AGREE

 “One,” “Everyone,” “Each,” “Every” are always singular, even if they sound
plural.

 Examples:

1. Everyone wants to win.

2. Each student is ready.

 When two nouns or two subjects are joined by "and", use a plural verb.

 Examples:

1. Ali and Ahmed are friends.

2. The pen and the notebook belong to me.

Think: “And” means more than one — so verb is plural.

 When subjects are joined by or / nor, the verb agrees with the subject closer to it.

 Examples:

1. Either Ali or his brothers are going. (brothers = plural)

2. Either the players or the coach is responsible. (coach = singular)

Look at the subject near the verb to decide.

 Words like “Each,” “Every,” “Either,” “Neither” → Singular Verb

 These are always singular, even if they refer to multiple people.

 Examples:

1. Each of the students is ready.

2. Neither of the answers is correct.
3. Either option is fine.

 Sometimes the subject comes after the verb — be careful!

 Examples:

1. There is a cat on the roof. (Subject = cat, singular)

2. There are many cats in the garden. (Subject = cats, plural)

The verb must agree with the real subject, not "there."
 A collective noun (like team, class, jury, group) is considered singular when the
group is acting as one unit.

 Examples:

1. The team is winning.

2. The class was noisy.
3. The jury has made its decision.
4. The group is working well.
5. The audience claps loudly.
6. The committee decides tomorrow.
7. His family lives in Karachi.
8. The army fights bravely.
9. The crowd was cheering.
10. The staff works hard.

BUT: If the individuals are acting separately, use plural verb

(e.g., “The team are arguing among themselves.”) ← British usage

 Words like water, money, advice, sugar, information, furniture are uncountable
and take singular verbs.

 Examples:

1. Water is essential.
2. Money was stolen.
3. Sugar is sweet.
4. Furniture was damaged.
5. Advice is helpful.
6. Knowledge is power.
7. Weather is nice today.
8. Beauty comes from within.
9. News is spreading fast.
10. Rice tastes better with curry.

 Some nouns end in –s but are singular in meaning (e.g., mathematics, news,
physics).

 Examples:

1. Mathematics is difficult.
2. News is surprising.
3. Politics is a tricky subject.
4. Physics was my favorite.
5. Economics is useful.
6. Gymnastics is fun.
7. Measles is a disease.
8. Ethics is important.
9. Statistics is confusing.
10. The United States is powerful.
 Summary Notes for Your Notebook:

1. Collective nouns = singular when seen as a unit

2. Uncountable nouns = always singular
3. Some –s ending words are singular in meaning

 Rule: The Verb Must Agree with the Word Before the Relative
Pronoun
 The verb that follows who, which, or that agrees with the noun it refers to (called
the "antecedent").

 Rule Explained Simply:

1. Who / That / Which = Link to a noun
2. The verb depends on whether that noun is singular or plural

 Examples with "Who"

1. The boy who walks here is my friend.

2. The girls who study hard succeed.
3. He is the one who wants to help.
4. People who smoke get sick.
5. I know a man who drives a taxi.

 Examples with "That / Which"

1. The car that runs fast is mine.

2. The books that lie here are mine.
3. This is the pen that writes smoothly.
4. I saw a dog that barks loudly.
5. The dresses that shine are expensive.

 Notebook Rule to Write:

When using who, which, that — the verb after them must match the noun
before them.
Don't match it with the word after the verb.
 Bonus Tip:
1. If “who” refers to he/she/it → use singular verb
2. If “who” refers to they/people/students → use plural verb


The Verb Must Agree with the Real Subject (Not with "There" or
"Here")

 In sentences beginning with there or here, find the real subject that comes after
the verb, and make the verb agree with that subject.

 Structure:
1. There is + singular noun
2. There are + plural noun
3. Same rule for Here is / are

 Examples with “There”

1. There is a book on the table.

2. There are many students in the class.
3. There was a dog barking last night.
4. There were three cars in the garage.
5. There is a man outside.

