‘My Topics’ feature precision in written and spoken English.
SN THESAURUS TRAINER Sennen
These pages explain how the Oxford Learner’s There are exercises on each page to practise
Thesaurus works. They will show you how looking up words and extracting information
to find the right entry, and then how to from entries. The key to these exercises starts
find your way around that entry so that you —on page 913. See also the quick Guide to
can find exactly the information you need. Thesaurus Entries inside the front cover.

Finding the Right Entry

The Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus contains over Accusation, on the other hand, is one of the
17,000 words and expressions in over 2,000 = synonyms in the entry at charge noun:
entries. In order to find a particular word
you first need to know which entry it is in. charge noun
All the words and expressions are listed in charge « accusation - indictment + impeachment -
the alphabetical index on pages 921-1003. recrimination
These are all words for a claim that sb has done sth wrong
Here, for example, you can [accurate adj. or is guilty of sth. Y

see that accuse verb is in the | 3 -cication noun

> EXACT

entry Y at accuse. This means | > “HaRce : : :

accuse verb | A Look up the following words in the index.
that it is the most important | > : ; : ‘
and frequent word at in “ its 5 ae
accustomed
Gate tO La to adj. | In which entries will you find them?
synonym group and is the ache noun ;
headword of the entry: pith aumpeseod I inI become verb
acclise vas 2 calendar noun

accuse - charge + prosecute - indict - impeach - cite : 3 da ring noun

These words all mean to say that sb has done sth wrong or
committed a crime and must appear in court. Q 4 darin ga dj.

More than One Meaning

Accurate, accusation and accuse each have B Look up the index entry for fix verb. In
just one meaning and appear in just one entry. which entry will you find synonyms of
Some words, however, such as act noun, have fix in the meaning used in each of the
more than one meaning, and each meaning following sentences?
has a different set of synonyms. Act appears in 1 Can | fix you a sandwich?
four different entries, with a different meaning
in each entry.
: : 2 We need to fix a time when we can meet.
The index entry for act shows the four entries
that it appears in (action, performance,
pretence and rule). It also gives a short 3 The chairs were all fixed to the floor.
example to show
act noun
which meaning of > ACTION (an act of kindness)
4 This should fix it. Let me know if you
> PERFORMANCE (a Circus act)
act is treated in > PRETENCE (put on an act) have any more problems.
> RULE (the Higher Education Act) i
each entry.

Very Frequent Words

Some very frequent words, such as get, in each of two or more groups. Thus, the
give, go and good, not only have more than entry for get begins with a brief menu that
one meaning, each with a different set of shows the five different meanings of get that
synonyms, but are the most important word are treated in this entry with their synonyms:
EES
ae
get verb _ C Find the entry and synonym group that
1
2
get tickets/a job/some sleep
get a letter/shock
| —_includes the bold words in each of the
3 Go and get help. | following sentences. You will need to
4 We got there at 9. look for the base form of the word (for
5 get the bus
example bring not ‘brought’, man not
1 See also the entry for GAIN 1 ‘men’). There is a table of irregular verbs
get - obtain - acquire - take + pick sth up - take sth out+ |
get hold of sth ; on pages 1004-1005.
These words all mean to do sth in order to make sure you |
have sth. } 1 This fruit has a sharp flavour.
entry number.

In the index, numbers receive verb 2 Are you sure the branch will hold your
> GET2 (receive a letter)
are used to show > au oe as an hon- | weight?
; oured guest
which SYNONYM 8roup | y haves are attention) \ entry number
j
is meant jIn entries
j > LET SB IN
Church) (be received into the
|
that have more > RESPOND (well received by 3 Jo led the way and we all followed.
critics
than one.
entry number
Different meanings of receive are treated
in the second synonym group in the entry 4 Do you play any musical instruments?
for get, and the third synonym group in the entry number
entry for have, as well as in the entries for
greet, let sb in and respond.

Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

Phrasal verbs are goal noun Idioms and phrases are listed under the
often very important Fag
go along with phrasal verb |
main words in the idiom or phrase, so
as synonyms and are > AGREE2 that pay attention is listed at pay verb and
given equal status with | 89.2round Phrasal verb attention noun, and think twice is listed at
all other verbs. They go away phrasal verb think and twice:
+ : : » GO AWAY
are listed in the index, | goback phrasal verb
think verb
in alphabetical order
1 H
addi Vataites
> RETURN1
> THINK (I think it looks good.)
> CONSIDER (I'll think about it.)
with all the other > BREAK4 > EXPECT (It took longer than we
go-between noun thought.)
synonyms. > NEGOTIATOR > IMAGINE (Just think how nice it
would be.) }
> think twice HESITATE

D Look up these phrasal verbs in the index.

In which entries will you find them? E Look up these phrases and idioms in the
index. In which entries will you find them?
1 Give it some more thought. I’m sure
you'll come up with something. 1 It’s a pleasant way to earn a living.

2 Can we go over the procedure one more 2 We can all play a part in protecting the
time? environment.

3 If you’re not sure what it means, look it 3 That noise is driving me mad.
up in the dictionary.
4 He suddenly lost his temper with
4 It’s not fair. I’m always getting told off. them all.
COTA eee
The Synonym Groups
All the words and expressions within entries word to use in particular contexts.
are listed in order according to how frequent A Look up the entry for fabric and find
they are in English. three synonyms. Which is the most
At the top of each entry you will see a list frequent? Which is the least frequent?
of synonyms. The first word in each entry is B Look at this group of synonyms. Can you
the one that is used most frequently overall guess the frequency order? Put them ina
across a range of contexts (in written and list according to how frequent you think
spoken English; in British and American they are.
English; in general and business English). All
the other synonyms in the group are then ! bright
also given in order of frequency. 2 brilliant
This means that you will find the most 3 intelligent
frequent and important words and 4 clever
expressions near the top of the entry. Lower 5 smart
down the entry you will find less frequent
and less familiar words and expressions. Now look up the entry for intelligent and
However, one of these may be the best see if you were right.

