Мазкур ўқув адабиёти Олий ва ўрта махсус

таълим вазирлиги томонидан ўқув қўлланма

сифатида тавсия этилган.

Масъул муҳаррир: филология фанлари

номзоди, доцент 0. Мўминов
Тақризчи: филология фанлари
номзоди, доцент Ғ. Сатимов
 А Н Н О Т АЦИЯ

Мазкур қўлланмада инглиз тилида сўзлашувчи

мамлакатларнинг географияси, давлат тузуми, аҳолиси,
урф-одатлари, матбуоти, таълим тизими, таниқли кишилари,
диққатга сазовор, қизиқарли жойлари ҳақида маълумотлар
берилган.

Ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон

тиллари университетн
 PREFACE
This text book is intended for the students of the lyceums and
the students of higher educational establishments. The aim of the
book is to give information about the English speaking countries
to the students studying English. The text - book covers Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia
and New Zealand. The texts deal with territories, history,
population, state system, cities, places of interest, education system,
universities, outstanding (famous) writers, poets, painters, holidays
of the above mentioned countries. To avoid repeаtition of the
information given in the text-books in English for secondary schools
(informations about English speaking countries) has not been
included into the book.
Information about Great Britain is given under the following
headlines:
I. Lear n the history of Great Britain.
II. Modern Britain.
III. Some interesting facts about Great Britain.
Information about the USA is given under the following
headlines.
IV. Learn the history of the USA.
V. The USA today.
VI. The holidays, traditions and customs in the USA.
Information about Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
is given under 2 headlines.
I. A text consisting of information about these countries.
II. Some interesting facts about these countries which may
cause the readers' interest.
As a secondary school and higher school students are familiar
with such outstanding people as Shakespeare, Byron, Darwin and
others
3
from their other school courses, it has been found- expedient not
to include into the textbook texts about them.
Surely it is difficult to give full information about English
speaking countries in this text-book. We have tried to give most
indispensable, interesting information about English speaking
countries.
Texts in the text-book are intended to give readers a chain to
read at home without anybody's help or in the classroom silently
and get information. Some short texts can be taken for auding.
Here readers attained knowledge of the language in the secondary
and higher schools as vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, speech
habits are taken into account. We have tried to remove lexical,
grammatical, reading and pronunciation difficulties to make the
texts easier for readers to read and understand them. Some difficult
words or even sentences are given with appropriate translations
just under them. These translations are given in the tense forms
used in the text. It helps greatly to understand the content.
Therefore no glossary is given at the end of the book.
But this, by no means, gives us grounds to think that we have
done with all the difficulties. Some are left for the readers to
overcome independently with the help of a dictionary.
Some assignments precede the texts. There are also some
exercises to make sure whether texts are understood as well as
exercises for a teacher to check up.
The text-book ends with the list of the literature used.
 I. GREAT BRITAIN
(Буюк Британия)
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND.
Status — Constitutional Monarchy — тузум – Конституциoн монархия
It has a queen. The queen Elizabeth II reigns (ҳукмронлик қилади)
the country. The Parliament rules (бошқаради) the country.
Area 94,277 sq.m- 244,177 [Link].
Population — 60.000,000(2007).
Capital — London.
Its population —9.000.000
Parliament makes the laws (қонунлар чиқаради).
Some people call the country Britain or Great Britain, others
call it England and there is another name, the official one — the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Which name is correct? Well, all of them are correct, but we
must use each of them differently because they mean different
things. Let's try to explain everything. You know from your
geography lessons—a group of islands called the British [Link]
group of isles consists of 5500 islands. The two large islands are
Great Britain and Ireland and a lot of smaller islands.
Now we come to the main question. Great Britain is the largest
island of the British Isles. It is divided into three parts: England,
Scotland and Wales. Here some people make the mistake. When
they think about Great Britain, they call it England.
We hope you won't make mistakes now.
Don't forget England is one of the parts of Great Britain. Great
Britain consists of three parts: England, Wales, Scotland. And
what is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?
Here is the answer. The United Kingdom consists of Scotland,
Wales, England (the whole of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland.
The British Isles lie on the north west coast of Europe
(жойлашган). The two largest islands are Great Britain and
Ireland. Great Britain and Ireland form the greater part of the
British Isles, comprises England, Wales and Scotland. Ireland
comprises Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic (ўз ичига
қамраб олади).
Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the
northwest, north and south-west (ювилади). It is separated from
Europe by the North Sea, the Straits of Dover (Довер бўғози)
and the English channel or La Monche — a French name which
means «a sleeve» (тармоғи).
The North Sea and the English Channel are often called the
«Narrow Seas». On the west Great Britain is separated from
Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. The seas around
Britain are shallow and provide good fishing grounds
(таъминлайди).
The Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.
Union Jack or united Flag is the flag of the United Kingdom.
"This is the flag of the United Kingdom since Ireland and Britain
were united in 1801. It consists of the red cross that can symbolize
Saint (авлиё) George. It is on the white ground and the white
diagonal cross (крест) (of Saint Andrew) on a blue ground. White
ground symbolizes England and the blue means Scotland. Besides
them there is one more red cross of Saint Patrick on a white
ground which is a symbol of Ireland but Wales is not symbolized
on the flag. There was another flag long time ago, which was
much simpler than the present one. But that flag symbolized only
England and Scotland. The flag Jack was the flag of Britain during
all the time when Britain was the queen of the seas. Jack is the
nautical (денгиз) term for a flag.
Read. Learn and answer the questions.
ELECTIONS.(САЙЛОВЛАР)
In the United Kingdom general elections are held every five
years. Voting takes place in all of the 651 areas or constituencies
6
into which the country is divided. A member of Parliament is
elected to represent each area.
Voters learn about candidates through the local newspapers
and through leaflets which give their background, their views and
the polices of their party.
ELECTIONFEVER(САЙЛОВЛАРТАШВИШИ)
During a General Elections campaign the media and people in
the street talk about the candidates. Candidates visit their
constituents and speak to people at home in the streets and at
public meetings. Candidates from the major parties often take
famous people with them to help to persuade voters. Rock groups
hold special concerts for the party they support. The most important
members of party and party leaders are on TV day and night.
Some pay public relations, experts to help them project the right
image for the TV cameras. The best clothes-the-most convincing
smile or the best way to present their policies to the voters.
THECABINET.
The party which wins the most seats in the General Elections
forms the government. The leader of the winning party becomes
Prime Minister. The cabinet works as a team and all ministers
must accept the decisions of the group. The team of ministers
must always agree in public because they are all collectively
responsible for the decisions they make. If a minister cannot agree
with all the others he usually resigns from the cabinet. Cabinet
meetings are held in private and the details must remain secret
for at least 30 years. It has been argued that Margaret Thatcher
tried to change her style of cabinet. She was forced to resign
when the other Ministers could not agree with her.
The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party that has a
majority in the House of Commons. All the affairs of the state
are conducted in the name of the queen but as a matter of
fact the Prime Minister is responsible for everything (ҳамма
ишлар Қиролича томонидан бажарилади, аслида ҳар
бир иш учун премьер министр жавобгар).

7
 When once a party has won a majority of votes it forms the
government and may hold office for five years (кўпчилик овоз
олган партия кабинетни 5 йил бошқаради). The leader of
the winning party in votes becomes the Prime Minister
(Ғалаба қилиб кўпчилик овоз олган партия лидери).
The Prime Minister forms his Cabinet (тузади). The Prime
Minister solves all problems with his cabinet (ҳал қилади). His
house is at number 10, Downing street. It is near the Houses of
Parliament in Westminister in London.
The power of the Cabinet is controlled by Parliament. The
House sits for one thirty six weeks a year, with a break for
two and a half months from August till middle October
(Палата бир йилда икки ярим ой танаффус билан,
августдан бошлаб октябр ойи ўртасигача, 36 ҳафта
ишлайди).
It sits from 2,30 p.m. to 10.30 (or later) from Mondays to
Thursdays and 11 a.m. to 4,30 on Fridays. P.M.—post meridium
(соат 12, тушдан кейин, вақт).
antimeridium (соат 12 гача бўлган вақт — лотинча
сўзлар).

Answer the questions:

1. What kind of country is Britain?
2. Who is the Supreme legislative authority in Great Britain?
3. Who is the Prime Minister?
4. What does the Prime Minister do?
5. Speak about the Parliament's location (жойлашиши).

THE MOST IMPORTANT MINISTERS

Minister chancellor of the Responsibility: Government
Spending
Exchequer Presents the Budget annually in March.
Foreign Secretary - Relations with other countries.
Home Secretary - Internal relations.
The Police, law and order, Law Courts.
 PRIME MINISTERS SINCE 1945
Elections Period of office: Prime Minister: Party:
:
1945 1945-1950 Attlee Labour
1950 1950-1951 Attlee Labour
1951 1951-1955 Churchill Conservative
1955 1955-1957 Eden Conservative
1957-1959 Macmillan Conservative
1959 1959-1963 Macmiilan Conservative
1963-1964 Home Conservative
1964 1964-1966 Wilson Labour
1966 1966-1970 Wilson Labour
1970 1970-1974 Heath Conservative
1974 1974-1976 Wilson Labour
1976-1979 Callaghan Labour
1979 1979-1983 Thatcher Conservative
1983 1983-1987 Thatcher Conservative
1987-1990 Thatcher Conservative
1990-1992 Major Conservative
1992 1992-1996 Major Conservative
1997 1997-2007 Blair Labour

2007- Brown Conservative

PARLIAMENT

THE PALACE OF WESTMINISTER

Britain is administered from the Palace of Westminister in
London. This is also known as the Houses of Parliament, it is
made up of two chambers (палаталар)—the House of Commons
and the House of Lords. The members of the House of Lords are
not elected. They qualify to sit in the House because they are
bishops of the Church of England. Aristrocrats, people with the
titles, they have inherited their seats from their fathers. There has
been talk of reform this century. The seats are occupied by
Members of Parliament (MPs), who are elected by the British
public. The United Kingdom is divided into constituencies, (сайлов
округи) each of which is elected MP in the House of Commons.
Each of the major political parties appoints a representative
(candidate) to complete for each seat. Smaller parties may have
a candidate in only a few constituencies. There may be five or
more parties fighting for one seat. Only one person, the candidate
who gets the greatest member of votes — can take the seat.
Some parties win a lot of seats and some win very few or none at
all.
The queen, who is the head of State, opens and closes the
Parliament. All new laws are debated by the MPs of the House
of Commons, then debated in the House of Lords and finally are
signed by the Queen.
The House of Commons.
There are 651 MPs in Britain, but the Chamber of the House
of Commons is quite small. It has seats for only 437, when there
is something important to discuss. It can become very crowded
and MPs squeeze on to (тиқилиб ўтиришади) the benches or
sit on the steps. The House of Commons has a chairman, called
the Speaker, whose job is to keep the House in order, a little like a
referee at a football match. He or she shouts «Order-Order»,
when MPs start shouting at each other or when discussion gets
out of control. The Speaker sits in the centre at the back on a high
chair and sees the whole Chamber from this position. The most
important Mps sit on the front benches and are therefore called
front benchers.
Younger and less experienced MPs sit on the back benches
and are known as back benches. The ministers of the Government
sit on the front bench to the right, whilst the Opposition front
benchers sit on the left. When the Prime Minister makes a speech,
he stands at the table in the centre below the Speaker's chair.
These seating arrangements have existed for hundreds of years.
1. Get information about the History of England.
10
 THEHISTORYOFENGLAND
About 5000 year B.C. (before Christs - милоддан
аввалги) a tribe called the Indo-Europeans lived in Central
Europe. They were farmers and they had their own language.
They discovered the wheel around 3000 years B.C. And then
they were able to travel. Some went to the East and others to the
West. The Indo-Europeans, who travelled to Britain were the
Celts - Кельтлар. Today the people of Wales, Western Ireland,
Scotland, Cornwall and Brittany (in Nothern France) still call
themselves Celts. The Celts were the only people in Britain for
over 2000 years. Then the Romans-arrived. Julius Caeser
(Цезарь) and his army brought a new language - Latin. But the
Romans lived in England and the Celts lived in Scotland and
Wales. Only a few Latin words entered the Celtic language. The
Romans left Britain in 410, after forty years later. After Romans
new group of invaders arrived in England. These were the
Angels and Saxons. They came from Holland, Denmark and
Germany. The language of the Angels and Saxons was old
English. They were farmers and many of their words are still in
the dictionary, today. There are some examples - sheep, earth,
dog, work, field and others. Words like the «is» and «you» are
Anglo-Saxon too. Latin appeared again in 597 AD. (Anno
Domini — бизнинг эрамиз). That's when Augustine brought
Christianity to Britain. This time hundreds of Latin (and Greek)
words entered Old English. The next important step in the history
of the English people came between the years of 750 and 1050.
That's when the Vikings began to attack Britain. They came from
Scandinavia and their language was Norse (Норвег тили). It
sounded like modern Swedish, Norse words in English today
include get, wrong, leg, want, skin, same, low and others.
One of the most important dates in the British history is 1066.
That's when the French duke - [герцог] William won the English
king Herold at the Battle of Hasting. As a result of it French
words became an important part of English. In the next 200 years,
Old English was changed. In the period of Middle English, Georfrey
Chaucer's famous book the Canterbury Tales was very popular.
In the next century William Caxton printed the Canterbury Tales
on a new printing machine. It was called a printing press. Printing