 Examples with “Here”

1. Here is your key.

2. Here are the missing books.
3. Here was the old house.
4. Here are your shoes.
5. Here is a chance to win.

 Rule for Notebook:

1. In sentences starting with there or here, look at the noun after the verb.
2. Match the verb to that real subject, not to “there” or “here.”

 “None, Some, All, Any, Most”

 These words are called indefinite pronouns.

 They can take singular or plural verbs depending on the noun they refer to.
 Rule: Look at the Object of the Preposition (“of ___”)

 The verb depends on whether the noun after “of” is singular or plural.

 Singular if object is singular:

1. None of the water is clean.

2. Some of the milk was wasted.
3. All of the money is gone.

 Plural if object is plural:

1. None of the books are interesting.

2. Some of the students were late.
3. All of the answers are correct.

 Examples with Singular Objects:

1. None of the food is fresh.

2. Some of the sugar was used.
3. Most of the information is outdated.
4. All of the rain has stopped.
5. Any of the water is safe to drink..

 Examples with Plural Objects:

1. None of the students are absent.

2. Some of the cars were damaged.
3. Most of the questions are easy.
4. All of the players are ready.
5. Any of the books are useful.

 Rule to Write in Notebook:

 Words like none, some, all, any, most take singular or plural verbs based on the
noun after “of”.

1. If that noun is uncountable → singular verb

 2. If that noun is countable/plural → plural verb

 Special Expressions (“Each of,” “One of,” “Many a,” etc.)

Rule 1: “Each of…” / “Neither of…” / “Either of…” → Singular Verb

These are always followed by a singular verb, even if the object is plural.

 Examples:

1. Each of the boys is ready.

2. Neither of the answers is correct.
3. Either of the students has passed.
4. Each of the teachers was present.
5. Neither of the shirts fits me.
6. Either of the roads is blocked.
7. Each of those people has a chance.
8. Neither of the options sounds good.
9. Each of the results was checked.
10. Either of them is fine with me.

Rule 2: “One of + plural noun + who/that…” → Verb after “who/that” is

Plural

“One of those who…” → the verb after “who” refers to “those” = plural.

 Examples:

1. He is one of those students who work hard.

2. She is one of the players who play well.
3. This is one of the books that are helpful.
4. I am one of those people who believe in honesty.
5. He is one of the men who deserve respect.
6. She is one of those girls who know the truth.
7. He is one of the teachers who teach grammar.
8. You are one of those friends who always support.
9. It is one of the houses that have AC.
10. She is one of the artists who draw beautifully.

Rule 3: “Many a + singular noun” → Singular Verb

This phrase looks plural, but it takes a singular verb.

  Examples:

1. Many a student has failed this test.

2. Many a boy was punished.
3. Many a question remains unanswered.
4. Many a time, he has lied.
5. Many a man has tried and failed.
6. Many a soldier was injured.
7. Many a player wants to win.
8. Many a dream is broken.
9. Many a car has passed this road.
10. Many a heart is broken in love.

 Notebook Summary:

1. “Each of / Either of / Neither of” → singular verb

2. “One of those who...” → verb after “who” is plural
3. “Many a…” → always takes singular verb

 Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects

Rule 1: Gerunds (–ing words) as Subjects → Singular Verb

 A gerund is a verb + –ing (e.g., swimming, running) used as a noun.

When used as the subject, it takes a singular verb.

 Examples of Gerund as Subject:

1. Swimming is good exercise.

2. Reading helps improve vocabulary.
3. Dancing was her passion.
4. Eating fast causes problems.
5. Writing essays takes time.

Rule 2: Infinitives (to + verb) as Subjects → Singular Verb

An infinitive (like to eat, to sleep) used as a subject also takes a singular verb.
  Examples of Infinitive as Subject:

1. To read is to grow.
2. To speak fluently takes practice.
3. To walk alone was frightening.
4. To be honest is a virtue.
5. To forgive is divine..