The General Definition

Synonyms are grouped together into one These are all words for a position doing
entry because they all share the same general work for which you receive regular
meaning. For example the intelligent payment.
synonyms all describe people who are good These are all words for the extra effort or
at learning. This meaning is given straight work involved in doing sth, especially sth
after the list of synonyms. You can use this that is hard to do.
definition to check that you have looked up
i job, position, post, vacancy, opening,
the right entry: is this the general meaning
appointment
that you want to express?
ii difficulty, trouble, job, hassle, bother
C Match each general definition with the
right group of synonyms — i, ii or iii. iiitask, work, duty, mission, job, business,
housework, chore
1 These are all words for a piece of work
that sb has to do.

Synonym Scales
Some synonyms in a group express an idea think they express the idea of liking sth.
or feeling more strongly than others. This is like love be fond of sth |
shown in entries by a synonym scale. The be keen on sth adore go for sth
‘weakest’ synonyms in the group are shown
on the left, and the arrow points through the you like sth
‘medium-strength’ synonyms towards the
‘strongest’ synonyms on the right:
you like sth very much
a SSSae
possibility prospect probability
chance likelihood you like sth very much indeed
odds

D Put the following synonyms into the table Now look at the synonym scale at the entry
below, depending on how strongly you for like and see if you were right.
eS
aa ee
Patterns and Collocations
Words that have the same general meaning e aplan/programme/policy to do sth
sometimes also combine with other words in (= followed by the same grammatical
a similar way. They may be followed by the structure)
same preposition or the same grammatical e an economic plan/programme/policy
structure: these are the patterns they (= adjective + noun collocation)
take. Or they may combine with the same
e to develop a plan/programme/policy
adjectives, nouns, verbs and adverbs: these
(= verb + noun collocation)
are their collocations.
Sometimes, however, words have the same
Consider, for example, the following
general meaning, but they have different
synonyms:
patterns and collocations. For example:
pian programme policy
e a policy on sth (NOT plan/programme)
You can Say:
° apolitical programme (NOT plan/policy)
e aplan/programme/policy for sth
You can find all this information in the
(= followed by the same preposition)
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS in each entry.

A Look at the prepositions and structures in Correct any errors in the sentences below.
the PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS section from Some sentences do not have any errors,
the entry for choose. Correct any errors in and sometimes more than one answer is
the sentences below. Some sentences do possible.
not have any errors, and sometimes more 1 It was pure fortune that we met like
than one answer is possible. that.
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 2 What a strange coincidence!
» to choose/ select /pick/ single out A from B
» to choose/ select/ pick/ decide between A and/or B 3 Do you believe in fate?
» to choose/select/pick/opt for/go for/single out/adopt sb/sth
as sb/ sth 4 \It would be tempting luck not to take an
» to choose/ select/ pick/ single out sb/ sth for sb/ sth
» to choose/select/pick/opt for/go for/single out/adopt sb/sth umbrella.
to do sth fi

» to choose/ decide/ opt to do sth C For each of the sentences below, delete
» to pick/ single sb/ sth out
any synonyms that do not fit the pattern
1 Students can choose from a wide range or collocation that is being used. Use the
of courses. PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS sections from
2 They had to opt between two different the entries in SMALL CAPS to help you.
candidates for the job. 1 We have a hectic schedule/agenda/
3 He was picked out as the best player. programme this afternoon.
SCHEDULE noun
4 Some workers selected to take a pay cut
rather than lose their jobs. 2 You may find it hard to change your
habits/ways/rules. HABIT
B Look at the adjective and verb collocations
3 She got/obtained/acquired a reputation
in the PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS section
for being lazy. GET 1
from the entry for luck.
4 Taking photographs is strictly banned/
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
» by ...luck/ chance/ coincidence/ accident
prohibited/forbidden. BAN verb
» It’s no coincidence/ accident that...
» pure/ sheer luck/ chance/ coincidence/ accident
5 He sat back, a satisfied/content/
> good / bad/ ill luck/ fortune contented smile on his face. HAPPY
> a/an happy/ unfortunate/strange chance/ coincidence/
accident 6 It really hurts/aches/stings when you do
» to bring sb good/ bad luck/ fortune
» to have the ... luck/ fortune to do sth
that. HURT 2
» to leave sth to chance/ fate/ providence
» to believe in luck/ coincidenc es /destiny /providence
/fate
» to tempt fate/providence
nN
i
The Individual Synonyms
The entry now takes each individual meaning, grammar, register and use.
synonym, in order of frequency, and gives Mini-entries include example sentences,
each a mini-entry of its own, including and sometimes special collocations are
all the information that you need about highlighted in bold.

Meaning
Look at the entry for discussion on page 209 1 A chance discussion/conversation \ed to a
and read the mini-entries for discussion and brilliant new career for the young scientist.
conversation. 2 She could hear him over the buzz of
A Which of these two words, discussion or discussion/conversation and \aughter.
conversation, is more frequent? 3 The company has been in discussion/
B What is the difference in meaning between conversation with companies in Italy and
the two words? Greece.
C Choose the best word, discussion or 4 The two governments are to hold
conversation, for each of these sentences: discussions/conversations on the border
issue.

Grammar
Grammar information is given in square ¢ to reject a plan
brackets before the definition. For example, ¢ to refuse sth as too costly
verbs can be labelled [I] (intransitive — takes
° to refuse to accept sth
no object), [T] (transitive — takes an object)
or both: [T, !] or [I, T]. ¢ to reject sth in favour of sth else
refuse [I, T] to say that you will not do sth that sb has ° to refuse sb permission
asked you to do, or that you do not want sth that has
been offered to you; to decide not to accept or consider The grammatical structures and prepositions
sth; to say that you will not give sb sth that they want or
need: Go on, ask her. She can hardly refuse. © She refused are shown in bold, ‘either in the PATTERNS AND
to accept that there was a problem. © He flatly refused to COLLOCATIONS section, or within the example
discuss the matter. © We invited her to the wedding but she
refused. } The job offer was simply too good to refuse. © The sentences for that verb.
government has refused all demands for a public enquiry. ©
They refused him a visa. © She would never refuse her kids
anything. Ma agree > AGREE 2, accept > TAKE 5, See also E Choose the correct word, refuse or reject,
refusal > REFUSAL for each of these sentences:

reject [T] to decide or say that you will not accept or

1 All our suggestions were refused/rejected
consider sth; to decide not to accept sb for a job or as ‘useless’.
position: He urged the committee to reject the plans. © The
proposal was rejected as too costly. © I’ve been rejected by 2 Gerard flatly refused/rejected to
all the colleges I applied to. @@J approve > AGREE 2,
accept + LET SB IN cooperate. .