11
was very important for English because it fixed the grammar and
spelling. Thanks to Caxton, English became a clearer and stronger
language.
Elizabethans were the queen of England from 1558 to 1603.
These 45 years are sometimes called «The Elizabeth Age». Two
famous Elizabethans — sir Francis Drake and sir Walter Raleigh.
Both were sailors and explorers. Their journeys to the New World
(America) and the West Indies were very important for two
reasons. First, they brought England a lot of land, money and power.
Second, they began something that is still happening today—the
export of the English Language.
But perhaps the most famous Elizabethan of all was William
Shakespeare (1564-1616). At the period of W. Shakespeare the
English language as it was, had become to be used. He was born
in Stratford - upon - Avon and wrote many of his 37 plays there.
Today they're still popular in Stratford. That's because it's now
the home of Britain's most famous theatre group — The Royal
Shakespeare Company.
The first English dictionary appeared in 1775. It contained
more than 40000 words. The man who wrote was called Dr.
Samuel Johnson. It took him thirty years to write it.
Another important date in the history of England is 1807. That's
when the «Slave trade» stopped. For 150 years British ships took
West African people to America and the West Indies. There they
were sold to rich farmers. These West African slaves were the
first black Americans. Between 1800 and 1900 Britain became
the richest country in the world. It was powerful too. Queen
"Victoria controlled an empire of foreign countries. These included
India, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria and South Africa. Because
of the British Empire English was now an important language in
every continent. But many people in Australia, Africa, Asia and
in North America didn't speak the official «Queen's English».
Their-accents and vocabulary were very different from hers.
Britain kept its empire until the middle of the 20-th century. Then
one bу one countries like India, Kenya, Canada and New Zealand
became independent. For 150 years before 1776 America was a
British colony. At that time British and American English were
almost exactly the same. In 1776 there was a war between
Britain and America. It was the War of Independence. America
won and

12
after 1776 became a free independent country. Its first President
was George Washington. In 1802 U.S. leaders began to talk about
the language in America. At that time there were 41,5 million
Americans, 90% of them came from the families of British settlers.
READ THE TEXT
THE ROMAN TIMES IN BRITISH HISTORY
(Инглизлар тарихида римликлар даври)
In early days of history (50-450) England was known as Britain
and the people lived there were Britons (британлар). There were
no big towns on the British Isles at «that time (Британия
ороллари).
People lived in small villages along the rivers or near the sea.
The Britons caught fish, grew wheat and had many pigs, cows
and sheep in the meadows near the rivers and on the sides of the
mountains. Later they learned to make things of wool and metals
and sold them to the people who came across the sea (денгиз
орқали келганлар).
The Romans at the head of Julius Caesar invaded the British
Isles and forced the population to pay tribute (мажбур
қилинди, хирож тўлаш)
The Romans kept their armies in Britain. They built roads and
took the country under the control.
They protected themselves from the attacks of the Britons
by the walls, built across Britain (ҳимоя қилди).
You can see the Roman walls in Britain even now (ҳаттоки).
Hadrian's Wall was built by the empiror Hadrian in 122 (Аддиан
императори).
The Romans left the country only in the second half of the
5th century (V асрнинт 2- ярмида). The Roman armies were
called back to Italy where they defended the country from barbaric
people.
Answer the questions:
1. What people lived on the British Isles in the early days of history?
2. Who headed the Roman invaders?
3. How did the invaders protect themselves?
4. Why did the Roman leave the British Isles?

13
 READ THE TEXT
THEENGLISH KINGDOMS
(Англия қироллиги)
The British people could not keep their land free for a long
time. The Germanic tribes from Western Europe came to
England.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes attacked the coasts of Britain.
After long wars with the Britons they settled on the British Isles.
The Britons fought bravely against the enemies and defended
their land (жасурона). But the enemies were stronger. They took
houses, fields and cattle from the Britons (қорамол). The Angles
got most of the land and became the strongest tribe. The Britons
went to the mountains in the west of the Isles and settled there
(жойлашган). This part of Britain is called Wales now. Later the
two peoples — the Angles and the Saxons — grew into one and
were called Anglo — Saxons. They called their speech English
and their country England—that is, the Land of the English, The
Anglo — Saxons formed many Kingdoms — Kent, Essex,
Wessex, East Anglia, Sussex, Northumbria, Mercia. They are
counties (графликлар) of Great Britain. These kingdoms were
at war with each other. The stronger kings took the land from
the weaker kingdoms.
Answer the questions:
[Link] attacked the coasts of Britain?
2. Who got most of the land?
[Link] did Anglo-Saxons call their language?
[Link] kingdoms were formed on the British Isles?

READ THE TEXT

KING ALFREDTHEGREAT
(Буюк Қирол Альфред)
For two hundred years the English people were at war with
the Danes who came from Denmark and the Northmen who
came from Scandinavia (данияликлар, Дания).

14
 When King Alfred was a boy of sixteen he took part in the
battles with the enemies. At twenty he became the king of Wessex
and began to prepare for the defence of the country. He built a
fleet of ships and fortifications on the coasts (флот, мустаҳкам
иншоот). The small kingdoms were united to fight against the
invaders (босқинчилар). After the victory over the Danes, King
Alfred did much for his people. He opened schools, asked scholars
to translate into English the best works of the world literature
and worked out the English code (олимлар, қонун). The
English people named him Alfred the Great.
Answer the questions:
1 .With what people were the English at war?

[Link] did King Alfred do for defence of the country?

[Link] did King Alfred do for his people?

READ THE TEXT

ENGLANDUNDERFOREIGN KINGS
The Danes returned again and again to attack England. After
many battles they took the crown away from the English
(курашлар, тож). They kept the crown for 24 years. Three
Danish kings ruled England (данияликлар, бошқариш).
The rule of the Danish kings over England came to an end
soon after Canute's death in 1035 (Канутнинт ўлимидан
сўнг). Then the Normans began to attack England from
Normandy (нормандияликлар). It was in France.
In 1066 they won the victory (ғалаба қилдилар). William,
Duke of Normandy was crowned as king of England (герцог).
The invaders burnt houses and killed people (ёндирди).
They took lands from English and gave them to the Normans.
The invaders spoke French, so the French language was the upper
classes' language and the government's (юқори тоифа тили).
English was the language of the lower classes.

15
 Answer the questions:

1. Who attacked England?

2. Who took the lands from English?
3. Who came then to England?
4. Why was the English language for lower classes?

READ THE TEXT

ROBIN HOOD
(Робин Гуд)
Robin Hood was well known and loved by the poor people of
England. He was tall, strong and handsome and his songs were
heard everywhere. He was brave too and there was no better -
archer in that part of the country (ўқ-ёй отувчи). He was also
kind and never hurt the weak or the poor (ҳеч қачон хафа
қилмади). One day the Normans came with many soldiers to
Robin's house. There was a terrible fight in which Robin's father
was killed (қонли тўқнашув). The Normans took everything
from the house and burnt it down. Only Robin was survived,
because he fought bravely (омон қолди). But when Robin saw
that his father was killed and his house was burnt down he stopped
fighting and ran away to the great forest of Sherwood Forest
(Шервурд ўрмони). Many other Saxons soon learned that Robin
was there. They made Robin Hood their leader. The poor people
loved Robin and his men. Robin became known as Robin of
Sherwood Forest or Robin Hood. We do not know how he got the
name Hood: Some people say that he was called Hood because
he and his men wore green hoods (ёпинғичлар). He became
known not only in England, but in many other countries as Robin
Hood. And now we know him also as Robin Hood.
Robin Hood and his men fought against monks and Norman
barons who oppressed the people (монархлар, баронлар).
Robin Hood took money from the oppressors and gave it to
the poor people (босқинчилар).

16
 Answer the questions:
1. How do you describe Robin Hood?
2. Why did Robin Hood fight against Normans?
3. How did the poor people call his men?
4. Why did he love poor people?

READ THE TEXTS

I
THE GREAT CHARTER (1215)
ANDTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEENGLISHPARLIAMENT
Улуғ Хартия
For two centuries after the Norman Conquest England was
ruled by foreign kings (Норманлар истилоси).
The kings took large sums of money from the barons for the
wars in Europe. Those who refused to give the money were
arrested.
In 1215 the barons revolted and soon had a large army against
the king (қўзғолон кўтарди). They wrote a paper where the
rights of the Englishmen were written down.
The king had to sign the Great Charter (Magna Carta).
A council of twenty-five barons was chosen to control the
king (иттифоқ). That was the beginning of the English
Parliament.
I
The struggle of the Parliament against the king began in England
in the 12th century. Each king wanted to rule over the country
without any parliament.
King Charles I was at war with Spain and France and wanted
money for it (Испания). The Parliament refused to give the money.
King Charles I dismissed the Parliament (1629) and for eleven
years ruled over the country without the council of the people
(тарқатиб юборди).
The Parliament assembled again only in 1640 and opposed the
king (тўплади, қаршилик билдирди). The parties began to
prepare for war. The king and his soldiers were in Oxford. The
soldiers of Parliament with Oliver Cromwell at the head were in

17
London. In the Civil War which lasted for twelve years the
Parliament won the victory (фуқаролар уруши).
King Charles I was executed as enemy of the country (қатл
қилинди). The Commonwealth was proclaimed and Oliver
Cromwell became the Protector of the new republic
(ҳимоячи). The end of the Commonwealth came after Cromwell
died (1658). England was at war with Spain at that time. The
government was too weak and the new Parliament decided to
have a king.
Answer the questions:
I
1. By whom was England ruled for 2 centuries?
2. From whom did they take large sums of money?
3. Why did the barons write a paper?
4. What was written down in the great charter?

II
1. When did the struggle of Parliament against the king begin?
2. Who ruled England at that time?
3. When was the Parliament dismissed and why?
4. Who became the Protector of the new Republic?

READ THE TEXT

OLIVERGROMWELL
(Оливер Кромвелл)
Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntington (Britain) on the 25th
of April 1599 in the family of rich landowners. His grandfather
was a sheriff and a representative in Parliament (шериф —
графлигидаги энг юқори лавозим ). His father Robert had a
small estate and represented the Huntingtons in Parliament
(кўчмас мулк). Both his father and grandfather worked in the
Court as well (суд). Oliver got his education at a Grammar school.
When he was 17, he entered the Cambridge University. There he
studied mathematics and learned to speak, to write Latin. It was
the language of diplomacy at that time (дипломатия тили). It
was used by educated men (қўлланиларди). He read much in

18
Greek and about Roman history and liked sports (грек). His
education prepared him for all his public duties in later years
(жамоат ишлари, вазифалари)
At 20 he was married. They worked on their farm, had 8
children - 4 daughters, 4 sons. He had a strong feeling of social
justice and did much for the poor people of his native town (социал
тенг хуқуқликни қадрларди). When he was elected by the
people of Huntington to represent them in the Parliament,
Cromwell's activity in Parliament was mostly directed against
the oppression of people.
SPEAK ABOUT THE FOLLOWING
1. Speak about Oliver's grandfather and father.
2. Speak about Oliver's education.
3. Speak about Oliver's family.
4. Speak about Oliver's election.

READ THE TEXT

THE PLAGUE
(Вабо касали)
In June 1665 the greatest epidemic of the plague broke out
in London (вабо касали тарқалди). Few people recovered
from it (тузалди). The narrow airless streets of London, bad
sanitation helped the disease to spread (дим, ёмон
аҳволдаги санитария касалликни келиб чиқишига сабаб
бўлди). No one might go near the man, who had the plague. A
red cross was pointed on the door. Many people died of the
desease that year. The streets of London were empty, shops
were closed and no boats were seen on the Thames (Темза).
Most of the population left the city.
Nothing could stop the plague from spreading
(тарқалишдан). The Lord Major ordered to burn fires in the
streets, to purify the air (гулханлар ёқиш, ҳавони
тозалаш). By the end of November the plague began to die
down (йўқола бошлади). The cold weather in December
stopped it at last (ва ниҳоят).
19
 Answer the questions:
1. Why did the plague spread so quickly in London?
2. What did the people do?
3. When did the epidemic stop?

READ THE TEXT

THEGREAT FIRE OF LONDON
(Лондондаги катта ёнғин)
The summer of 1666 was very hot and dry in London. On
Sunday in September a great fire broke out in the city. It began
late at night in a street not far from London Bridge (кўприк).
The Monument now stands on the spot to remind people of the
terrible names (даҳшатли аланга). As a hot east wind was
blowing the fire spread quickly. Most of the houses in London
were made of wood. The better houses had brick or stone
foundations only. The fire burnt for five days. The people left
their burning houses and went to the fields across the Thames.
They put up tents and lived there.
Thirteen thousand houses were destroyed and many people
were left homeless (уйсиз қолиш). But the fire did great
good, it burnt dirty narrow streets where the plague ruled a year
ago, wide streets and brick houses appeared in London after the
Great Fire (бироқ ёнғин кўп яхшилик келтирди, у кир,
тор вабо тўла кўчаларни куйдирди, йўқ қилди).
Speak:
1. Speak about the reasons of the Great Fire of London.
2. Speak about the Fire in London.
3. Describe London after the Great Fire.