 Summary for Notebook:

1. A gerund (verb + –ing) used as subject → singular verb

2. An infinitive (to + verb) used as subject → singular verb
3. They act like nouns, not verbs, in this position

 Ignore Phrases Between Subject and Verb

Rule: The Verb Must Agree with the Main Subject — Not with Words
Between

 Sometimes, extra words come between the subject and verb (like: with, along
with, as well as, together with, in addition to).
 These words do not change the number of the subject.

Focus only on the real subject, and ignore the rest.

 Common Confusing Phrases:

 with
 along with
 as well as
 together with
 in addition to
 accompanied by
 including
 like
 besides

 They’ll take comma.

 Examples (Singular Subject + Extra Phrase → Singular Verb):

1. The teacher, with all the students, is here.

2. My friend, as well as his brothers, was present.
3. The captain, along with the players, is arriving.
4. The girl, in addition to her sisters, likes dancing.
5. The author, with his assistants, writes every day.
6. A boy, accompanied by his dog, walks daily.
7. The student, along with his books, was late.
8. The cake, with cherries on top, looks delicious.
9. The car, as well as the bikes, is old.
10. My uncle, along with his sons, has arrived.

 Examples (Plural Subject + Extra Phrase → Plural Verb):

1. The teachers as well as the principal have arrived.

2. The children, along with the nanny, play outside.
3. My friends, together with my cousins, are coming.
4. The fans with their leader are cheering.
5. The books with yellow covers are expensive.
6. The students, as well as the monitor, have completed the task.
7. The birds, along with the parrots, fly freely.
8. The officers, accompanied by their guards, have entered.
9. The players, along with the coach, are tired.
10. The guests, in addition to the hosts, were happy.

Rule for Notebook:

1. When extra phrases come after the subject (like “with,” “as well as,” etc.), ignore
them when choosing the verb.
2. The verb must agree with the real subject, not the phrase that follows.

 “A number of” vs. “The number of”

 Rule:

1. “A number of” → takes a plural verb

2. “The number of” → takes a singular verb

 Explanation:

1. “A number of” = means “many” → plural meaning → plural verb

2. “The number of” = means “one total” → singular → singular verb
  Examples with “A number of” → Plural Verb:

1. A number of students are absent.

2. A number of books have been stolen.
3. A number of cars were damaged.
4. A number of people have complained.
5. A number of teachers were honored.

 Examples with “The number of” → Singular Verb:

1. The number of students is increasing.

2. The number of cars was shocking.
3. The number of complaints has dropped.
4. The number of visitors is surprising.
5. The number of errors is small.

 Rule for Notebook:

 “A number of” = Plural meaning → Plural verb

 “The number of” = Singular meaning → Singular verb

Tip to remember:

1. “A number of” → Think: Many people → Use plural verb

2. “The number of” → Think: One number → Use singular verb

 Distances, Periods of Time, Amounts of Money, and

Measurements → Singular Verb

Rule: When we talk about distance, time, money, weight, height, or

measurement as a single unit or total, we use a singular verb.

 Examples of Singular Meaning → Singular Verb:

1. Five kilometers is a long walk.

2. Ten years is a long time.
3. Two hours is enough for the exam.
4. One thousand rupees was stolen.
5. Fifty liters is the tank capacity.
6. Six feet is his height.
7. Three weeks was the deadline.
 8. One and a half hours is too much.
9. Twenty kilograms is the limit.
10. Four hundred dollars is a good price.

 Important:

 Even though the subject looks plural (like “ten years”), we are talking about one
total quantity, so the verb stays singular.

Rule Exception:

If the individual parts are emphasized, use plural verb.

 Plural Meaning → Plural Verb:

1. Five kilometers were covered in different stages.

2. Two hours were wasted doing nothing.
3. Ten rupees were scattered on the floor.
4. Twenty minutes were given to each speaker.
5. Four months were spent in different cities.