3 She offered to help and it seemed

D Which of these two verbs, refuse or reject, churlish to refuse/reject.
cannot be used without an object? 4 You surely wouldn’t refuse/reject me this
simple favour?
The object of a verb can be a noun, a noun
phrase or a clause; some verbs can take both For a full list of grammar labels for nouns,
a direct and an indirect object; some can verbs and adjectives, and what they mean,
combine with a particular preposition. For see page 1007.
example:
 TRAINER Ea
Register
Sometimes words can be close in meaning, everyday conversation. A synonym may have
but different in register: that is, one of the a register label before its definition. If there
words is more formal or informal than the is no label, the word is neither formal nor
other. Often it is important to choose a informal and can usually be used in a wide
word of the right level of formality for the range of situations.
context, for example academic writing or

F Look up the entry for popular and complete this table with the synonyms in the entry:
slang (= very informal rather neither formal |rather formal |formal
informal) informal nor informal

G For each of the sentences below, choose Register labels can also show whether a
the synonym that best matches the word is used only or especially in spoken or
register of the sentence. Look at the written English. In general, informal words
entries in SMALL CAPS to help you. are used more in speech, and formal words
more in writing, but this is not always the
1 Yuk! What an odour/a stink! ODOUR
case. For example, some words are used
2 You might be entitled to get/receive mainly in writing (especially in stories)
compensation. GET 2 without actually being formal:
3 This is a desirable/hot property in an
Her face was white with fury.
exclusive residential district. POPULAR
And some expressions are used mainly in
> All that sugary stuff is really damaging/
formal speech:
bad for you. HARMFUL
| beg your pardon. | must have the wrong
ol Don’t buy stuff from the street traders
room.
— you'll get defrauded/ripped off.
DEFRAUD For a full list of register labels and what they
mean, see page 1006.

Use
Some words are used only or especially In which particular subject areas or fields
in British or American English. Some are of activity might you hear or use the
used mainly in a particular field of study or following words?
activity, for example business or journalism. 1 impact verb AFFECT
Some words show a particular attitude, 2 estate noun LEGACY
either of approval or disapproval. All these 3 rupture verb EXPLODE
restrictions on use are shown by labels 4 mass noun WEIGHT
before the definition. J Are the following words approving or
disapproving? For each one find another
H The following words are British or
word that has the same basic meaning but
especially British. What words could you
shows a more negative/positive attitude.
use in American English? Look up the
1 cramped adj. CRAMPED
entries in SMALL CAPS to help you.
2 innocence noun IGNORANCE
1 pip noun GRAIN
3 cultured adj. INTELLECTUAL 2
2 burgle verb ROB
4 solitude noun PRIVACY
3 scruffy adj. SCRUFFY
4 packet noun PACKET For a full list of style and usage labels and
what they mean, see page 1006.

nn nner
en
Lee AINE! eeeee
Examples
Every synonym has one or more example B Some of these sentences are correct,
sentences, which show how the word is most but some contain a wrong choice of
commonly used. In particular a synonym’s word. Use information from the example
examples show the patterns and contexts sentences in the entries in SMALL CAPS to
where this is the only or best word to use, help you correct the sentences that are
and none of the other synonyms in the wrong.
group will do as well. Collocations that are 1 There wasn’t a speck of dust to be seen
unique to this word are highlighted in bold. anywhere. MARK noun
A Look at the entry for action on pages 2 Let’s take the scenic way. WAY 3
5-6 and read the example sentences 3 | was never very good at playing the
for measure, step, act and move. Then trumpet for the simple reason that |
choose the best word to complete each of never practised. PLAIN adj. 2
the sentences. Use each word once.
4 The United Nations imposed an arms
1 Ina/an of sheer boycott on both countries. BAN noun
desperation, she turned to face her
5 The bargain fell through when they
pursuers.
could not agree a price. AGREEMENT 1
2 Neither of them wanted to be the one
6 | get the message — you'd rather not be
to make the first
involved. UNDERSTAND 1
3 This arrangement is simply a temporary
7 | don’t know, but I’m willing to venture
until we appoint a new
a guess. DARE
director.
8 | was so tired | felt ready to collapse.
4 These talks are a first
COLLAPSE 2
towards a global agreement on carbon
trading.

Notes
Entries contain two different kinds of note. 3 The cottage backs directly onto glorious
Notes marked @ give you extra information open countryside/terrain.
about a particular word or expression. This 4 They walked for miles across steep and
extra information can be about anything to inhospitable countryside/terrain.
do with a word’s meaning or use.
countryside [U] land outside towns and cities, with Notes marked compare and contrast
fields, woods and farms: a little village in the French two or more very close synonyms to help you
countryside © You can walk through miles and miles of |
unspoilt countryside. @ Countryside is usually used when | understand the differences between them.
you are talking about the beauty or peacefulness of a |
country area.
2 See also nature > NATURE 2
GIFT OR PRESENT? Gift is more. formal than present
terrain /to'rern/ [U, C] (written) land: Make sure you have and is used especially in business contexts: a store will
equipment that is suitable for the terrain. © There were advertise its Christmas gift ideas; the people who buy
several miles of difficult terrain to be covered. @ Terrain them will talk about the Christmas presents they have
is used when you are describing the natural features of an bought for family and friends. A present is usually
area, for example ifitis s rough, flat, ete. given by and to an individual; a gift may be given by a
company (a corporate gift) and/or to an organization. A
A Which is the best word to use in sHiese present is usually an object, but a gift may be a sum of
money, or sth such as the gift of love/life: funded-by-a
sentences, countryside or terrain? present of £50-000 © She-gave-methe-present-eftove-
Especially in American English, however, gift is not
1 The surrounding countryside/terrain is always so formal and is sometimes used in personal
magnificent. contexts instead of present: The watch was a gift/
present from my mother.
2 The truck bumped its way over the
rough countryside/terrain.
 ae ees ees