READ THE TEXT

THE RISE ANDFALLOFTHEBRITISH EMPIRE

(Британия империясининг юксалиши ва инқирозга
учраши)
The British Isles are situated on the crossways of sea routes
(денгиз йўлларида учрайдиган). That helped the British
20
fleet to develop very early in history (флот). In the 17 th century
Britain became not only the «workshop of the world» but also
«the mistress of the seas» (дунё устахонаси). Her ships carried
the products of British industries all over the world and brought
back food and raw materials (хомашё материаллари).
Large territories in India, Australia, America and Africa
became dependent on the British Empire. Britain sent to these
oversea lands soldiers and clerks to look after its property (денгиз
ортидаги ерлар, хизматчилар). Settlers from Britain moved to
these new lands in search of wealth (бойлик излаб). Some
colonies were self-governing such as Canada, Australia and
New Zealand (ўз-ўзини бошқарувчи). Others like India,
Africa and the West Indies were ruled by a governor appointed
from Britain (Британия ҳукумати томонидан тайин-
ланган губернатор).
Answer the questions:
1. Why did Britain become» the mistress of the seas»?
2. How large was the British Empire before the Second World War?

Name:
1. Name the principal colonies of the British Empire.
2. Name the reasons for the fall of the Empire.
3. Name English speaking countries.

21
 MODERN ENGLISH
Read and Learn
English today.
Millions of people are learning English. Why? Because it's the
most important international language in the world. But how did it
become so important? This dossier (ҳужжат) tells the story of
English, past and present. But let's start from the present Here
are ten amazing facts about English today.
[Link] billion people speak English. That's 20% of the worlds
population.
2. 400 million people speak English as their first Language.
For the other 600 million it's either a second language or foreign
language.
3. A number of Chinese people are learning English. Today is
bigger than the population of the USA.
4. There are more than 500.000 words in the Oxford English
Dictionary. Compare that with the vocabulary of German (about
200.000) and French (about 100.000).
5. 80% of all information in the world's computers is in English.
6. Nearly 50% of all the companies in Europe communicate
with each other in English.
7. English is just one of over 2.700 languages in the world
today.
8. 75% of all international letters and telexes are in English.
9. 80% of all English vocabulary comes from other languages.
10. When the American spaceship «Voyager» began its journey
in 1977 it carried a gold disc. On the disc there were messages in
55 languages. Before all of them there was a message from the
Secretary General of the United Nations-in English.
English is the first language in ten countries:
1 The United Kingdom. 2. The United States. 3. Canada.
4. Ireland (Eire) (Ирландия). 5. Australia (Австралия).
6. New Zealand. 7. British Guiana
(Гвиана, Гайана) It is in the South America.
Such as Carabian Islands:

22
8. Bahama Islands in West India (near Cuba).
9. Barbados and Trinidad Islands (near Cuba) Барбадос ва
Тринидад. 10. Jamica – Ямайка (in West India, near Cuba)

1 Bangladesh Бангладеш 16 Nepal Непал

2Bhutan Бутан 17 Malaysia Малайзия
3 Botswana Ботсвана 18 Nigeria Нигерия
4Branei Бруней 19 Pakistan Покистон
5Burundi Бурунди 20 The Philippines Филиппин
6 Cameroon Камерун 21 Rwanda Руанда
7 Ethiopia Эфиопия 22 Sarawak Саравак
8 Gambia Гамбия 23 Sierra Leona Сьерра Леона
9 Ghana Гана 24 South Africa ЖАР
10 Hong Kong Гонконг 25 [Link] Шри Ланка
11 India Ҳиндистон i 26 Sudan Судан
12 Isreal Исроил 27 Tanzania Танзания
13 Kenya Кения 28 Uganda Уганда
14 Liberia Либерия 29 Zambia Замбия
IS Malawi Малави 30 Zimbabwe Зимбабве
The 10 most spoken languages in the world are...

Languages Number of the

language speakers
Chinese 800 million
English 400 million
Spanish 290 million
Russian 275 million
Hindustani 250 million
Arabic 160 million
Portuguese 160 million
Bengali 155 million
German 130 million
Japanese 120million

READ THE INTRODUCTORY TEXT ABOUT MODERN

BRITAIN AND SPEAK ABOUT IT
Britain is a political unity of England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland (иттифоқ). It is one of the most powerful
23
countries (кучли). The United Kingdom is a constitutional
monarchy, but the queen's powers are not absolute
(қирол ҳокимияти мутлоқ эмас). Her powers are limited
by Parliament (парламент томонидан чегараланган). Officially
the Supreme legislative authority in Great Britain is the queen and
the Houses of Parliament (олий қонун чиқарувчи
ҳокимият). The Parliament consists of the House of Lords or the
Upper House and the elected House of Commons (лордлар
ёки юқори палата, сайланган умумий палата) Parliament
is the group of people. It makes laws (қонунлар
чиқаради).
Readandlearnthem,speakaboutthem
The Media.
(Оммавий ахборот)
The press: Newspapers in Britain. Newpapers are almost
always financially independent of any political party. Nevertheless,
(шунга қарамасдан) during general election campaigns many
papers recommend their readers to vote for a particular political
party. The paper's editor usually writes an open letter called a
“leader” to the readers.
Ownership (эгалик қилиш) of the national, London and
regional daily newspapers is concentrated in the hands of large
press publishing groups.
Television viewing in Britain.
Britain is one of the world's foremost exporters of TV
productions which continue to win large numbers of international
awards (совринлар), especially for documentaries, nature
programmes and drama serials.
The Channels. BBC 1
Has been broadcasting since 1936. It specializes in general
interest programmes, Light entertainment, sport and children's
programmes.
BBC 2
Covers minority and specialist interests as well as music, serious
drama, travel programmes, documentaries and foreign films in
the original languages.
24
 BBC 3
Broadcasting is approximately 33% informative and 66%
entertainment, sport and films.
BBC 4
Began in 1982. It shows 15% educational programmes and
encourages innovation (янгилик, кашфиёт) and experiment.
English and the BBC
Do you ever listen to the world Service? It's an international
BBC radio station. It broadcasts programmes in English, in Russian
and even in Uzbek.
The BBC Fact-File
* The letters BBC stand for the British Broadcasting
Corporation. (Британия радио эшиттириш корпорацияси)
* The BBC began in l922.
* It started to make international radio programmes in 1932.
*More than 30.000 people work for the BBC and 3.350 of
them help to make radio programmes for countries out side' Britain.
* There are no advertisements in BBC programmes.
* Everyone in Britain with a TV has to buy a licence
(рухсатнома) each year. The money from these licences goes
to the BBC but it doesn't pay for the World Service. The British
government pays for all international radio programmes.
*The most popular magazine in Britain is «The Radio Times»
It gives Information about BBC radio and TV programmes.
Read and answer the questions.
THE ENERGY DEBATE
(Энергия баҳси)
Britain in the 1990s is concerned about producing too little or
too much energy. It relies heavily on main types of energy: oil,
coal, gas and nuclear power.
Coal industry. Britain's coal industry was until recently one
of the largest and most technologically
25
advanced in Western Europe. Coal has been mined in Britain since
Roman times but became particularly important during the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Industrial Revolution was
powered by coal. Large cities and heavy industries (such as steel
and shipbuilding) developed in the areas where coal was found,
which are still among the most heavily populated areas in Britain
today. Coal is certainly Britain's cheapest energy source and
supplies last into the next century.
Economic self-sufficiency, (ўзини иқтисодий таъминлай
олиши) Oil has become increasingly vital to Britain's transport
and distribution systems. Until the 1970s most of it was imported
from the Middle East.
Many British people are also concerned about the safety of
Britain's nuclear power stations. Britain has had a nuclear energy
programme since 1955 and nearly all the money spent on energy
research has been concentrated on nuclear power.
British Industry
Britain has been an industrialized nation for two centuries. It
has a variety of industries which can be divided into three main
categories.
Primary Industry
Provides raw (хом ашё) materials and food from the land and
the sea.
Manufacturing Industry
Makes raw materials finished goods (хом ашёдан
буюмлар тайёрлаш).
Service Industry
People provide services for others. During the nineteenth
century Britain was transformed from a mainly agricultural society
into an industrial one.
People moved to the rapidly expanding towns and cities,
railways were developed to transport goods around the country
and by 1900 Britain had become a major world power.
26
 The coal and Iron found in the North east of the Midlands,
Scotland and South Wales provided the power for factories in
those areas. Cotton arrived at the great port of Liverpool from
the USA and India to be made into cloth in the textile industries
nearby. The sheep in the Yorkshire dales (водийлар) provided
wool and the coal fields powered the mills. The humid (нам)
climate in Lancashire was practicaly good for the cotton-
spinning process. By 1990 Britain was producing over a third of
the worlds manufactured goods and had earned the title
«Workshop of the World» (Дунё устахонаси).
READ, LEARN AND RETELL THEM
Customs and habits.
Sending cards is a widespread custom in Britain today. The
British people have been sending cards since Victorian times when
wealthy families started to send Christmas greetings. In the 1980s
the card industry expanded as celebrations became more and more
commercialised. There are cards for every occasion from buying
a house to having a baby and more recently, cards for getting a
new job, getting a divorce or just saying «Sorry». More than 100
million Christmas cards are sold-in Britain every year.
Social rules
It is polite to ask someone you know «how are you?» When
you meet them again or at the start of a phone conversation. The
expected reply is «Fine, thanks» or Not too bad, thank you' -not a
full health report. Strangers usually do not talk to each other on
trains. It is polite to open a present in front of the person who
gives it to you.
It is polite to ask permission to leave the table after a meal,
especially in the case of children.
It is polite to make telephone calls in other people's houses,
unless you ask permission and offer to pay for me call. People do
not take off their shoes when they enter a house. It is not polite to
stare at strangers.
Children are expected to give up their seat in a bus to adult, if
the bus is full.

27
 Rights
(Ҳуқуқлар)
Many of rights depend on what age we are. These include
Birth: (Булар ўз ичига туғилишни ҳам олади).
compulsory school attendance; мажбурий мактабга
бориш, draw (юбориш) money from the own post office
bank or building society account - банкка пул қўйиш..
be convicted of a criminal offence - жиноий иш билан
жазоланиш
take a part-time job, up to 2 hours a day and up to 4 hours a
day on Saturdays and in school holidays.
leaving school;
buying cigarettes, marrying with parents concent; -
маслаҳат
being sent to prison - қамалиш.
marry without parents consent; - ота-онанинг рухсатисиз
уйланиш
standing as a candidate for Parliament of the local council
and etc. маҳаллий қўмита.
READANDGET INFORMATION ABOUT BRITAIN
AND COMMONWEALTH
(Миллатлар ҳамдўстлиги иттифоқи)
It the 19th century Britain reached its height as a world
colonial power (дунё чўққисига чиқади). But World Wars I
and II have brought an end to it (уни тугатди). World War II
weakened Britain (кучсизлантирди). The years following World
War II showed the end of the British colonial empire
(тугатганлигини кўрсатди).
Now the United Kingdom together with most of its former
colonies is a member of the Commonwealth. The Queen
Elisabeth П is the head of the Commonwealth.
READ AND SPEAK ABOUT IT
BRITAIN COMMONWEALTH
(Британия миллатлар ҳамдўстлиги иттифоқи)

Community of nations — is the Union of former colonies of

Great Britain which had received the independence. They are in

28
the structure of Great Britain. In 1931 Commonwealth was
stated /registered/ by the Westminster status.
Great Britain and its dominants Canada, Australian Union, New
Zealand, South - African Union, and Ireland entered this
community initially. They had equal legal status and they united
with common faithfulness. That's why every member of
community has a general governor (генерал губернатор).
Especially its monarchy character was lost in 1949, when some
countries came out from its structure.
At the present time Community of Nations is the Union of
states of former dominants of Great Britain.
Particularity (ўзига хослиги) of interest of these countries
are supported by the help of conducting regular conferences of
prime Ministers, ministries of Finance and the creation of constant
committees.
The conferences play only the consulting role. Community
Nations support usual ordinary diplomatic relations through the
high commissar (комиссар) and ambassador (элчи).
Community of Nation doesn't have a legal status on
international arena. The relations have symbolized character.
Every country has a right to come out from community.
They were realised by Birma in 1948, Ireland Republic in 1948,
South-African Republic in 1961.
The position of Great Britain in Community of Nations is
determined not by the legal positions, relations, between Great
Britain and these countries.
Read and get information about the regions of Great
Britain.
Officially there are 11 regions in the United Kingdom
1) Greater London and the South East Region. 2) South-West
England. 3) East Anglia. 4) West Midlands. 5) East Midlands. 6)
North-West England. 7) Yorkshire and Hampshire. 8) Northern
England. 9) Wales. 10) Scotland. 11) Northern Ireland.
Britain is usually divided into two major regions: Highland Britain
and Lowland Britain.
The hilly (баландлик) parts are in the north and the west

29
towards (томонга) the ocean. The agricultural plain of England
lies toward the Channel and the continental of Europe the Highland
Britain comprises all those mountain parts and uplands of Great
Britain. They are above one thousand feet (309 m) (фут). Lowland
Britain is a rich plain with chalk and lime stone hills (бўр,
оҳактошли баландликлар): Pine, birch, oak, beech, ash,
and elm are the most common trees there (қарағай, қайин,
дуб, қора қайин, ясень, қайрағоч).
Counties
Britain is divided into 53 administrative areas called counties.
The counties around the capital, London are known as the Home
Counties. Some Large cities have become highly populated and
have expanded into the surrounding countryside.
Speak about Britain regions and mountains, trees, counties.
Read and get information
Britain has a mild temperature (юмшоқ). Britain is visited
by winds from different parts of world. The weather is changeable
(ўзгарувчан). The temperature rarely exceeds 90° F (32°
C) - F -Fahrenheit, С - Centigrede (аҳён-аҳёнда
чиқади; Форингейт шкаласи, Цельсий шкаласи)
Sometimes the temperature falls below zero (нолдан пастга
тушади). Still the winds may bring winter cold in spring or
summer days in October. It rains much there. The driest period is
from March to June and the wettest months are from October
to January (энг қуруқ, энг нам). During a normal summer the
temperature is usually 80° F (27° С).
These fields can be worked all the year round (ишлаш
мумкин). The fauna of Britain is similar to that of Europe
(ҳайвонот дунёси). Some of the animals such as the wolf,
the bear, the boar and the reindeer have become extinct
(бўри, айиқ, чўчқа, кийик йўқ бўлиб кетган). Other species
of deer are found in wooded areas and in some parts (зотлар,
кийик топилди). In addition, there are foxes, badgers and
others (тулкилар, бўрсиқлар). There are many resident
30
species birds and others, which are regular visitors to Britian
(доим яшайдиган, доим келиб кетувчи). The number of ducks,
geese and other water fowl is immense (ўрдаклар, ғозлар, уй
парандалари кўп, чексиз). There are 3 species of snakes which
one is venomous (заҳарли).
SPEAKANDANSWERTHEQUESTIONS
1. Speak about Britain's climate.
2. Speak about Britain's fauna.
3. What species of birds can you see there?