Rule for Notebook:

1. When a distance, time, money, weight is considered as one total unit, use a
singular verb.
2. If the parts are separate or counted individually, use plural verb.

 Words like “What,” “Whatever,” “Whoever” as Subjects

 These are called nominal clauses or noun clauses.

 They act as subjects, and we use singular verbs when the whole clause acts as a
single idea.

Rule:

 When “what,” “whatever,” “who,” “whoever,” “whichever,” “that which,” etc.

are used as subjects, they usually take a singular verb.
 Examples with Singular Verb:

1. What he said is true.

2. Whatever you decide is fine with me.
3. Whoever comes first wins the prize.
4. What you do matters more than what you say.
5. Whatever happened yesterday was unexpected.
6. Who wins is not important.
7. What causes the issue is unknown.
8. Whatever is written here belongs to me.
9. That which glitters is not always gold.
10. Whoever broke the window is responsible.

Exception (Very Rare):

 If the clause is clearly plural in meaning, a plural verb may be used — but this is
rare and usually seen in informal speech or special sentence structures.

 Example:

1. What we need are more volunteers.

2. What he gave me are three books.

But in most standard grammar tests — use singular verb.

 Rule for Notebook:

1. Words like “what,” “whatever,” “whoever,” “that which,” etc. used as the
subject take a singular verb,
2. Because the whole clause acts as one idea or thing.

Tip to remember:

1. Ask yourself: “What is the subject as a whole?”

2. If it’s a clause → treat it like a single unit = singular verb

 Inverted Word Order (Subject Comes After the Verb)

Rule:

 In some sentences, the verb comes before the subject — especially when the
sentence begins with:

1. Here / There
2. On the wall… / In the garden… / At the gate…
3. Rarely / Hardly / Never / Only then / Not only... but also

In such cases, the verb still agrees with the real subject, even if it comes after the verb.

 Examples (Inverted Order – Subject After Verb):

1. On the wall hangs a beautiful painting.

2. In the garden are many colorful flowers.
3. Under the bed was a broken toy.
4. On the table lies his phone.
5. At the gate stand two security guards.
6. Inside the box is a surprise.
7. Behind the door were two cats hiding.
8. At the station was a long train.
9. Next to the house are several big trees.
10. Near the lake runs a small stream.

Tip:

Find the real subject (usually after the verb) and match the verb with it.

 Rule for Notebook:

1. In inverted sentences (verb before subject), make the verb agree with the real
subject, not with what comes first in the sentence.
2. Common in descriptions, formal writing, and poetry.

 “Each,” “Every,” “Many a,” “Either,” “Neither” + Multiple Subjects

These words look like they talk about many people, but they always take a singular
verb, even when followed by two subjects.
Rule 1: “Each,” “Every,” “Many a” before two nouns joined by “and” →
Singular verb

Even if there are two nouns, the meaning is each individual → so singular verb

 Examples:

1. Each boy and girl is ready.

2. Every teacher and student was invited.
3. Each pen and pencil belongs to Ali.
4. Every officer and soldier was present.
5. Many a man and woman has suffered.
6. Each day and night brings a new chance.
7. Every page and photo is important.
8. Each parent and child has a role.
9. Many a student and teacher has left.
10. Each actor and actress is famous.

Rule 2: “Either” and “Neither” with two singular nouns → Singular verb

When “either” or “neither” joins two singular subjects, use singular verb.

 Examples:

1. Either Ali or Hassan is coming.

2. Neither the cat nor the dog has eaten.
3. Either my pen or your pencil is missing.
4. Neither Sara nor Areeba was late.
5. Either option is fine.

Be Careful:

 If either/neither is used with a plural and singular noun, match the verb with the
closest noun (this rule was done earlier too, but now it combines).

Either the teachers or the student is wrong.