B Which is the best word to use in these 1 | had a terrible fright of failure. FEAR
sentences, gift or present? 2 Badly fed children suffer a lot of minor
1 Our catalogue contains hundreds of illnesses. DISEASE
fabulous gift/present ideas. 3 A mile further on we saw our first flock
2 The charity has received a gift/present of of antelope. HERD
£100,000 from an anonymous donor. 4 I’ve checked the calculations and they
3 Life is the greatest gift/present you can are all quite correct. CHECK 1
give anyone. 5 As a seasoned traveller | knew what to
4 What can | get Stephen for a birthday expect. EXPERIENCED
gift/present? 6 They were trying to navigate with a
hopelessly incorrect map. WRONG 1
C Some of these sentences are correct, but
some contain a wrong choice of word. Use 7 The chairman refused to remark on the
information from the notes in the entries allegations made against him. COMMENT
in SMALL CAPS to help you correct the 8 They had a pool in their garden with
sentences that are wrong. goldfish and water lilies. LAKE

Opposites
If a word or expression has a direct opposite accelerate approve
(or antonym), this is shown after an Ga condemn clear
symbol. If the opposite has synonyms of its criticize 7 condone
own there will be a cross-reference to the hasten delay
entry where you can find more information reject exact
about the opposite and its synonyms: rough praise

horizontal /hort'zontl; AmE jho:re'zamtl; jha:r-/ goin FUE Spisth Sewh read
across and parallel to the ground rather acl aolie “4 vague ; take sth up
and down: Draw a grid of horizontal and vertical lines. |
Gad vertical > UPRIGHT ; 5
You can check your answers in the entries for
; : ; ACCELERATE, BLAME, REFUSE and VAGUE.
This tells you that the opposite of horizontal
is vertical, and you can find more B Choose the correct opposite of the word in
information about vertical in the entry for bold in these sentences. Look up the entry
| upright. given in SMALL CAPS as a Starting point;
you may also need to follow the cross-
If the opposite has no synonyms of its own,
references to the entries for the opposites
or is not used very frequently, there will be
and their synonyms. 1
an @ note to explain what it means and/or
how it is used: 1 He was dressed in a white shirt anda
formal jacket. (casual/informal) FORMAL
forbidding seeming unfriendly and frightening and likely |
to cause harm or danger: a forbidding appearance/ | 2 Adult crime statistics have fallen in
atmosphere/manner © The house looked dark and forbid-
ding. (aq welcoming @ A welcoming place is attractive |
recent years. (childish/juvenile) ADULT
and looks comfortable to be in: the welcoming atmosphere
of the club |
3 My sister and | are very different in
a cama some respects. (the same/similar)
DIFFERENT
A Match up the words on the left with their enenchickcrehicad thesdunes
opposites on the right. invitation. (accepted/agreed) REFUSE
Ceo AUN ee ee
Derivatives
Many words belong to word families. A word Sometimes it is possible to express the same
family contains words with related meanings idea using different parts of speech from the
that have different parts of speech. For same word family. Where this is possible, the
example: examples at the derivative will show you:
happy adjective snort [I, T] to make a loud sound by breathing air out |
noisily through your nose, especially to show that you are
happiness noun, happily adverb angry or amused; to say sth using this sound: He snorted
(= derivatives) with laughter at the idea. © ‘You!’ he snorted contemp-
tuously.
question noun > snort noun [C]: She gave a snort of disgust.
SSS Se
question verb (= derivative)
This shows that you can snort with a feeling
Derivatives that are closely related in
or give a snort of a feeling.
meaning are often shown at the end of a
mini-entry, as happily is here: Rewrite these sentences, using a form of the
word in (brackets) instead of the bold word.
happy feeling, showing or giving pleasure; pleased |
enough with sth or not worried about it: I looked around |
Look up the word in the entry given in SMALL
at all the happy faces. © a happy marriage/memory/ | CAPS to help you.
childhood © Those were the happiest days of my life. © The |
story has a happy ending. © Happy birthday! ¢ If there’s | 1 Take care not to disturb nesting birds.
anything you’re not happy about, come and ask. I said |
I'd go, just to keep him happy. Waa sad, unhappy | (careful adj.) CARE
> UNHAPPY 1, unhappy > UNHAPPY 2, See also happiness |
> SATISFACTION Police arrested several people.
> happily adv.: children playing happily on the beach © | (arrest noun) ARREST
You have brought disgrace on the whole
However, if the derivative is a frequent
school. (disgrace verb) DISGRACE 2
word with different synonyms of its own, as You should apologize to her for what you
happiness is, there will be a cross-reference did. (apology noun) APOLOGIZE
to the entry where you can find more The situation is constantly being reviewed.
information about it. This cross-reference (review noun) EXAMINE
tells you that you can find more information 6 He ran onto the train, hotly pursued by
about happiness and its synonyms in the three police officers. (pursuit noun)
entry for satisfaction. FOLLOW 1 ;