The chief rivers of Great Britain are: the Severn, the Thames,
the Aire, the Great Oase, the Wye, the Tay, the Clyde, the Spey,
the Tweed, the Tyne.
The largest cities of Great Britain are London, (7.880.760
people), Birmingham (1.101.990), Glasgow (960.527 people),
Liverpool (705.310 people), Manchester (616.520 people),
Sheffield (534.100 people), Bristol (518.640 people), Leeds
(507.780 people), Edinburgh (464.986 people). It has a number of
important ports.
Bristol serves the industrial Midlands (Бристоль шаҳри,
хизмат қилади).
Glasgow is the principal Scottish port.
Leith is the port of the city of Edmburgh (Лиф, Эдинбург).
The chief import is grain (дон).
Belfast is the principal port in Northern Ireland (Белфаст).
Portsmouth is a naval port with developed shipbuilding
(Портсмут).
Milford Havan (in Wales) is one of the major oil ports in
Great Britain
( Мильфард Хевн катта нефть порти).
Other important ports are Cardiff New port and Grandge
Mourn (Кардифф). Goods of every kind pass through the docks
(доклар).
The port of London is the largest port.
Liverpool is the second largest port and the major export
outlet of the United Kingdom
31
 Manchester is an inland port (Манчестер, мамлакат ички
порти). Petroleum is both the main import and export (нефть,
керосин).
Southampton is Britian's largest port for ocean going liners
(Саутгамтон - океанда юрадитан кемалар энг катта порти).
It is the chief port for ocean passenger traffic (қатнови).
Newcastle upon Tyne and the other Tyne ports serve the
industries and the most important coal shipping, largest ship
repairing centre in the country (кўмир жўнатиш, кема тузатиш).
Hull serves the industrial centres of Yorkshire and Midlands
(Гулль, Йоркшир, Ўрта ер).
Middlesbrough is one of the largest importing centres in
Britain for iron ore and exports mainly steel (Мидльбери,
темир рудаси, пўлат)
Swansea has the largest ports serving South Wales (Свонси).
Answer the questions and find on the map:
1. What are the chief rivers of Britain ?
2. Find them on the map !
3. What are the largest cities of Britain?
4. What are the main ports of it?
5. Find them on the map!
6. Speak about a) rivers b) cities c) ports of Great Britain.
Exploration for natural gas and oil has been going on in Britain
since 1960 and is developing rapidly (қидириш, излаш).
Its major industries include iron, steel, engineering motor
vehicles and aircraft, textile and chemicals (ўз ичига олади,
машинасозлик, автомобиль созлаш, самолётсозлик,
тўқимачилик ва химия маҳсулотлари). Its main exports are
manufactured goods such as machinery, vehicles, aircraft,
metal manufactures electrical apparatus (тўқимачилик
маҳсулотлари, машинасозлик транспорт воситалари, металл
ишлаш).
The leading minerals resourses of Britain are coal and coal
mining is one of the important British industries (минерал бойлик,
кўмир қазиб чиқариш).
Great Britain is a highly industrialized country and today work

32
in manufacturing mining and building for every one engaged
in agriculture (ишлаб чиқариш, қазиш қуриш, ҳар бири
қишлоқ хўжалигида банд).
The central uplands of it between England and Scotland are
now widely industrialized (кенг). Britain has a well developed
modern machine tool industry (асбоблар). Electrical techniques
are of growing importance (электротехника).
Britain airospace industry is well known for producing civil
and military aircraft helicopters, guided weapons (аэрокосмик
саноат, вертолёт, бошқариладиган қуроллар). Production of
textiles is spread throughout the country (тарқалган). The British
wool textile industry has been important for many years (юнгни
ишлаш саноати).
SPEAK ABOUT BRITAIN'S INDUSTRY
AND SHOW INDUSTRIAL CITIES ON THE MAP
The chief agricultural products of Britain are wheat barley,
oats, potatoes, sugar-beet, milk, beef, mutton and lamb
(буғдой, арпа, сули, канд лавлаги, бузоқ гўшти, қўй гўшти,
қўзи гўшти).
A high level of agricultural productivity enable to provide
about half of the food, the other half is imported (юқори
даражадаги қишлоқ хўжалиги озиқ-овқатни ярмини
таъминлайди). Britain usually imports meat, butter, wheat, tea,
fruit, tobacco and wool.
Britain has a long tradition of sheep production and can boast
of more than 30 breads (зотлар билан фахрланади).
Pig production is to be found in most parts of Britian especially
in the east and south of England and in Northern Ireland.
The British poultry industry is growing rapidly (уй
паррандалари).
The agriculture of Britain produces a wide variety of
fruits, vegetables and flower crops (турлича уруғлар).
Flowers are grown in many parts of Britain.

33
 The estimated woodland area in Great Britain is 1,98 million
hectares (ҳисобга олинган ўрмон, гектар). Privately
owned woods comprise nearly 60 percent of the total forest
area (шахсий ўрмонлар бутун ўрмон майдонининг 60
фоизини ташкил қилади).
Now a ,few words about the British transport. The passenger
and freight traffic of it is carried mainly by road (юк ташиш
машина йўли орқали амалга ошади). Private cars become
predominant since World War II (шахсий енгил машиналар).
The railway using fell much (темир йўлдан фойдаланиш
камайди).
Answer the questions:
1 .What are the chief agricultural products ?
[Link] about the area of its woodland and for what are they useful ?
3. Speak about Britain's transport

On January 1 1973 Britain entered the Common Market.

Joining the Common Market has meant accepting all the
rules, directions and regulations issued by the Brussels
Commission and the right of the British Government to determine
its own policies on such important matters as tariffs, agriculture,
trade, taxes, (умумий бозорга аъзо бўлиб кириш Брюссель
комиссияси томонидан ишлаб чиқилган қоида йўллан-
маларни қабул қилиш деганидир).
English is the official language in England, Wales, Scotland
and Northern Ireland.
But in the Highlands of Scotland and in the uplands of Wales a
remnant of Celtic speech still survives (қисми, қўлланилади).
The Scottish form of Gaelic is spoken in parts of Scotland. But a
few people in Northern Ireland speak the Irish form of Gaelic.
Welsh is a form of British Celtic. It is the first language in most
parts of Wales.
Great Britain has friendly relations with our country. We are
34
developing good- neighbourly relations both in politics and
economics (яхши қўшничилик алоқалари). In Tashkent British
Embassy was opened. The President of Uzbekistan visited Great
Britain and Princess Anne, prince Charles came to Tashkent. Now
many businessmen, officials are coming to Uzbekistan. After
their visits a lot of joint ventures, British firms began to work.
So our economical relations of Uzbekistan with Great
Britain are developing.
Speak about Common Market and its relations.
The visit of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
On November 22-26 1993 the President of Uzbekistan I.A.
Karimov paid an official visit to Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The visit caused (уйғотди) a great interest in Britain's political
and economic circles (иқтисодий доира). President I.A.
Karimov met the prime-minister John Major, the minister of foreign
affairs (ташқи ишлар) leadership, other politicians and took part
in discussions. The discussions were highly appreciated (юқори
баҳо берилди). During the meeting the agreements on mutual
economic cooperations, investments opening the airlines to Britain
were signed.
The relations between our two countries were raised on brand
(тамоман янги) new stage. During the meeting very important
documents about free movement of the citizens of two countries
were discussed. During the visit the meeting of the representatives
of the banks became a matter of great concern - (катта
аҳамиятга) [Link] met the heads of Rotshield and Berklamz
banks and that meeting was great useful (фойдали) for both
countries and found its reflection (ифода этилади) in the
speeches of president [Link] and the heads of the banks.
During the visit [Link] met the queen of Great Britain
Elizabeth II and had a talk about the cultural and economic relations
between the two countries, [Link] saw places of interest
of London, Our president also went to see Manchester and
35
Liverpool. There the President got acquainted with the work of
enterprises (корхоналар), firms and stock exchanges (биржалар).
President [Link] was met warmly and a sincere respect
(самимий ҳурмат) in Great Britain. The visit of the President of
Uzbekistan made a great contribution (ҳисса) to the development
of Uzbekistan as an independent state.
SPEAKANDANSWERTHEQUESTIONS.
1. Speak about our country's relation with Great Britain.
2. Speak about its position in the world.
3. Speak about the President's visit to Great Britain.
4. When did Britain enter the Common Market and why?
5. Is English the official language in the whole of Britain?

36
 NOW THE UNITED KINGDOM CONSISTS OF
[Link]
2. Wales
3. Scotland
4. Northern Ireland
5. Some 5500 smaller islands.

I. ENGLAND
(Англия)
Area: 50,378 [Link] -130,478 [Link].
Population-51,000,000 people (2007)
Capital - London.
Official language - English.

READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT IT

1
England is the largest industrial and densely populated part of
the United Kingdom (зич аҳоли жойлашган). The coasts of it
are washed by the North sea, the Irish sea, the English channel.
Its longest rivers are: the Thames — 210 miles, the Severn, the
Tyne (миль — 1609 м.). Most of the south coasts consist of high
chalk cliffs (бўр қоялари). Lancashire is famous for its wide
beaches (пляжлар). The beaches are most often of sand. The
sunshine can rapidly change, rain, winds can alter their direction
(алмаша олади).
The flora of it is relatively poor (камбағал, кам.) There little
natural unmodified forest is left (табиий ўзгармай қолган).
Woodlands of oak and ash are over much of the country. In the
south beach is often dominant (қора қайин кўп). Alder is
common in wetter parts (қора альха). Other English trees are

37
rowan elm, lime, yew maple, holly and etc. (рябина,
қайрогоч, бис, заранг, кедр).
2
In England there are only about 50 species of land animals.
Several species such as the bear, the wolf and the beaves
were exterminated in historic times but others such as the fallow-
deer, rabbit and rat are introduced by men (айиқ,бўри,бобр,
йўқ қилинган, буғу, қуён, каламуш, одамлар томонидан
ўргатилган, боқилади). There are many migrant species
that only visit the country (мамлакатга кўчиб келадиган
қушлар кўп).
The bird fauna is still numerous. Sea fish and fresh water fish
are numerous.
In England the lowland predominates (кўпчиликни ташкил
қилади). There are 3 highlands such as Cumberia in the North
West, the Pennine upland in the north and the south west
Peninsula.
3
Lowland England consists of Midland plains and searplants
of eastern England (қояли). The Cumbria region is dependent
on heavy industries, such coal-rnining, iron and steel manufacture
(оғир саноатга боғлиқ). Atomic energy is important in Cumbria
and there are two nuclear power stations there (атом
энергияси).
The richest coal field in the area near the Pennine uplands
has very few trees.
There are more than 3 million sheep in the Cumbria region
today. Sheep farming is characteristic of the uplands but in the
valleys cattle become more important (хосдир).
The Permines is an important water-catchment-area (сув
йиғувчи жой).
4
South west England is formed of rocks (қоялар). The
climate is mild. Valleys are usually moist (нам). Thanks to
38
the rich growth of grass there is no problem in winter in
feeding live-stock (уй ҳайвонларини боқишда). Cornwall
specializes in the production of butter and cheeze (Корнуолл
шахар). Sheep are grazed on the open moorlands
(ажратилган жойларда боқилади).
The lowlands are subdivided into the midland plains and the
searplants of eastern England (паст текисликлар). This part of
England consists of rocks.
The Lancashire is an agricultural region of England with a
highly developed and widespread industry (кўп тарқалган). It
has big towns such as Manchester, Liverpool and many others.
The climate of the plain is equable and the rains are fairly frequent
(тенг-баравар, тез-тез қайтарилиб туради). Potatoes and
cabbages, paultry farms are numerous (паррандачилик кўп)
In the south of the Mersey valley dairy farming becomes of
importance (сутчилик).