Either the student or the teachers are wrong.

 Rule for Notebook:

1. “Each,” “Every,” “Many a” + two singular nouns joined by and → Singular verb
2. “Either / Neither” → verb agrees with closer subject
3. Meaning is individual or separate, so use singular verb
  “Together With, As Well As, In Addition To”.

You saw this before— now we’re covering advanced cases, including commas, multiple
phrases, and subject emphasis.

Rule (Reviewed):

If the subject is followed by phrases like:

1. together with
2. as well as
3. along with
4. in addition to
5. accompanied by
6. besides
7. including

 The verb agrees with the main subject, NOT the extra phrases.

These phrases are treated like extra information — so they don’t affect the
verb.

 Examples:

1. The principal, together with his staff, is attending the meeting.

2. My brother, as well as my cousins, has gone to Karachi.
3. The captain, in addition to the players, was blamed.
4. The teacher, along with her students, has arrived.
5. The manager, accompanied by his assistants, is checking the store.
6. Ali, besides his brothers, wants to go abroad.
7. The car, including the tires, was damaged.
8. This book, as well as that one, belongs to me.
9. The judge, together with the lawyers, is in the courtroom.
10. The singer, along with his fans, was overwhelmed.

Common Mistake in Entry Tests:

❌ The players, along with their coach, are happy.

✅ The players, along with their coach, are happy.

 This one is correct because “players” is plural — the main subject is plural, so
the verb is plural.

✅ What matters is who the real subject is.

  Rule for Notebook:

1. Phrases like “together with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by,
including” do NOT change the verb.
2. The verb agrees with the main subject only.

 One of those who…” / “It is I who…”

Rule 1: “One of those who…” → Verb after “who” is Plural

When the sentence says:

 “One of those who...”

 “He is one of the students who...”

The verb after "who" refers to "those/students/people" (which is plural)

So we use a plural verb

 Examples:

1. He is one of those players who work hard.

2. She is one of the girls who always help others.
3. This is one of the songs that are popular.
4. I am one of those students who enjoy grammar.
5. He is one of the men who have served the nation.
6. That is one of the dishes that taste amazing.
7. You are one of those friends who never lie.
8. She is one of those teachers who explain well.
9. It is one of the books that belong to the library.
10. He is one of those people who believe in peace.

Rule 2: “It is I who…” → Verb agrees with “I” (or subject before “who”)

In sentences like:

 It is I who...
 It is you who...

The verb after “who” matches the pronoun before it (I, you, he, etc.)
  Examples:

1. It is I who am responsible.
2. It is you who are guilty.
3. It is he who is late.
4. It is we who are going.
5. It is they who are helping.

Rule for Notebook:

1. In “One of those who...”, verb after “who” is plural, because it refers to “those”
(plural group)
2. In “It is I/You/He who...”, verb after “who” matches the pronoun before “who”

Tip to Remember:

 Who refers to the noun/pronoun right before it

Then choose the verb to match that!

 Collective Nouns (Team, Jury, Family, Class, Committee)

Rule:

A collective noun (e.g., team, jury, class, family, group, committee) takes either a singular
or plural verb depending on the meaning:

✅ Use singular verb when the group is seen as one unit (acting together).

✅ Use plural verb when the members are acting individually or separately.

Common Collective Nouns:

1. team
2. family
3. group
 4. class
5. jury
6. committee
7. army
8. staff
9. crowd
10. audience

 Examples (Group Acting as One → Singular Verb):

1. The team is winning the match.

2. The jury has given its verdict.
3. My family lives in Lahore.
4. The class was noisy today.
5. The committee has made its decision.
6. The crowd is cheering loudly.
7. The army is marching forward.
8. The staff has arrived.
9. The board has approved the plan.
10. The audience was silent.

 Examples (Members Acting Separately → Plural Verb):

1. The team are arguing with each other.

2. The jury were divided in opinion.
3. The family have gone their separate ways.
4. The staff were discussing different ideas.
5. The committee are debating among themselves.