Related Entries
Sometimes two or more whole groups of You can also explore entries related to a
synonyms are fairly close in meaning. For particular topic by using the Topic Index
example, the entry for excellent offers six on pages 903-912. This lists entries under
different synonyms that are all very close in topics from ‘The arts’ through to ‘Work and
meaning; in addition, the entries at good 1, business’. Excellent, for example, can be
great 1 and wonderful provide a total of found on page 905 listed under Describing
twenty more words with a similar meaning things. The Topic Index is a good starting
to choose from. Cross-references at the top point when you are interested in general
of entries will direct you to other groups of vocabulary building around a particular
synonyms with a similar meaning: topic, rather than looking for a synonym of
a particular word. A full list of the topics is
excellent adj. see also the entries for Goo 1, GREAT 1
and WONDERFUL | given on page 903.
For more work on topic vocabulary, see
FT SR TE SL TE EI

excellent + outstanding + perfect - superb - classic +

first-rate the Study Pages and Topic Maps on pages
These words all describe sth that is extremely good.
871-902.
 Aa
abandon verp sth: the government’s inability to provide basic services ©
Some families go without medical treatment because of
abandon - desert « vacate - evacuate their inability to pay.
These words all mean to go away from a building or place, » able adj.: You must be able to speak French for this job. ©
leaving it empty. A viral illness left her barely able to walk. Gq unable to
do sth @ not able is also used: He lay there, unable to
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS move. © Unfortunately they weren’t able to come.
» to abandon/desert/vacate/ evacuate a building/house/home capability /kerpe'bileti/ [U, C] (rather formal) the ability
» to yacate/ evacuate the office /premises or qualities necessary to do sth: Animals in the zoo have
» to abandon/ vacate/ evacuate sth immediately lost the capability of catching food for themselves. © Age
affects the range of a person’s capabilities. @ Capability is
abandon /a'benden/ [T] (rather formal) to leave a thing often used to talk about how able a company or country
or place, especially because it is impossible or dangerous is to produce sth: a company/country’s manufacturing/
to stay: Snow forced many drivers to abandon their production/processing/defence/weapons/nuclear capabil-
vehicles. © They had to abandon their lands and property
uty
to the invading forces. © He gave the order to abandon > capable adj.: You are capable of better work than this. ©
ship (= to leave the ship because it was sinking). See also I’m perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you.
abandon => LEAVE 5, abandoned > DESERTED capacity /ke'pesati/ [C, usually sing.] (rather formal) the
desert /dr'z3:t; AmE dr'za:rt/ [T, often passive] to go away ability to understand or do sth: She has an enormous
from a place and leave it empty: The villages had been capacity for hard work. © A habit becomes an addiction
deserted. © The owl seems to have deserted its nest. @ when it reduces your capacity to enjoy life. @ Capacity is
People are more likely to desert their homes because often used to talk about social, educational and work-
there is no longer work or food for them in the area, related life skills: a capacity for hard work/humour/
rather than because of danger. Desert is most often used enjoying life/learning languages/love/reflective thinking
in the past participle form, and is mainly used to talk power [U] (also powers [pl.]) a particular ability of the
about places where people have lived at some time in the body or mind; all,/the abilities of your body or mind: He
past: The house/croft/encampment/village/settlement had had lost the power of speech. © The drug may affect your
been deserted. See also deserted > DESERTED powers of concent:\ration. > At 26, he is at the height of
vacate /va'keit; vei'k-; AmE also ‘verkert/ [T] (formal) to his powers and ranked fourth in the world. ® Sb’s power
leave a building, room or seat, especially so that sb else [U] is also their ability or opportunity to do sth, used
can use it: Guests are requested to vacate their rooms by especially in the phrases (not) within sb’s power, beyond
noon on the day of departure. sb’s power and do everything within your power: It is not
evacuate /I'veekjuert/ [T, |] (rather formal) to move out of within my power (= I am unable) to help you. © I will do
a place because of danger, and leave the place empty: everything in my power to help you.
Employees were urged to evacuate their offices immediately.
© Locals were told to evacuate.
> evacuation noun [U]: the emergency evacuation of the abnormal ag.
building
abnormal « rogue « deviant - anomalous « non-
standard
abil ity noun These words all describe things or people that are different
from what is usual or expected or considered normal by
ability - capability - capacity +»power most people.
These are all words for the fact that sb is able to do sth, or
the qualities necessary to do sth. PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
» abnormal / deviant /anomalous behaviour/ patterns
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS » abnormal / anomalous results
» a capability /capacity for sth » an abnormal/ a non-standard size
» the ability/capability /capacity /power to do sth » abnormal/ rogue cells
» beyond / within your ability/ capability /capacity /power » highly abnormal / deviant/ anomalous
» (a/ an) great/ remarkable /extraordinary /amazing ability/
capacity /powers abnormal /zb'no:ml; Ame -no:rml/ different from what
» natural /physical/intellectual /mental /limited ability/ is usual or expected, especially in a way that is worrying,
capability /capacity /powers harmful or not wanted: There was nothing abnormal
» to have/develop/acquire/lack/ lose the ability/ capability / about her behaviour. © The test detects abnormal cells that
capacity /power could become cancerous. aa normal - NORMAL, normal
» to demonstrate /show your ability/capability/ capacity/ power > SANE
» to restrict sb’s ability/ capability /capacity /power > abnormality /no:r'm-/ noun [C, U]: abnormalities of
the heart © congenital/foetal abnormality
ability [sing., U] the fact that sb/sth is able to do sth: The > abnormally ady.: abnormally low weight
system has the ability to run more than one program at the rogue /raug; Ame roug/ [only before noun] (often disapprov-
same time. © Everyone has the right to good medical care ing) behaving in a different way from other similar people
regardless of their ability to pay. © I try to do the job to the or things, often causing damage: My suitcase was
best of my ability (= as well as I can). aa inability destroyed by a rogue conveyor belt at the airport. © Rogue
@ Inability [sing., U] is the fact of not being able to do cells may survive in the body to form a tumour.
2
abnormal- accept
deviant /'di:viont/ (disapproving) (of people or their PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
behaviour) different from what most people consider to » to accelerate /speed up/ speed/ hasten/ quicken the pace/
be normal and acceptable: Not all deviant behaviour is progress (of sth)
criminal. » to accelerate /speed up/ speed/ hasten the development (of
» deviance noun [U]: a study of social deviance and crime sth)
anomalous /a'npmales; AmE -'na:m-/ (formal) (especially » to accelerate /speed/ hasten the death of sb/ sth
of facts or situations) different from what is normal or » to greatly accelerate /speed up/ speed/ hasten sth
expected: We need to look again at any apparently
anomalous cases. © They could find no explanation for accelerate /ak'selarert/ [|, T] (of a vehicle or person) to
the seemingly anomalous data. See also anomaly > Ex- start to go faster; to happen or make sth happen faster or
CEPTION sooner than expected: The car accelerated to overtake me.
non-'standard not the usual type or size of sth; (of © Inflation continues to accelerate. © Exposure to the sun
language) not considered correct by most educated can accelerate the ageing process. @aq retard > HOLD SB/
people: The documents are stored in files that are of non- STH UP, decelerate @ Decelerate is more formal than
standard size. © Standard English and non-standard accelerate, used mostly in writing: (formal, written)
dialects have much in common. @a_ standard - USUAL Economic growth decelerated sharply in January.
» acceleration /ak,sela're1fn/ noun [U, sing.]: a car with
good acceleration © an acceleration in the rate of growth
abolish verb see also the entries for cut 1 and
- .