5
England has big cities:
Manchester is a big commercial centre of cotton, textile industry
and an important financial centre. It is well known for its electrical
machine and other goods.
Liverpool is a great port and commercial centre. It is
known for exporting primary products and importing manufactured
goods. Flour-milling, sugar refining and rubber products are
of much importance (тегирмончилик, ун, қанд ишлаб
чиқариш, резина маҳсулотлари).
Blackpool is one of Britain's most popular holiday resorts
with sandy beaches;hotels, cafes and places of entertainment
(Блэкпул)
Chester is known for engineering work (Честер).
Lancaster is famous for manufacture of linoleum
(Ланкастер, линолеум).
Birkenhead is known for the construction of modern oil-
tankers and some smaller ships (Биркенхад, қурилиш).
The largest towns of the industrial north east England are

39
Newcastle, Gateshead. Round Newcastle many towns grew with
the development of iron and steel manufacture shipbuilding and
engineering.
The west industrial region has two leading centres: Sheffield
and Leeds centres (Шеффилд, Лидс).
In Sheffield two types of products are made of steel: Spare
parts and cutting tools (қирқадиган, кесадиган асбоблар).
Leeds is another commercial centre of the area. It is known
for its wool industry and a large ready-made clothing industry
(тайёр кийимлар).
Another town Bradford is well known for its worsted and
woolen industries (комваль).
Scarlands of Eastern England is excellent formland. The main
cultivated crop is barley and sheep are quite numbers (кўп
экиладиган экин). Wheat, potatoes, oats grow there.
Hull, Grim are fairly important ports and York, Lincoln are
leading towns (асосий шаҳарлар).
Hull is the fourth port of Great Britain (Гулль). Hull's exports
are coal, machinery, manufactured goods. Its chief imports are
grain, oil, seeds, timber, fruit, wool, fish and mineral oils seeds,
timber, fruit, wool, fish and mineral oils (ўсимлик турлари,
қурилиш материаллари минерал хом ашёлар).
York is an ancient town, a Roman fortress that then became
a very great wool market (Йорк). Now York has railway
workshops, light engineering and manufactures of cocoa,
choclate and confectionery (темир йўл устахоналари, енгил
машинасозлик). York attracts quite a lot of tourists.
Another ancient town of the west industrial region is Lincoln.
It was also a Roman town. Now it produces diesel engines,
mining gear, excavators and gas turbines (дизель
машиналари, қазиш машиналари, газ турбиналари).
б
The production of fruits and vegetables is concentrated in
Midlands. The marked gardens there produce sprouts, cabbages,
onions, peas,' beans. Dairing is growing of importance.
40
 Coal is not the only product of this region, but it produces iron
and other metals.
The most important towns of Midland region are Birmingham,
Coventry Nottingham, Wolverhampton, Leicester.
Birmingham is the largest provincial city in England and the
centre of the cultural life of a large area, a big industrial city with
modern factories, well-known for its motor vehicles, electrical
equipment and machine tools.
Coventry is an old city 90 miles from London. It was damaged
during World War II (бузилган). Its important industries are motor
vehicles, agricultural machinery, aircraft, machine tools,
telecommunication equipment, radio, television, motion picture and
other electrical equipment, synthetic fibres and other goods
(кинофильм, сунъий тола).
Nottingham is the largest city of the Southern coalfield. It
is the centre of hosiery and knitwear goods also produces
bicycles (пайпоқ ишлаб чиқариш, трикотаж маҳсулоти).
■Leicester produces boots, shoes. It is a university town. Its
university was founded in 1919. Other industries are elastic fabrics,
sewing, cotton, typewriters, brickmaking, printing (тикиш, чоп
қилиш, ғишт ишлаб чиқариш).
Derby is a little to the west of the coal field. It is an engineering
centre especially aero-engines and man made fibres (самолёт
моторлари, ҳунармандчилик маҳсулотлари).
Villages and small towns of South Midland region are very
beautiful as houses there are mainly built of natural stone. Wheat,
barley and-oats are the most extensive grain crops there. The
most important towns of this region are Oxford and Cambridge,
Swindon, Bedford. Oxford is a great university town of England.
Swindon is a railway centre , known for its production of
locomotives.
Bedford is also an engineering centre. It produces agricultural
machinery.
Cambridge is an ancient town. It has a well-known university.
Luton is a rapidly growing town of the same region. It is a
motor manufacturing centre (мотор ишлаб чиқариш).

41
 Northampton is also an important town of this region famous
for manufacture of leather industry (чарм, тери ишлаш).
7
East Anglia remains a region of villages, isolated farmsteads
and small market .towns (фермерлар). Most of the towns of East
Anglia have little tendency to grow. It has ancient market towns
such as Harwich, fishing centres in Lowesstoft and Yarmouth.
East Anglia was once the major wool textile area . But now
sheep have almost disappeared from East Anglia and today the
manufacture of wool is lost (йўқолди). Norwich is the largest
town in the region. It was once the greatest weaving town in
Britain (тўқувчилар шаҳри).
Yarmouth is located on the sandy east coast of the Angelia
region (жойлашган). It is well known resort-курорт and recieves
about half a million visitors a year. At the same time it is a fishing
port and has fish plants.
Now Great Yarmouth, Lowesstoft have also become important
bases for natural .gas exploitation in the North Sea.
The regional economy of South West England is based on
agriculture and tourism. Gardening and fruit farming are helped
by the mild climate. The crops of this region are green vegetables,
early potatoes and fruits. The farmers supply the London market
and other markets with early products at high prices (юқори
баҳода).
The most important mineral resource of it is kaolin, or china
clay (Минерал қазилма, каолин чинни лой). It is used in the
pottery industry (кулолчилик). Tin was the chief export of the
area, but now it supplies nearly 25 per cent of its tin ore
requirement (тунука, унинг тунукага бўлган талаби).
8
The fine cliffed coastline attracts many tourists. Grass continues
to grow throughout the winter and conditions are favourable for
the cultivation of early vegetables and flowers.
Plymouth is the largest town of the South East England.
42
 Bristol is a major port, industrial centre, commercial place and
a university town (1876). Now there are flourishing colleges of
science and technology, art and commerce (ривожланаётган).
There is a long established dairy fanning industry around Bristol.
Butter, cheese and cream are the chief products. In the eastern
part of it many pigs and production of bacon, pink sausages and
other products are flourishing
The Hampshire basin is the improved farmland and grassland.
In the centre of it there is a port called the new Forest. Its land is
good for strawberries, flowers (қулупнай). There are many
popular resorts with sandy beaches, beautiful in land scenery and
sunny weather (кўриниш, об-ҳаво).
The largest towns of this region are Portsmouth and
Southampton. Portsmouth is a naval centre and the naval activity
is the main source of the town's growth.
Southampton is a university town and a great port with a very
large passenger trade. The most important industry is shipbuilding,
repair of ships, small and moderate-sized craft (кичик ва катта
хажмдаги кема).
Fawley is known as one of the most important centres of the
petroleum refineries (нефть тозалаш). 15 of the largest
refineries in Britain are at Fawley.
South — East England region contrasts very strongly with the
other regions. It is an area of uplift (юксалишда). The most
extensive crop in it is orchard fruit (боғ мевалари). Hops
flowers and vegetables are also of great importance there (хмель).
Apples, cherries, strawberries, gooseberries are among its most
common soft fruit. This part of England is quite densely populated
(зич ахоли жойлашган).
9
The most popular passenger ports are Folkstone and Dover.
Folkstone is also a resort It has engineering industries. Dover is an
ancient port and dates back to Roman times (тўғри келади).
The largest town of this region is Brighton which is a resort.

43
 The London Basin region is a man made region (инсон
томонидан ташкил топган). More than 9.000.000 people live
there. London itself has become so huge that it dominates the
life of Britain (бошқаради). It is the capital of the country, the
chief port, an important manufacturing centre, the most important
market, commercial centre, a university town, the centre of many
industries. It is well known for printing, film production, food, drink,
furniture, instrument and other specialized products, light
engineering, chemicals and consumer goods (керакли буюмлар).
There you can see some heavy engineering plants and a number
of research establishments (машинасозлик заводлари, илмий
ишхоналар).
Answer the questions and speak
1. What part of Britain is England ?
2. What rivers are there in England ?
3. Find them on the map!
4. Speak about its natural resources
5. Speak about its industries!
6. Speak about its cities and find them on the map!
7. Speak about fauna, flora and climate of England!

44
 II. WALES
Area: 8,018 [Link]- 20,766 [Link].
Population-3,250,000 people (2007)
Capital-Cardiff". Official language -
Wales and English.

READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT IT.

Wales lies in the west of the England lowlands and is a hill
country. The chief rivers of it are in the North: the Clyde, the
Conway, the Duyryd, the Mawddach, the Terific , the Cledden,
the Tai, the Towy, the Wysg.
The remoter parts of Wales shelter some animals and birds
(узоқроқ, бошпана беради). Sea and land birds can be found
there in great numbers.
The whole area of Wales may be subdivided into regions
(бўлинади). The Welsh, Massiff, Industrial South Wales and the
Welsh Borderland.
The Welsh Massiffis mainly plateau country with much
moorland (торф ер). It is well known for its coal and rainy climate.
Settlements and farmlands are largely concentrated in the valleys
and along the coast (яшовчилар). There are rough pastures for
sheep (текис ўтлоқлар). Sheep grazing employs few men
and the plateaus of Wales are very sparsely populated (қуй бокиш,
иш билан таъминлайди, кам сийракланганлар, озчилик ва
Уэльс платоларида аҳоли сийрак).
The highest mountain of both England and Wales is Snowdon.
It is 3,561 feet high. Carnedd Dafydd is 3427 feet-high. They are
well know mountains of Wales.
The Welsh language and Welsh way of life are more
predominant today in the North-West of Wales (Ҳукмронлик
қилади).
The valleys are quite different from the uplands. The climate

45
is milder (юмшоқроқ). At the high levels sheep farming is still
of great importance, but in the lower valleys there is marked
change from sheep to (ўзгариш бор, сезилади). There farmland
is much richer and settlements are much larger. The climate is
much better. There are many lakes in it. In Snowdonia there are
numerous foxes and herds of wild goats, mountain ponies,
otters, badgers (ёввойи эчкилар подаси, тоғ понилари, отлар,
сувсарлар, бўрсиқлар). Rainfall is heavy in Wales. The most
important towns of it are Colwyn, Bay, Landuduo, Pembroke,
Carmmarthen, Aberystwyth and Conway. Aberystwyth is a resort.
Carmouth and Pembroke are important centres for the farm land
products of the South West.
The industrial South Wales is fairly densely populated (зич).
This part of Wales is especially well known for the manufacture
of ferrous metals and coal mining (қора металлар). The
coalmining is very prominent in South Wales. Coal mining
started in the 13th century (бошланди). Thus high quality
(юқори сифатли) and easy transportation made this region one
of the biggest coalmining centres in the world.
At the end of the 19 century the leading industry in South
Wales was the iron industry. Next to the coal field iron ore is
mined (ёнида темир рудаси қазиб олинади).
At one period Wales enjoyed a world monopoly in manufacture
of tin-plate (фойдаланилди, оқ тунука). Now tin-plate works
have been closed (тўхтатилган, беркитилган).
The biggest towns of the industrial South Wales are Cardiff,
Swansea and Newport. About a third of all the people of the
region live in these three towns.

Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is situated near the mouth of

the river Taff. The site was first occupied by a Roman fort (жой,
Рим форти). Cardiff is very famous for its coal. Engineering in it
includes ship-repairing and the making of railway wagons, oil
engines, vehicles and electric gear (темир йўл вагонлари
қуриш, моторлар, вагонлар, механизмлар). It is also known
for a great range of light industry (катта типдаги енгил
саноат).
46
 Swansea is a large city and there is a good port there. It is built
at the mouth of the river Tawe. The town's origin dates from
the 12tn century (шаҳарнинт вужудга келиши, туғри келади).
Now it is an important seat of copper tin plate and "zink
industry” (мис. pyx металлари.) Besides there are important
steelworks and light industries (пўлат эритиш заводлари).
New port is also located on a river—the Uzk (жойлашган).
Its industries are not as varied as those of Cardiff (турлича). It
has only ship repairing facilities and a modest shipbuilding industry.
They all import crude petroleum pig-iron, steel bars, ores
and timber (қайта ишланадитан нефть, қуйма чўян, пўлат,
тўсиклар, рудалар, ёғоч материаллари). Their main exports
are refined oil, steel manufactures, tin-plate, coal coke
(тозаланган нефть, кокс кўмири).
The town — Milford Haven outputs about 59 million tons of
petroleum a year (бензин ишлаб чиқаради). It is also one of
the principal fishing parts of Wales.
The Welsh borderland is hilly but most of it is much lower
than the Welsh Massif (чегараси). It is well farmed and there
are comparatively few towns (таққослаганда). The climate
of it is better than that in the heart of Wales.
It has good soil, therefore it is a notable farming area (ep,
тупроқ, деҳқончиликка кулай жой).
Trees are numerous. They are a preminent feature of the
scenery (чиройли кўриниш). Its pastures are chiefly used
for cattle-grazing (ўтлоқлари, мол боқиш). The most
extensive crops are wheat, barley, oat and mixed corn (кўп
экиладиган экин, аралаш дон). The northern part of the country
has large numbers of paultry (уй паррандалари). They produce
eggs for the great urban markets (шаҳар бозорларига).
Orchard fruit is typical here. The chief product is apples.
One of its towns Shrewsbury is an ancient town. Today it is a
big urban centre with flourishing manufactures
(ривожланаётган). They output vehicles and machine tools
(машина асбоблари).