Rule for Notebook:

 Collective nouns (e.g., team, jury, class, family)

— Use singular verb when the group acts as one
— Use plural verb when members act individually

Tip:

 Ask: Is the group doing something together or separately?

Together → Singular
Separately → Plural
  Titles of Books, Movies, Newspapers, Countries, etc. → Singular
Verb

Rule:

When the name or title of something (book, movie, news, country, subject, disease, etc.)
is plural in form but refers to one item, it takes a singular verb.

 Titles and Proper Nouns → Singular Verb

Even if they look plural, treat them as one thing.

 Use commas to separate a title or renaming noun (appositive).

1. “Gulliver’s Travels,” a famous book, was written by Swift.

2. My cousin, a doctor, is working abroad.

 Examples:

1. “The Chronicles of Narnia” is my favorite book series.

2. “The Avengers” is a hit movie.
3. “News” is often depressing.
4. “Mathematics” is difficult for some students.
5. “Politics” is a tricky subject.
6. “Measles” is a dangerous disease.
7. “The United States” is a powerful country.
8. “The Philippines” is in Southeast Asia.
9. “Gulliver’s Travels” was written by Swift.
10. “Economics” is his favorite subject.

 Important:

If you are referring to the real plural thing, not the title, then use plural verb.

 Example:

1. The mathematics problems are tough.

2. The news articles were fake.
Rule for Notebook:

1. Titles of books, movies, newspapers, countries, diseases, and subjects

2. Take a singular verb even if they look plural
3. Because they refer to one unit or name

 Conditional Sentences and Wishes (“If I were…”, “I wish…”)

Rule:

 In imaginary, unreal, or hypothetical situations, we use the past subjunctive

form:

✅ Use “were” with all subjects (I, he, she, it, etc.)
❌ Do not use “was” in these cases.

Normally, we say:

 I was
 He was

But in wishes or if-clauses that are unreal, we must say:

 I were
 He were

 Examples of Correct Usage:

1. If I were rich, I would help the poor.

2. I wish I were taller.
3. If he were here, he would explain it.
4. I wish it were easier.
5. If she were a bird, she would fly away.
6. I wish this exam were over.
7. If Ali were my brother, I’d be happy.
8. I wish I were with you.
9. If this were true, I would believe it.
10. I wish he were more serious.
⚠️Common Mistake (Incorrect Examples):

 ❌ If I was rich… → Wrong in this context

 ❌ I wish he was here. → Wrong

✅ Bonus Note:

The “past subjunctive” uses “were” for all subjects to show unreal or imaginary
situations.

Even if it's:

 I
 He
 She
 It
→ Always use “were”, not “was,” in these special cases.

Rule for Notebook:

1. In wishes and unreal conditionals, use “were” with all subjects, even singular
ones.
2. This shows that the situation is imaginary or not real.

 More than one / More than two”

Grammar Rule:

 More than one → takes a singular verb

Example: More than one student has passed.
 More than two/three/five, etc. → takes a plural verb
Example: More than two players have joined.
 Be careful! The verb depends on the number mentioned.

✳ Punctuation:-

 No commas are used in sentences with “more than one” or “more than two”.
 These are clean subject phrases and do not require any punctuation.

 Examples:

 More than one boy is absent.

  More than five cars were stolen.

 Incorrect:

1. ❌ More than one, student has arrived.

2. ❌ More than two, people are waiting.

Final Note for Notebook:

“More than one” = singular verb, no comma

“More than two/three/etc.” = plural verb, no comma
✍ Keep it simple and direct — no punctuation needed in these structures.

 “What is needed / What is required…”

Rule:

 When “what” is used as the subject of the sentence, it is treated as a singular

noun, even if the thing it refers to is plural.

So the verb must be singular.