speed ‘up, speed sth ‘up phrasal verb (rather informal)

REMOVE 1 to move or happen faster; to make sth move or happen
faster: The train soon speeded up. © Can you try and speed
abolish - cancel - scrap « dismiss - do away with sth + things up a bit? © They have speeded up production of the
axe « call sth off new car. Gia slow down @ The opposite is slow down:
These words all mean to change plans so that sth no longer Slow down! I can’t keep up with you.
happens. speed [T] (written) to make sth happen sooner or faster,
especially sb/sth’s recovery or the development of sth:
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS The drugs will speed her recovery. © More is needed to speed
» to abolish/ cancel/ scrap/ axe a service the development of a safe and effective vaccine. See also
» to abolish/ scrap a system/ plan/ scheme / tax speedy > QUICK
» to cancel/ call off a/ an game/ match/ engagement
» to scrap/ axe jobs SPEED STH UP OR SPEED? Speed is more formal
» to abolish/ scrap sth completely than speed sth up and it is used to talk about making
» to cancel/ scrap sth altogether things happen faster but nor vehicles moving faster: Fhe
train-seon-speeded. See also speed > FLY 2
abolish /a'bplif; AmE e'ba:1-/ [T, often passive] to officially
end a law, system or institution: Slavery was abolished in hasten /‘hetsn/ [T] (written) to make sth happen sooner or
the US in 1865. © Over the past six years we have abolished faster, especially the death, destruction or end of sb/sth:
a whole range of direct taxes. The treatment she received may, in fact, have hastened her
> abolition /,zbo'lifn/ noun [U]: the abolition of slavery/ death. © News of the scandal certainly hastened his
apartheid/the death penalty departure from office. Ma delay > DELAY
cancel (Il, AmE -L-) [T, often passive] to decide that sth that quicken [I, T] (written) to become faster; to make sth
has been arranged will not now take place: All flights have faster: She felt her heartbeat quicken as he approached. ©
been cancelled because of bad weather. © Don’t forget to He quickened his pace to catch up with them. ® Quicken is
cancel the newspaper (= arrange for it not to be often used to talk about sth that is connected with living
delivered) before going away. See also postpone > DELAY and the body, such as sb’s heartbeat, pulse, breathing or
> cancellation (Ame also cancelation) noun [U, C]: We pace. Waa slacken @.The opposite is slacken: She
need at least 24 hours’ notice of cancellation. © Cancella- slackened her pace a little (=\ walked more slowly).
tions must be made in writing.
scrap (pp-) [T, often passive] (rather informal, especially accept verb
journalism) to cancel sth, especially plans, that are no
longer practical or useful: The government has been forced accept + face - come to terms with sth« live with sth +
to scrap plans for a proposed tax reform.
face up to sth - make the best of sth + resign yourself
dismiss [T] (/aw) to say that a trial or legal case should
to sth + reconcile
not continue, usually because there is not enough
These words all mean to recognize that a difficult situation
evidence: Judges have to state their reasons for dismissing
exists and cannot be changed, and that you must continue
a case. © ‘Case dismissed!’ or deal with it.
do a'way with sth phrasal verb (rather informal, especially
spoken, often approving) to abolish sth, especially when PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
you think this is a good thing: He thinks it’s time we did » to accept/ face/ come to terms with/ live with/ face up to/
away with the monarchy. resign yourself to/ reconcile yourself to the fact that...
axe (BrE) (AmE ax) [T, often passive] (rather informal, » to accept/ face/ come to terms with/ make the best of a
journalism) to get rid of sth such as a service or system, or situation ¥
to reduce the money spent on it by a large amount: Other » to accept/face/ come to terms with/ face up to the truth/the
less profitable services are to be axed later this year. © The reality of sth
series was axed after only six episodes. » to accept/ face/ come to terms with/ live with the
call sth ‘off phrasal verb to cancel sth, especially a plan consequences
involving lots of people; to decide that sth will not » to accept/ face/ face up to the facts/ your responsibilities
happen: Union leaders last night called off strike action » finally accept/face/ come to terms with/ resign yourself to sth
planned for today. © They have called off their engagement
(= decided not to get married). accept [T] to be willing to continue in a difficult situation
without complaining, because you realize that it cannot
accelerate verb be changed: They accept the risks as part of the job. © He
refused to accept that his father was no longer there. ©
Most people had come to accept that war was inevitable.
accelerate + speed (sth) up + speed + hasten + quicken
face [T] to accept that a difficult Or unpleasant situation
These words all mean to go faster or make sth happen
exists, although you would prefer not to: She had to face
faster.
the fact that her life had changed forever. } Face facts — she
isn’t coming back. © Let’s face it, we’re not going to win.
 accept > accommodate
come to 'terms with sth idiom to accept sth unpleasant
by learning to deal with it: She is still coming to terms with PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
her son’s death. > in an accident/ a crash/a collision/ a wreck/a pile-up
‘live with sth phrasal verb to accept sth unpleasant and » a serious accident/ crash/ collision/wreck/mishap
continue without complaining: You get used to jet lag in >a major accident/ crash/ collision/ wreck/ pile-up
the sense that you learn to live with it. >a minor accident/ collision
» a slight/ little accident/ mishap
(face ‘up to sth phrasal verb to accept and deal with sth
» a car/ train accident/ crash/ wreck
difficult or unpleasant, especially after ignoring it: You
>a plane crash/ wreck
have to face up to your responsibilities.
» a head-on crash/ collision
make the best of sth idiom (rather informal) to accept a
» to have an accident/ a collision/ a mishap
bad situation and do as well as you can: She was a
» to cause an accident/a crash/a collision/ a wreck/ a pile-up
pragmatic woman who always made the best of things. ©
Conditions were harsh, but we made the best of it.
» an accident/a crash/a collision/a wreck/a mishap/a pile-up
happens/ occurs
re'sign yourself to sth phrasal verb to accept sth
unpleasant that cannot be changed or avoided: She accident [C] an unpleasant event, especially in a vehicle,
resigned herself to her fate. © We have to resign ourselves to that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage:
making a loss on the sale. See also resignation > PATIENCE a road/traffic accident © a climbing/riding accident © It’s
> resigned adj.: He was resigned to never seeing his Dad. He’s had an accident at work. © I didn’t mean to break
birthplace again. it — it was an accident. ¢ It is the first fatal accident (= in
reconcile /'rekensail/ [T] (rather formal) to make sb/ which sb is killed) to have occurred at the factory.
yourself accept an unpleasant situation that cannot be » accidental adj.: a verdict of accidental death (ay deli-
changed: He could not reconcile himself to the prospect of berate > DELIBERATE