47
 I

The other town — Hereford is an important market centre.

Its most prominent industries depend on local agriculture and include
brewing, the canning of fruit and vegetables and flourmilling
(боғлиқ маҳаллий пиво ишлаб чиқариш, олмани қайта
ишлаш, меваларни консервалаш).
Answer the questions:
1. Where is Wales situated? Show it on the map.
2. What is the weather like there?
3. What are its natural resources ?

Speak
1. Speak about its region's mountains
2. Speak about its important centres and industries.

48
III. SCOTLAND
Area:30,[Link]-78,[Link].
Population-5,220,000people(2007)
Capital - Edinburgh.
Officiallanguage-English.
READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT SCOTLAND
Scotland is the most northern part of the three countries
(энг шимолий). It is much smaller than England. The cheviot
Hills mark the boundary between the two countries. It is fully
exposed to the Atlantic Ocean (тўлиқ қараган). In the east
Scotland is washed by the North Sea, it is not far away from
the Arctic Circle (чегараланади, Арктикадан). As a result of
its position Scotland is not so densely populated as England
or Wales (аҳоли зич жойлашмаган). The capital of it is
Edinburgh.
Scotland is divided into 3 structural regions the Highlands, the
Central Lowlands and the Southern Uplands (паст
текисликлар ва баландликлар).
The Highlands occupy the northern part of the country. Nearly
all the regions are high ground with valleys, lakes (кўллар).
The Great Glen is a valley that separates the North-West
Highlands from the Grampian mountain system. The valley runs
from North-East to South-West and contains long narrow locks
(жойлашган. ўз ичига олади). The Grampian mountains rise
the level 2 000 - 3 000 feet Several peaks exceed 4 000 feet.
The highest mountain of Great Britain - Ben Nevis is 4 406 feet
high. Here are the headwaters of the rivers Dee and Don
(бошланиш манбаи). The river Tay is the longest in Scotland
(118 miles).
The Highlands of Scotland are not very high, about 600 feet.
There are many valleys, lakes and sea lochs.
The Highlands cannot boast of a dense population and are
uninhabitable (яшашга мослашмаган). The most part of towns
and villages have grown in modern times.
49
 The highlands are not rich in minerals. There are only a few
works, such as iron ore works (ишлаётган заводлар). Some
coal is also found there.
The development of hydroelectric power is important
there (гидроэлектростанция). It provides shortern work, brings
light and power to the whole region (таъминлайди, қисқа
фурсатли иш).
The Highland population concentrates on hill-sheep farming
(кўп жойлашган). The lower hills are suitable for stock-rearing
(мол боқишга). The cereals and potatoes grow in the lowlands
with better soils (Ғалла ўсимликлари). The granite quarring
and polishing are characteristic industries in Aberdeen (гранит
ишлаб чиқариш, текислаш-силлиқлаш-созлаш). Aberdeen
is also the principle port of hernings and is an important
centre of many fisheries (сельд балиқлари тури,
балиқчилар). In the recent years there was a great increase in
the tourist trade (кейинги пайтда ўсди). People are leaving
these places because the year becoming of insufficient
resources to support them (таъминламайдиган манба, ёрдам
бермайдиган манба).
The most important towns of the Highlands are — Aberdeen,
Inverness, Peterhead, Lerwick (Shetlands), Stornow (hebrides)
and Kirkwall (Ormeys).
Aberdeen is the northern largest town of the British Isles and
is a university town, an important manufacturing centre. But it is
not only an industrial town. Transport services and trade also
employ many people (ҳунармандчилик, иш билан
таъминлайди). It is the chief Scotland port for landings of herring
and white fish such as cod, haddock and plaice (треска,
тресканинг тури, камбала балиғи).
The Hebredes is a broken archipelago with 80 inhabited islands
(ороллар гуруҳи). Many of them are small rocky islands.
The Hebredes are very attractive, but poor agriculturally
(ўзига тортувчи).
Commercial fishing and tourism are becoming important. The
Hebrides consist of the outer Hebrides and Inner Hebrides (ташқи,
ички). Outer- Hebrides have a dense population. They are mostly
fishermen (балиқчилар). The Inner Hebrides may be defined
50
as a land of small farms and crofts (кичик далалар, ҳовлилар).
There is no fishing industry.
Islay is called the «queen of Hebrides» as it is the richest and
most productive of all islands. It is known for good trout and
salmon fishing (форель, лосось балиқ-тури). It is 15 miles
long, 2,5 miles broad. Stock raising, dairy farming and cheese-
making are of great importance (мол боқиш). Oats, potatoes
and various vegetables are the island's main crops (асосий
экинлар, ўсимликлар). The largest town and administrative
centre of the island is Bowmore.
Port Ellen is its principal port and a well-known holiday resort
(санатория, курорт). As the coastline is rugged and dangerous
for navigation, there are five lighthouses on the island (қирғоқ,
тўғри эмас, эгри бугри, хавфли, маяклар).
The Orkneys are known for sheep grazing land (қўй боқиш).
The Shetland Isles make a compact archipelago of a hundred
islands and islets (оролча, кичкина орол). Only 24 of these are
inhabited (аҳоли жойлашган). They are thinly populated out
of their position and climite. It is rich in peat (торф, торф
брикети). The only crops of importance are oats and potatoes.
Sheep farming provides wool for the hand knitting industry
of the Isles (қўлда тўқиш саноати). Cattle ore of lesser
importance than sheep but poultry rearing has become more
widespread (камроқ, уй паррандалари, кенгроқ тарқалган).
Fishing is important in summer. In winter thousands of women
and girls are busy knitting using trade patterns (расмий
намуналар).
The northern island — Unst has a reputation for 2 famous
products of «lace-work» shwals and ponies (қўлда
тўқиладиган рўмоллар, понилар — от тури). The Shetland
Islands are famous for the long summer twilight (кечқурунги
вақт). It is a reminder of the northerly latitude (кенглик).
The Central lowlands region is located between the Highlands
and the Southern Uplands (жойлашган). In the lowlands there
are many separate groups of hills and isolated crags, castles
of Edinburgh and Stirling stand on hills (ажралган қоялар).
 There are 3 chief valleys in the Central Lowlands: The Tay
valley, The Forth valley, The Clyde valley. There are not many
locks in them, but there are lakes of various sizes (кўллар). The
population there is dense (зич).
The rocks of the lowlands carry important coal fields. Iron
and lead are worked in some areas (қалай-металл). The
working of oil's hale is also of importance there (ишлаб
чиқариш, нефть махсулоти).

One of the largest towns is Glasgow. Industrial towns are

situated near the Lancashere coal fields. This is the centre of a
great variety of manufacturing industries.
At the beginning of the 18th century Glasgow was a great port
and a manufacturing centre. Today its leading industries are heavy
industries, ship-building. Its plants output iron, steel, marine engines,
aero-engines, road, vehicles, machine tools and many other metal
products. Glasgow also produces cotton. Wollen carpets, hoisery
are especially well knowm (юнгдан тўқилган гиламлар, ишлаб
чиқариш саноати). It is an important, textile centre
(тикувчилик). Glasgow is also known for its book producing and
publishing firms, chief ports and the leading distributing centres.
Its exports are nearly half as great as its imports.
There are similar towns around Glasgow. They output different
goods, industries. The jute manufacture and jam, marmalade
making are localized at Dundee, the woolen industry in Stirlingshire
(жун маҳсулотлари). Paper is manufactured in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. These towns are situated around
Glasgow.
Rich agricultural lands lie close to these manufacturing districts.
Barley, wheat and potatoes are main crops. The farming of this
region is notable for its high yields much as pig farms, poultry
farms (қизиқарли, ҳосиллар).
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. It is also a banking,
insurance centre and is famous for its fine setting architecture,
historic interest, a university (суғурта маркази). The university
was founded in 1582. Its industries are of quite importance.
52
 Edinburgh is a main centre of rubber production. There are
also baking and milling industries (нонвойчилик).
Other towns of importance of this part of Scotland are Paisley,
Motherwell, Greenock, Dundee and Perth.
The Southern Uplands lie to the south of the Central lowlands.
It consists of high ground, its highest point is only 2 264 above the
sea. :
The Upland platforms have few trees (юқоридаги
жойларда). Grazing has been practised in this region for a long
time (мол боқиш). There are blackface sheep and cheviot sheep.
Blackface sheep are kept on the moolands and raised for their
mutton, cheviot sheep are typical of the best hill lands are kept for
their wool (боқилади, торфли ер).
In the west of Southern uplands dairy farming is highly
developed (сутчилик). It supplies with milk (таъминлайди).
Coalmining, granite polishing, fishing industries are developed.
There is a plenty of lochs and river fishing, salmon, trout
fishing, (кўллар кўп, балиқ турлари).
Its largest town is Dumfries. It has grain mills, textile industry
of knitted garments for home and foreign markets (қўлда
тўқилган кийимлар).
The next small town is Stranraer, it is important with its dairy
products.
The climate of Scotland is greatly influenced by the southern
Uplands position (таъсир қилади). The Western coasts are
mildest in winter (энг юмшоқ). The South of Scotland enjoys
high temperature, the eastern part of it recieves less rain (кам
ёмғир). The flora of Scotland is much affected by varied climate
of this small country (кўп таъсир қилади, турлича об-ҳаво).
For its size Scotland's founa is rich and varied (ўз майдонига
қараганда). The largest wild animal is the Atlantic gray seal
(тюлень). The island North Pona is frequented by thousands of
animals (келади яшайди). The wild red deer remains in Scotland,
the red deer may sometimes be found on the same ground (қизил
кийик, косуль-кийик тури). Feral goats occur in many deep
forests and on a few small islands (ёввойи эчкилар учрайди).
Foxes and badgers are common in Scotland (бўрсиқ учрайди).
53
The wild cat has increased in the first half of the 20th century
(кўпайган). Others are common in rivers, small islands and the
rocky coastline, the pole cat is rare (кузак ҳайвон сийрак).
Scotland lost the brown bear in the 9 century, the elk and the
reindeer in the 12th century, the beaver in the 16th century
(қўнғир айиқ, лось, шимол буғуси, қундуз). The last wolf
was killed more than two hundred years ago in 1743.
The bird life of Scotland is rich. Its chief glories are numerous
(манзара, кўриниш). Scotland is also proud of its golden eagle
(бургут). It should be remembered that quite a lot of the most
picturesque parts of Scotland are privately owned (кўринишли
манзарали, хусусий мулкдир).
Answer the questions:
1. Where is Scotland situated ?
2. What are its agricultural products?

SPEAK
1. Speak about its regions, mountains, show them on the map.
2. Speak about its national resources and industries.
3. Speak about its largest cities and towns, show them on the map.

54
 IV. NORTHERN IRELAND

Area: 5,461 [Link]-14,144 sq klm.

Population-1,800,000 people (2007)
Capital-Belfast

Official language - English.

READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT NORTHERN

IRELAND
Northern Ireland occupies North east section of the island of
Ireland.
The area of Northern Ireland is relatively small but varied. It
comprises six counties and its seaboard is 245 miles long (ўз
ичига олади, графликлар, узунликда). The capital of it is
Belfast.
Though Northern Ireland is not rich in minerals there is a
growing industrialization (саноат ўсаяпти). It has long been
an important manufactures of textile machinary and other
engineering products. Therefore it is a well-known centre of textile
and linen (зиғир тола). Nowadays man-made fibre production
is extensively developed (сунъий тола маҳсулотлари). Belfast
is famous for its shipyard (кемаларга жой). It incorporates
the world's biggest shipbuilding berth (ташкил қилади, жой).
Northern Ireland produces vehicle components, oilwell
equipment, electric instruments, telephone, switch gear, toys,
shoes and sinthetic rubber (ўчириш, ёқиш асбоблари, сунъий
резина).
More than two-thirds of the population of Northern Ireland is
concentrated in Belfast and in the neighbouring counties
(графликлар). The insular position greatly influences the climate
of it (оролда бўлишлик таъсир қилади). Rain in it is frequent
and abundant (кўп тез-тез ёғади, ёқимли).