✅ Common Structures:

 What is needed...
 What is required...
 What matters...
 What causes confusion...
 What he wants...

 Examples (with Singular Verb):

1. What is needed is proper planning.

2. What causes accidents is careless driving.
3. What matters is your honesty.
4. What makes him angry is being ignored.
5. What is required is hard work.
6. What she likes is chocolate.
7. What surprises me is her confidence.
8. What happens next is up to you.
9. What he wants is not clear.
 10. What disturbs us is noise.

 Common Mistake:

 ❌ What are needed is clear instructions. ❌

(“What” is singular, so verb should be is, not are)

Rule for Notebook:

🔹 When “what” is the subject, always use a singular verb

🔹 It doesn’t matter if the object after it is plural
🔹 Reason: “What” stands for one idea, so it’s treated as singular

✳Punctuation:-

 No commas are used in this structure.

 The subject is clear and direct → no punctuation is needed.

✅ Correct:

 What is required is patience.

 What matters most is respect.

Incorrect:

 ❌ What, is required is patience.

 ❌ What is required, is patience.

 “One of the + plural noun + who/that…”

Rule:

In the structure “One of the + plural noun + who/that + verb…”

The verb after "who/that" must agree with the plural noun, not “one.”

📌 Why?

Because “who/that” refers to the plural noun, not to “one.”

  Examples (with Plural Verb After “Who”):

1. She is one of the students who work hard.

2. Ali is one of the boys who always get good grades.
3. This is one of the ideas that make sense.
4. He is one of those people who never give up.
5. It is one of the companies that offer scholarships.
6. You are one of the friends who help me most.
7. That is one of the houses that need repair.
8. This is one of the books that explain the topic well.
9. She’s one of the girls who dance beautifully.
10. He is one of the students who have passed.

⚠️Common Mistake:

 ❌ He is one of the boys who gets good grades. ❌

(Wrong verb — should be “get” because “who” refers to “boys”)

✳ Bonus Contrast (for comparison):

✅ “He is the only one who gets good grades.”

✔ In this sentence, “who” refers to “the only one” (singular), so use “gets”.

Rule for Notebook:

In “One of the + plural noun + who/that + verb”

The verb after “who” or “that” must be plural, because it refers to the plural noun, not
“one.”

✳ Punctuation Note (Lesson 23):

 No commas are used in this structure.

 The “who/that clause” is essential to identify the subject, so never put commas
around it.

✅ Correct:

 He is one of the players who score regularly.

 This is one of the books that help students.
🚫 Incorrect:

 ❌ He is one of the boys, who score regularly. ❌ (Comma makes it incorrect)

Fractions and Percentages (e.g., 50% of the class...)

🔹 Rule:

When the subject is a fraction, percentage, or part of a group (like some of, most of, a
part of, half of, majority of),
the verb agrees with the noun that follows “of”.

✅ How to decide:

Structure What to Check Verb Form

50% of the class “Class” = singular Singular verb ✔️

25% of the students “Students” = plural Plural verb ✔️

Half of the cake “Cake” = singular Singular verb ✔️

Half of the cakes “Cakes” = plural Plural verb ✔️

 Examples:

1. 50% of the class is absent.

2. 50% of the students are absent.
3. Most of the cake has been eaten.
4. Most of the cakes have been eaten.
5. Some of the money was lost.
6. Some of the coins were missing.
7. A part of the wall has cracked.
8. A part of the windows have broken.
9. None of the water was wasted.
10. None of the bottles were damaged.

Common Mistake:
  ❌ Some of the students has arrived. → Wrong
✅ Should be: Some of the students have arrived.

Rule for Notebook:

1. In fractions and percentages, always check the noun after “of”.

2. If that noun is singular, use a singular verb.
3. If that noun is plural, use a plural verb.

✳ Punctuation Note (Lesson 24):

 No commas are used in these structures.

 The phrase is essential and part of the subject — keep it clean.