losing her. » accidentally adv.: As I turned around, I accidentally hit
him in the face. (iQ deliberately > DELIBERATE
access noun crash [C] an accident in which a vehicle hits sth, for
Se
ES eS Se
example another vehicle, usually causing damage and
often injuring or killing the passengers: A girl was killed in
access + entry - admission + entrance
a crash involving a stolen car. See also crash > CRASH verb
These are all words for a way of entering a place or the
right or opportunity to enter a place or join a group.
collision /ke'lizn/ [C] an accident in which two vehicles or
people crash into each other: Stewart was injured in a
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS collision with another player. © His car was in collision
» access/ entry./admission/ entrance to sth with a motorbike. See also collide > CRASH verb
» access/ entry for sb wreck [C] (AmE) a crash: The wreck occurred at milepost
» free access/ entry /admission / entrance 534, just west of Greenup, Kentucky. See also wreck
> CRASH verb
» unlimited access/ entry
» to refuse /deny (sb) access/ entry/admission/ entrance mishap /'‘mishep/ [C, U] (rather formal) a small accident
or piece of bad luck that does not have serious results: I’m
» to gain access/ entry /admission/ entrance
afraid your son had a slight mishap in the playground. © I
» an entry/ admission/ entrance charge/ fee
managed to get home without further mishap.
access [U] a way of entering or reaching a place; the right ‘pile-up [C] (rather informal, especially journalism) a road
or opportunity to use sth or see sb/sth: Double doors give accident involving several vehicles crashing into each
access to the terrace. © There is easy access by road. © other: Three people died in a multiple pile-up in freezing
There is wheelchair access to most of the facilities. © fog.
Students must have access to good resources. © You need
a password to get access to the computer system. © accommodate verb
Journalists were denied access to the President.
» access verb [T]: (formal) The loft can be accessed by a accommodate - house - take sb in - billet + put sb up
ladder. These words all mean to provide a place for sb to live, sleep
entry [U] the right or opportunity to enter a place, take or sit.
part in sth or become a member of a group; the fact of
taking part in sth or becoming a member of a group: A PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
sign said: No Entry. © Entry to the museum is free. © How » to accommodate/ house/ take in refugees
did the thieves gain entry into the building? © That was » to accommodate/ take in/ put up guests
before the American entry into the war. See also enter » to accommodate/ take in students
> ENTER
admission /ad'm1Jn/ [U, C] the act of allowing sb to enter accommodate /a'kpmodeit; AmE a'ka:m-/ [T] (rather
a place or join an organization; the right to enter a place formal) to provide sb with a room or place to sleep, live or
or join an organization: Last admission 30 minutes before sit: The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. © The
closing time. © Hospital admissions for asthma attacks have aircraft is capable of accommodating 23 passengers. See
doubled. © Admission is by ticket only. © The country has also accommodation > HOUSING
applied for admission to the European Union. See also house /hauz/ [T] (rather formal) to provide a place for sb
admit ~ LET SB IN to live or work: The government is committed to housing
entrance [U] the right or opportunity to enter a building the refugees. © The new offices will house 600 administra-
or place; permission to join an organization: They were tion staff. @ House is often used in texts relating to
refused entrance to the club. © The police were unable to business, economics and politics. See also housing
gain entrance to the house. © What are the entrance +> HOUSING
requirements for this course? ‘take sb ‘in phrasal verb to allow sb to live in your home:
He was homeless, so we took him in. © She took in lodgers
in order to pay the bills. See also adopt > BRING SB UP
accident noun billet /‘bilit/ [T, usually passive] (always used with an
SAR I I TT EE
adverb or preposition) (Br£) to send soldiers to live
accident « crash - collision - wreck + mishap + pile-up somewhere temporarily, especially in private houses
These are all words for an unpleasant event, especially ina during a war: The troops were billeted in the town with
vehicle, that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or local families.
damage. put sb ‘up phrasal verb (rather informa!) to allow sb to stay
in your home, usually for a short time: We can put you up
for the night.
4 accompany> achieve
accCOMPanNy verb See also the entry for TAKE 2 charge [T, usually passive] to accuse sb formally of a crime
so that there can be a trial in court: He was charged with
accompany « go with sb - tag along - keep sb company murder, © Several people were arrested but nobody was
These words all mean to be with sb when they are doing charged. @ In formal language charge can also mean ‘to
sth, especially when they are going somewhere. accuse sb formally in public of doing sth wrong’:
Opposition MPs charged the minister with neglecting her
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS duty. See also charge > CHARGE noun
» to accompany/ go with sb to... prosecute /'prostkju:t; AmE 'pra:s-/ [T, |] to put sb on trial
» to accompany sb/ go with sb everywhere for a crime in court: The company was prosecuted for
» to accompany sb/ go with sb/ keep sb company on a trip/ breaching the Health and Safety Act. © The police decided
journey not to prosecute. See also prosecution > CASE
indict /m'dart/ [T, usually passive] Gaw) Gn the US) to
accompany [T] (formal) to travel or go somewhere with officially charge sb with a crime: The senator was indicted
sb: I must ask you to accompany me to the police station. © for murder. © They were indicted on a number of corruption
The groups are always accompanied by an experienced charges. See also indictment > CHARGE noun
mountain guide.
go with sb phrasal verb to move or travel with sb to a CHARGE OR INDICT? In Britain the Crown Prosecu-
particular place or in order to be present at an event: He tion Service decides whether to charge sb with a crime.
was looking for someone to go with him to the award In the US charge is used when this is done by a
ceremony. prosecutor (= a public official) and indict when this is
tag a'long phrasal verb (-gg-) (rather informal, sometimes done by a Grand Jury (= a group of 23 people).
disapproving) to go somewhere with sb, especially when impeach [T] (especially in the US) to charge an important
you have not been invited: Do you mind if I tag along with
public figure with a serious crime in connection with
you tonight? © She walked in with the little boy tagging their job: The President was impeached by Congress for
along behind. lying. See also impeachment > CHARGE noun
keep sb 'company idiom to stay with sb so that they are cite /sait/ [T, usually passive] (law) to order sb to appear in
not alone: J’ll stay and keep you company if you like. court; to name sb officially in a legal case: He was cited for
contempt of court. © She was cited in the divorce
accompl iCE noun See also the entry for ASSISTANT proceedings.