55
 For its insular position there are not many plants and animals
in Northern Ireland. At higher levels there are bogs (ботқоқлик).
It lacks natural resources: it has no coal and iron varied.
However the richest agricultural soil is found there and mixed
farming is the general practice.
Livestock products including dairy products are of particular
importance (уй ҳайвонлари). Oats are the main cereal crop
and there is a big production of potatoes (дон
маҳсулотлари) .Many farmers grow flax and fruit. Flax is grown
in suitable districts (зиғир). The farmers send most of their
agricultural products to Britain. The chief agricultural exports are
cattle, poultry, eggs, bacon, milk, products, potatoes and [Link]
linen industry is of great importance and gives employment to
many workers (иш билан таъминлайди). Clothing and cotton
goods are also extensively manufactured. Textiles, textile goods,
clothing take a third of its exports. Local flax remains the basis of
the industry. Workers in clothing factories are chiefly women.
Therefore it chronically suffers from male unemployment
(шy сабабли доим эркаклар ишсизлиги мавжуд).
Belfast is famous for its huge output of ships. There is also a
big Volume of repair work (кўп таъмирлаш ишлари бор).
The Belfast shipyard has also passenger liners and some aircraft
carriers (самолёт лайнерлари, транспорти) Belfast is known
for its rope making industry and possesses the largest rope-works
in the world (арқон ишлаб чиқариш саноати бор), in the
manufacture of food, drinks, tobacco and the flourmilling, furniture
(ун ишлаб чиқариш, мебелсозлик). Salmon fishing can be
carried on in some parts of Northern Ireland. Its smaller towns
are Ballymena and Newry. Ballymena is noted as the market centre
of dairy products (сутчилик). Newry was a flourishing port. It
is famous for agricultural markets and manufacture of linen.
The town Portadown is the centre of jam-making and fruit-
canning (меваларни консервалаш).
. Belfast stands at the Belfast Lough (кўл, кўрфаз). The port
of Belfast is of great importance for the Northern Ireland. Its

56
trade is dominantly with Great Britain (савдо). It contains one
million protestants and half a million catholics. The fields of
employment, social need were there. The struggle for democratic
rights was launched (бошланди) in 1968 and it is still going on
(давом этаяпти).
Answer the questions:
1. How many countries are there?
3. What kind of industries are developed there?

SPEAK
1. Speak about its main centres and show them on the map;
2. Speak about its agricultural products and nature;

57
 THE SMALLER ISLANDS ROUND BRITAIN
(Британия атрофидаги кичкина ороллар)
READANDGEТINFORMATIONABOUTTHEM
The Isle of Wight is a part of Hampshire. It lies off the South
coast of England. The climate is maritime and mild (денгиз об-
ҳавоси юмшоқ). The chief town is Newport. It is the important
сеntre of sailing and yachting and has many holiday resorts such
as Cowes, Ryde, Seaview, Cambridge, Sandown, Ventnor, Fresh
Water Bay, Totland Bay and some others (сузиш, яхтада
сузиш). It is composed of rocks and is known with its beauty,
variety scenery.
The island is known for its quarrying from remote times
(машҳурлиги билан узоқ-вақтдан). Today agriculture and
tourist trade sustain the economy (туристик алоқа,
сақлайди). There is also shipbuilding and aircraft construction at
Cows.
Newport is a market town and its Saturday market has been
known since 1184. The main industries are plastics and wood
work, milling, brewing and mineral water manufacture
(пластмасса ишлаб чиқариш, ўрмончилик, ёғочсозлик, пиво
пишириш). The harbour of Newport is used for import and
export business (ҳарбий порт).
The Isles of Scilly area group of about 140 small islands. They
are famous for their wild and picturesque scenery (манзарали,
кўринишлари). The coast is mostly chief bound and there are
many large caves (қоялар, ғорлар). The shores are dangerous
for navigation (қирғоқлар, кемалар сузиш учун хавфли).
There are several light houses there, such as Bishop Light built
in 1858 (маяклар). The climate of them is very mild, snow and
frost are rare.
Many subtropical plants such as fuchsias, geraniums, aloes
and cactus are grown there (ўсимлик турлари, гирань, кактус
ўсимлиги).
There are many sea birds, land birds such as the golden oriole
you can see deers there (заргалдоқ қуш, кийиклар).
58
 Land cultivation, the raising of early vegetables and flowers
are the main industries. The Scilly flowers are grown in the open
even in winter.
Of all the Scilly group only 5 islands are inhabited
(одамлар яшайди).
Hugh Town is the capital. It occupies a sandy peninsula and
there the large vessels can lie at anchor (қумли ярим орол,
кемалар, якорь).
The Channel Islands form an archipelago situated in the English
Channel lying in the South of England. It comprises many rocky
islands (ўз ичига олади, қояли). The biggest of them are Jersey,
Quernsey, Alderney, Sark. [Link] of them is mild and healthy.
Snow and frost are rare. The sunny climate with rainfall is good
for agriculture and the growing season is very long.
The Channel Island is characterized by a dense population
and intensive cultivation of land (аҳоли зич). There are native
trees such as oak, ash, buch, elm, lime, birch, pine, alder,
cedar, hazel (дарахт турлари). Many ferns, mosses, lichens,
wild daffadiles, fox lovers are abundant (папоротник, мохлар,
лишайниклар, нацись, янка, устениклар кўп).
The cultivation of land is made easier by a great wealth of
natural fertilizer (бойлик, ўғит).
The fauna of the Island is poor and the number of species is
not great. Here the rabbit is the largest wild animal (ёввойи
ҳайвон). The last fox was killed in Gersey in 1860. Jannets,
cormorants, stormy petrels, herring gulls and some other
sea birds can be seen there (қуш турлари — лупўш, тагалон,
буревестник, чайка, балиқ қушлари). Many British migrant
birds pass through the area (кўчиб юрадиган).
The population of it is chiefly of Norman descent but there is
large mixture of Briton blood. The productive economy of the
island is mainly based on agriculture with dairying, manufacturing
includes tabacco and textiles.
Alderney is the northern, most of the larger channel Islands.
It is a little over 3 square miles in area. The productive economy
59
of it combines dairy farming and the tourist trade. Little fishing is
practised.
Guernsey is the second largest of the Channel Islands. It has
25, 5 square miles in area. The capital of it is Saint Peter Port
(авлиё). Snow and frost are uncommon (кам ёғади). There in
1960 a sea-water distillation plant was built (денгиз сувини
тозаловчи). It is well known for breeding (чорвачилик).
Tomatoes, flowers and grapes grow there and mostly are exported
to England. The chief imports are food-stuffs, the principial exports
are tomatoes, flowers and stone (овқат махсулотлари).
Jersey is the largest Isle. Its area is 44, 87 square miles. The
capital is Saint Helier. The island's main industries are tourist trade
and agriculture. Tomatoes and early potatoes are grown for the
English market. 250 000 persons visit the island yearly (ҳap
йили). Jersey airport is one of the busiest in the United Kingdom
(энг банд). The population of it is of Norman descent and the
influence of Norman culture is still felt there (келиб чиқиши
у ерда ҳали ҳам бор, ҳали хам сезилади).
Jersey has its own copper coinage (мис танга). It makes
quite unique among the other islands (жуда ҳам чиройли;
манзарали).
Sark is one of the smaller channel Islands. Its area is only 9
square miles. It is well known for the beauty of its coastal scenery,
which attracts quite a lot of visitors (қирғоқ манзараси
диққатни ўзига тортади). There are two tunnels there. One of
them was built in 1598. The economy of it is based on farming,
fishing and the tourists’ trade.
The Isle of Man is situated in the Irish Sea. It is about 30 miles
long and 10 miles wide. The centre is Douglas. The climate of it is
moist and mild (нам). Frogs .are common (қурбақалар учраб
туради). Snow and frost are rare. The flora is limited
(чегараланган). There are no toads or snakes (газанда, ҳайвон,
илонлар). Badgers, foxes, moles and squirrels are also non-
existent (кротлар, олмахон яшамайди). There is only one
species of fresh water fish, the perch (зот, жердь).
The Isle of Man is known for its cats. The Maux cat is unique
(чиройли, ягона). It is common as a domestic pet in it.
60
It is also famous for Maux sheep, a handsome four horned breed
(шохли зот). A prominent feature of the isle for man is a bird
life. The position of the island makes it convenient for the steedy
of birds. The earliest inhabitants of it were Celtic in speech.
Fishing is practised there. The control massif of it is used as a
grazing ground for sheep. The plain lands are used for mixed
and dairy farms. Oats, potatoes and hay are the main crops
(хашак).Тhе tourist trade is becoming the most important
industry of the island. Every year the beauty of the island
attracts about 500.000 summer visitors (ҳар йили). The island is
well known for its wollen mills and flour mills.
Douglas has been the capital of it since 1896. It is a seaport.
By the middle of the 19th century the town has become a popular
holiday resort. Now the tourist trade is the town's main industry.
There are also precision, engineering works, knitting and carpet-
weaving factories, breweries and mineral water works (аниқ
механизмлар гилам тўқиш фабрикаси, пиво пишириш).
SPEAK ABOUT THE SMALLER ISLANDS:
SHOW THEM ON THE MAP
1. Name the smaller Islands around Great Britain;
2. Describe each of their area, nature, industry, climate;
3. Show them on the map;

61
 CITIES IN BRITAIN

READ THE TEXT AND GET

THE INFORMATION

LONDON
I
London is the capital of England and of Great Britain. It is
situated on the Thames (Темза дарёси). In Roman times it was
named Londinium and was already a centre. Today it has about 9
million people.
The city of London is about one square mile in area It contains
the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange (ўз ичига олади).
Then there is the County of London (Лондон графлиги). But
London has many other faces.
There is the West End. It is the shopping and entertaining
centre (савдо, қизиқарли марказ). Here you can see the
Houses of Parliament, built in the 13th century on the Banks of
the Thames. The other part of the city is the East End. Working
class is centered there. It is industrialized and there are many
docks there (доклар). One can see 10, Dowing Street there, the
official residence of the Prime Minister (резиденция-яшаш
жойи). Close to the House of Parliament Westminister Abbey
stands, built in the 14th century (Вестминистр аббатлиги). It is
an old fine building. Many kings and queens were crowned there
and many great men, writers, scientists, explorers were buried
(тож кийишган, кашфиётчилар кўмилган).
П
London has many places of interest: the tower of London,
built in the 12th century (минора). Hyde Park, many old castles,
62
palaces, the London Bridge, the underground, the Trafalgar Square,
Big Ben, Picadilly Circus, the British Museum, Covent Garden
opera house, the National gallery, Highgate Cemetery and other
places (Гайд парк, қасрлар, саройлар, Хайгет қабристони).
On Sundays orators come to Hyde Park. There people
exchange information, speak freely about what they want
(нимани хохласалар эркин гаплашадилар). London Bridge
is the only bridge across the river Thames. And it is narrow too
with shops, houses on each side of it (тор). For more than 600
years only London Bridge serviced the Londoners
(Лондонликлар). Then another one — Westminster Bridge was
built.
London's underground is best for its quickest way to get
about London (тез юриш транспорти). But the stations are
not so beautifully decorated as they are in our country. There is a
slot machine to get tickets, an escalator, and a poster map in
the underground (билет олиш автомати, йўл кўрсаткич).
Everyone seems to be in a great hurry in the London underground.
The Trafalgar square is the centre of London. It is large,
impressive and the most beautiful place in London. Here you can
see Nelson Column (Генерал Нельсон колоннаси).
Ш
The traffic is heavy in London (кўча ҳаракати). There are
many cars, lorries, buses, two-storied buses, double- deckers,
coaches (2 қаватли автобуслар, извошлар, аравалар). In
the Parliament Square we can see Houses of Parliament and Big
Ben. Big Ben is the name of the bell of the clock tower of the
Houses of Parliament (минора соатининт қўнғироғи). Big
Ben is the nickname of Sir Benjamin, chief Commisioner of
work (тахаллуси меҳнат министри). It has four faces
(томонлари). Each face is 7.50 in diameter, the figure — 60 sm,
the minute hand — 4.26 m. (рақам, минут, стрелкаси). The
Great Bell strikes hours (катта қўнғироқлар ҳар соатда
бонг уради). Big Ben weighs 13,5 tons. The British Museum is
old and well known all over the world. It has many ancient things
and an outstanding library. There you can find manuscripts of
63
poets, writers, even Uzbek poets, writers (қўлёзмалар). Its
library is the richest library in the world: It has 6 million books.
The British Museum was founded in [Link] has also
the National Gallery founded in 1824, the Tate gallery in 1827,
the Scotland queen Gallery in 1854.
SPEAKSHORTLYABOUTLONDON
READ THE TEXT
CAMBRIDGE
(КЕМБРИДЖ)
Cambridge is the second oldest University city in Britain after
Oxford. It lies on the river Cam and takes its name from this
river. Cambridge was founded in 1284. Now there are twenty
two colleges in Cambridge. The first women's college was opened
in 1869. The ancient buildings, chapels, libraries and colleges are
in the centre of the city (черковлар). There are many
museums in the old university city. Its population consists mostly
of teachers and students. All students have to live in the college
during their course.
In the old times the students' life was very strict (Эски вақтда
талабчан). They were not allowed to play games, to sing, to
hunt or even to fish or even to dance. They wore special dark
clothes which they continue to wear in our days (кийилади). In
the streets of Cambridge you can see young men wearing dark
blue and black clothes and the "squares"—the academic caps
(тўрт бурчакли шапка).
Many great men had studied at Cambridge, among them
Cromwell, Newton, Byron, Yennyson, Darwin. The great Russian
scientist LP. Pavlov came to Cambridge to receive the degree of
the Honorary Doctor of Cambridge (Кембридж
университетининг фаҳрий докторлик унвони). the
students presented him with a toy dog then (қўғирчоқ кучук).
Now Cambridge is known all over the world as a great centre of
science; many scientists such as Rutherford, Kapitza and others
worked there.
64
 Answer the questions:
1. When was Cambridge founded?
2. What kind of centre is Cambridge?
Speak and retell
1. Speak about Cambridge's students.
2. Retell the first half of the text
[Link] the second half of the text.