✅ Correct:

 25% of the employees have resigned.

 Some of the milk was spoiled.

🚫 Incorrect:

 ❌ 25%, of the employees, have resigned. ❌

 “Each of / Every one of / Neither of / Either of + Plural Noun”

Rule:

When "Each of", "Every one of", "Either of", or "Neither of" is followed by a plural
noun, the verb is still singular.

These words are grammatically singular in meaning — even though the noun after
them is plural.

 10 Examples:

1. Each of the boys is present.

2. Every one of the players was selected.
3. Neither of the answers is correct.
4. Either of the pens is good.
5. Each of the girls was dancing.
6. Every one of the books is useful.
 7. Neither of the shirts fits me.
8. Each of the workers has been paid.
9. Either of the options is acceptable.
10. Every one of them knows the rule.

Common Mistakes:

 ❌ Each of the boys are present.

✅ Should be: is present
 ❌ Neither of the answers are correct.
✅ Should be: is correct

Rule for Notebook:

1. If the sentence begins with:

Each of / Every one of / Either of / Neither of + Plural Noun
2. Always use a singular verb

✳Punctuation:-

 No commas are used in this structure.

 These are tight subject units — no punctuation breaks.

✅ Correct:

 Each of the players is ready.

 Neither of the boys has gone.

🚫 Incorrect:

 ❌ Each of the players, is ready.

 ❌ Either of the roads, is safe.

TESTS
TYPE-A ERROR DETECTION (100 MCQs)
1. Each of the girls have brought her assignment on time.
(a) Each (b) have brought (c) her assignment (d) on time
2. Neither the teacher nor the students has arrived yet.
(a) Neither the teacher (b) nor the students (c) has arrived (d) yet
3. Ten kilometers are not a long distance to walk.
(a) Ten kilometers (b) are (c) not a long distance (d) to walk
4. One of the students have cheated in the exam yesterday.
(a) One of the students (b) have cheated (c) in the exam (d) yesterday
5. The jury were divided in their decision over the case.
(a) The jury (b) were divided (c) in their decision (d) over the case
6. Each of the cars were parked in the right lane during inspection.
(a) Each of the cars (b) were parked (c) in the right lane (d) during
inspection
7. The number of applicants are increasing every day this month.
(a) The number of applicants (b) are increasing (c) every day (d) this
month
8. More than one player have been suspended for foul play by the board.
(a) More than one player (b) have been (c) suspended (d) by the board
9. Neither of the shirts fit me so I won’t buy any.
(a) Neither of the shirts (b) fit me (c) so I won’t (d) buy any
10. A bouquet of flowers make a beautiful gift for her birthday.
(a) A bouquet (b) make (c) a beautiful gift (d) for her birthday
11. One of the boys who was selected for the prize is absent.
(a) One of the boys (b) who was selected (c) for the prize (d) is absent
12. The news are being broadcast live on national television.
(a) The news (b) are being broadcast (c) live on (d) national television
13. Everyone in the hall were silent when he entered.
(a) Everyone (b) in the hall (c) were silent (d) when he entered
14. Politics are a subject that interests many students.
(a) Politics (b) are a subject (c) that interests (d) many students
15. Mathematics were never my strong subject in school.
(a) Mathematics (b) were never (c) my strong subject (d) in school
16. Some of the milk have been spilled on the floor by the child.
(a) Some of the milk (b) have been (c) spilled on the floor (d) by the
child
17. Fifty percent of the people thinks the law is unfair and outdated.
(a) Fifty percent of the people (b) thinks (c) the law is unfair (d) and
outdated
18. Neither the dog nor the cats likes the new food.
(a) Neither the dog (b) nor the cats (c) likes (d) the new food
19. A number of guests was present at the party last night.
(a) A number of guests (b) was present (c) at the party (d) last night
20. The team have performed well this season despite the injuries.
(a) The team (b) have performed (c) well this season (d) despite the
injuries