accomplice + conspirator + accessory + plotter achieve verb

These are all words for a person who helps to commit a
crime.
achieve - manage + succeed + reach « accomplish «
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS effect + arrive at sth + pull sth off + attain - get there -
» an accomplice / accessory to a crime
fulfil
> an alleged accomplice/ conspirator/ plotter These words all mean to succeed in doing sth or making sth
»a/an willing/ unwilling /unwitting accomplice /accessory happen.
» a fellow conspirator/ plotter
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS
accomplice /e'kamplis; AmE a'ka:m-/ [C] (rather formal a » to achieve/ succeed in/ reach/ accomplish
/ attain /fulfil a/ an
person who helps sb else to commit a crime or to do sth goal/ objective
wrong: The police suspect that he had an accomplice. » to achieve/ reach/ attain/ fulfil a target
conspirator /ken'spirete(r)/ [C] (rather formal) a person » to achieve/ succeed in/ accomplish/ attain/ fulfil a/an aim
who is involved in a conspiracy (= a secret plan by a » to achieve/ accomplish/ attain a/ an purpose/ end
group of people to do sth illegal or harmful): The emperor » to achieve/ succeed in/ aceomplish/ fulfi! a task
pardoned five of the conspirators. @ Conspirator is often » to achieve/ accomplish/ fulfil an ambition
used in writing about history, about plans to kill or » to achieve/ attain/ fulfil an ideal
remove rulers or governments. See also conspiracy » to achieve/ reach/ arrive at a/ an agreement/ result
> CONSPIRACY, conspire > PLOT verb » to achieve/accomplish/ effect a change/ transformation
accessory /ok'sesari/ [C] (law) a person who helps sb to » to reach/ pull off/ attain a deal
commit a crime or who knows about it and protects the » to achieve/ reach/ attain a balance
person from the police: She was charged with being an » to achieve /manage/ accomplish/ pull off a feat
accessory to murder. » to achieve/ pull off a coup/ victory
plotter [C] a person who makes a secret plan to harm sb: » to actually achieve/ manage/ succeed in/reach/ accomplish/
He alleged that the plotters had intended to assassinate him. arrive at/ pull off/ attain/ fulfil sth
@ Plotter is often used to talk about sb who plans a coup > to finally achieve /manage/ succeed in/ reach/ accomplish/
(= a sudden, illegal and often violent change of arrive at/ attain/ fulfil sth
government): a coup plotter See also plot > PLOT verb
achieve [T] to be successful in reaching a particular goal,
status or standard, especially by making an effort for a
acCuse verb long time; to be successful in doing sth or making sth
happen: He had finally achieved success. © I haven’t
accuse + charge « prosecute - indict - impeach - cite achieved very much today. © All you’ve achieved is to upset
These words all mean to say that sb has done sth wrong or my parents. See also achieve > SUCCEED
committed a crime and must appear in court. > achievement noun [U]: Even a small success gives you a
sense of achievement (= a feeling of pride). See also
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS achievement > work 3
» to prosecute/ indict/ impeach/ cite sb for sth manage [T, |] to be successful in doing sth, especially sth
» to charge/ indict sb with sth difficult: In spite of his disappointment, he managed a
» to be prosecuted/indicted/impeached/cited on charges/on a weak smile. © I don’t know exactly how we'll manage it,
charge of sth but we will, somehow. © We managed to get to the airport
accuse [T] to say that sb has done sth wrong or committed in time. © How did you manage to persuade him? © We
a crime: She accused him of lying. © The government was couldn’t have managed without you, © ‘Need any help?’ ‘No,
accused of incompetence. © (formal) They stand accused of thanks. I can manage.’
crimes against humanity. See also accusation ~ CHARGE succeed [7] to achieve sth that you have been trying to do
noun or get; to have the result or effect that was intended: He
succeeded in getting a place at art school. © I tried to
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