READ THE TEXT

EDINBURGH
(ЭДИНБУРГ)
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and one of the most
beautiful cities in Europe. It is situated on the seven hills
(тепаликда).
From the streets in the centre of the city you can see the ships
coming to Edinburgh from different countries of the world. The
highest hill, called «King Arthur's Chair», is 300 metres above
sea level (Қирол Артурнинг курсиси, денгиз сатхидан
баланд). In the «Old Town» the narrow houses with narrow
windows are climbing up by narrow streets towards the
ancient Edinburgh castle (кўтарилади) This building on the
Castle Rock 150 metres high is one thousand years old (Қоя,
қаср).
The modern town is in the valley (водийда). The streets are
straight and well planned, so that you can easily go about the
town.
The main street Princess Street is a mile long with beautiful
houses and with a monument to Walter Scott.
A new bridge over the river Forth was opened in 1966. It is
now the fourth of its kind in the world.
DESCRIBEANDCOMPRISE:
1. Describe the old city.
2. Describe the new city.
3. Comprise the old and the new cities.

65
 READ THE TEXT
MANCHESTER
(МАНЧЕСТЕР)
Manchester is the biggest city in Lancashire after Liverpool
(Ланкашир, Ливерпул). It is the industrial capital of the North
of England. Its climate is neither cold nor hot (жазирама
иссиқ ҳам, совуқ ҳам эмас).
Manchester is the fifth largest port in Great Britain although
it is 56 km. away from the sea (бўлсада). It is connected with
the sea by the Manchester Ship Canal. The city was founded in
the Roman times. In later history Manchester was the centre of
the cotton trade not only in Great Britain but in all the world
(пахтани қайта ишлаш соҳаси). At present its mills and
factories produce different electronic machines, chemical and
plastic materials, raincoats and other things. Manchester has a
large and rich industry, it also produces different foods, clothes,
soap and perfumes (парфюмерия).
The population of Manchester is about 680.000 people. It was
the first city in England which built its own airport in 1919. Now
the Manchester airport connects the city with different foreign
countries. Manchester is also an important cultural centre. It is
famous for publishing books and magazines and it has many good
libraries, museums and art galleries. The famous Halle Orchestra
is in Manchester and it gives concerts two times a week (Халли
оркестри). Manchester has good theatres and they often invite
the Royal Ballet from London and the Royal Shakespeare
Company from Stratford-on-Avon to cоmе and to perform
in Manchester. The city has many parks and sport grounds.
There people go in for sports.
Answer the questions:
I. When was Manchester founded and what kind of centre is it ?
Speak:
1. Speak about its history and climate.
2. Speak about its industry, population and culture.

66
 THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN ENGLAND
AND WALES.

HIGHER EDUCATION
Олий таълим
College or University (from 18 years or later)

SECONDARY EDUCATION
Ўрта таълим

1. Modern school [Link] school [Link] [Link] school

(11-16 years of age) (11-18 years of age) school (11-18 years of age)
Замонавий мактаб Техник мактаб (11-18 years of age) Грамматик мактаб
Умумий мактаб.

PRIMARY EDUCATION
Бошлангич таълим

Junior school (7-11 years of age ) бошланғич таълим

Infant school (5-7 years of age) кичкинтойлар мактаби.

Read, Learn and answer the questions.

The British education system.
State Education in Britain.
All State schools in Britain are free and schools provide their
pupils with books and equipment for their studies. Nine million
children attend 36.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory
from 5-16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a
nursery school or a pre-school play group to prepare them for the
start of compulsory education. Children start primary school at 5
and continue until they are 11. Most of children are taught together
boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go to secondary
67
schools called comprehensive which accept a wide range of
children from all backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups.
Ninety per cent of secondary schools in England, Scotland and
Wales are co-education.
At 16 pupils take a national exam called «GCSE» (General
Certificate of Secondary Education) and then they can leave school
if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education. Some 16-
year-old continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at
sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national
exam called, a level (Advanced Level). At 18 they need «A»
Levels to enter a University.
University and colleges of higher education accept (қабул
қилади) students with A level. From 18 Students study for a
degree which takes on average (ўртача) three years of full
time study. Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their
degrees at a special graduations ceremony.
Private Education
Seven per cent of British school children go to private
schools called independent schools.
Terms (муддат, давр, семестр). There are normally three
school terms in Britain:
Autumn, Spring and Summer terms.
Holidays: This can vary from region to region.. The schools
have usually ten days at Christmas, ten days at Easter, (ҳайит)
six weeks in the summer from the end of July to the beginning of
September.
Life in a language school
Britain's language schools have courses for every kind of
students young old, beginner and advanced. Every year they teach
thousands of people. Some just want to improve their English,
others are studying for special exams, a third group is businessmen
and women who need to speak English or students like these fill
Britain language schools all year. But there's another important
group of learners, teenagers and most of them come only in the
summer months.
68
 READ THE TEXTS

COMPULSORY SCHOOLS
МАЖБУРИЙ ТАЪЛИМ (мактаб)
SCHOOLS IN BRITAIN
Read and get information about compulsory, primary, secondary
education in Great Britain:
Education is compulsory between the ages of five and sixteen
(мажбурий). Compulsory schooling is divided into a primary
and secondary stage (мажбурий). The transition from the
рrimary to secondary school is normally made at the age of
eleven (ўтиш кўчиш)
Over 90 per cent of children attend schools at which no fees
are charger! (қатнашади, пул туланмайди). The education of
about 5 per cent of the population is financed mainly by parents
(пул билан таъминланади). The schools have state and
independent system (давлат ва мустақил тизим). Parents pay
the fees for the schools (пул, ҳақ тўлаш). Fees are based on a
scale related to the parents’ income (ота-она имконияти
билан белгиланади). Independent schools do not receive grants
from public funds (маблағлар, жамоа маблағи). But 10 per
cent of the places in independent schools are paid by the
government or local examination authorities (маҳаллий
маориф бўлими).
All children must go to school at 5 by law (қонун бўйича).
They can leave school at sixteen. Some boys and girls stay at
school till they are seventeen or eighteen and then go to a
University or college if their parents can pay for their higher
education.
PRIMARY EDUCATION (ages 5-11)
БОШЛАНҒИЧ ТАЪЛИМ
Pupils take primary education at 2 schools: at infant and at
junior schools.
At five all children go to Infant school and stay there till they
are seven. Then they go to Junior school. In school they learn

69
reading, writing and arithmetic. They also sing, draw and do
physical exercises.
It includes three age ranges: nursery for children under 5
years, infants from 5 to 7or 8, and juniors from 7 or 8 to 11 or 12
years (3 бўлимли ёшни ўз ичига олади, болалар боғчаси,
бошланғич босқич, кичкина ёшлилар таълими).
Attendance is voluntary (қатнашиши хоҳиш бўйича).
The children may attend nursery schools, an independent nursery
school, a pre-school play-group or a nursery class attached to a
primary school (қарамоғидаги). Maximum class sizes, as laid
down by the secretary of state, are 30 for nursery schools and
40 for infant and junior classes (синфлардаги ўқувчиларнинг
сони давлат котиби томонидан белгиланади).
SECONDARY EDUCATION(ages11-16,17)
ЎРТА ТАЪЛИМ
Secondary schools are generally much larger than primary
schools. Over half of them have 400 to 800 pupils. The largest
schools have 2 000. Life at school means the boys and girls spend
their time at school. At school each day is divided into seven or
eight periods (дарс соатлари). Most of these periods are spent
in the company of boys or girls.
After finishing Junior schools children can go to a Grammar
School, to a Secondary Modern School, to a Secondary Technical
School or to a Comprehensive School. But before that very many
children take the 11 examinations. It is an examination for eleven
year old children or a little older (eleven plus some months) in
English and arithmetic. There is also intelligence testing (ақлий
қобилиятни текшириш). Each boy or girl is given a printed
test paper (тайёргарликни текшириш варақаси). There are
100 questions and 5 answers to each question. The pupil must
choose the correct answer to each question (тўғри жавобни
танлаш керак). Time is limited (чегараланган). All the
examinations are in written form. The children who have very
good results go to Grammar School or Technical School. But there
70
are very few children from working class families among them
(кам сонли болалар).
The Grammar School teaches modern languages, sciences and
classics. This school prepares pupils for university or college.
The children who have bad results in the 11 + examinations go to
the Secondary Modern School.
There are very few Secondary Technical Schools. They teach
practical subjects, such as commerce, industry and agriculture
(савдо сотиқ).
The Comprehensive School takes boys or girls who are eleven
years of age or a little older without any 11 examinations. But in
the School there are different programms: the Grammar School
programme, the Technical School programme and the Modern
School programme. Children who have good results in learning
take the Modern School programme.
There are also Independent Schools in Britain (мустақил).
They are boarding schools for children from rich families and
parents. They pay much money for the schooling
(мактаб-интернат, ўкишга).
When the pupils are sixteen, they take Ordinary Level («O»
level) final examinations in three or four subjects (ўрта
босқич, битириш имтиҳонлари). Each pupil chooses what
group of subjects he will take: English, Chemistry and Mathematic,
Drama, History or English, Latin, French (танлашга). Those who
have passed their «0» level examinations enter the sixth form.
There they study the subjects for their Advanced Level («A»
level) examinations in one or two years (юқори босқич). «A»
level examinations in one or two subjects are for entering a
college or university. Every pupil chooses the subjects for the
«A» level examinations himself. Both «0» level and «A» level
examinations are not taken at some colleges or universities
(топширилмайди). They are all written examinations and pupils
pay money for them.
71
 UNIFORMS
ФОРМАЛАР
In many schools in Britain pupils must wear uniforms (кийиши).
Schoolgirls usually wear dresses and hats with coloured ribbons
and badges (ленталар нишонлар-значоклар). Schoolboys wear
a blazer, cap and tie (куртка, шапка, галстук).
Answer the questions and speak:
1. How many types of education are there in England?
2. About the Primary Education.
3. Types of schools of Secondary Education.
4. About the Secondary Education in Britain.
5. About the pupils uniforms in Britain.
6. About compulsory schools.
7. About primary education.
8. About secondary education.
9. Are they similar to those in our country? '

72
 UNIVERSITYEDUCATION
Университет таълими
Readandgetinformationaboutuniversityeducationin
Great Britain:
There are 44 universities in Britain. Although the government
is responsible for providing about 80 per cent of universities
income (таъминлайди, киримини, даромадларини) the
government doesn't control their work or teaching.
The grants are distributed by the University Grants Committee,
a body appointed by the Secretary of State for Education and
Science (грантлар).
The English universities are: Aston (Birmingham), Bath,
Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Brunei (London), Cambridge City
(London), Durcam, East Anglia, Essex, Exeter, Hull, Keele,
Kent at Canterbury, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool,
London, Loughborough, Manchester, Newcastle, Upon Tyne,
Nottingham, Oxford, Reading, Salford, Sheffield, Southampton,
Surrey, Sussex, Warwick and York.
The federated University of Wales includes 5 University
colleges, the Welsh National School of Medicine and the University
of Wales, Institute of Science and Technology.
The Scottish universities are: Alberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Heriot-Watt, Saint, Andrews, Stirling.
In Northern Ireland there is Queen's University, Belfast and
the New University of Ulster in Coleraine.
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of
Saint Andews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (тўғри келади). All the other
Universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries
(ташкил топган).
About 45 per cent of full time university students in Great
Britain are taking arts or social studies courses and 41 "per cent
science and technology; about 10 per cent are studying machine,
dentistry and health and others agriculture, forestry, veterinary
science, architecture (кундузги бўлим, ўрмончилик,
ветеренария).
University degree courses generally extend over three or
four years, though in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science
five or six years are required (университетидаги унвон,
ўқитиш, давом этади, талаб қилади). The first degree of
Bachelor is awarded on the completion of a course,
depending on satisfactory examination results (имтиҳон
натижасита қараб биринчи даражали Бакалавр унвони
берилади). Further study or research is required at the modern
universities for the degree of Master and Doctor.
University teaching combines lectures, practical classes (in
scientific subjects), and seminars (ўз ичига олади). Most
members of the academic staff devote their time to research and at
all universities there are postgraduate students engaged in
research (маркази, штаби).
Admission to the universities is by examination and selection
(кириш, қабул килиш, танлаш).
Women are admitted on equal terms with men. The general
proportion of men to women students is about three to one; at
Oxford it is over four to one, and at Cambridge seven to one.
Over a third of all fulltime university students in Britain are living
in colleges and halls of residence, lodgings and the remainders
live at home (яшаш жойи, вақтинча яшаш жойи,
қолганлари).
In England, Wales and Scotland most qualified British students
can obtain awards from public funds in order to attend full time
at universities and colleges (пул билан таъминлаш).
Answerthequestionsandspeak:
1. How many universities are there in Great Britain?
2. Are there institutes in Great Britain ?
3. Name the Universities.
4. Describe the university's life.
5. What degrees do the students get after graduating from them?

74
 THE SHAKESPEARE MEMORIAL THEATRE
STRATFORDUPON AVON
Readandmemorizeit
In 1874, Charles Edward Flower, a prominent resident of
Stratford began a scheme for building a theatre for the town
and he built it (бино режаси-лойиҳаси). On April 23
Shakespeare's birthday, in 1879 the first Memorial Theatre was
opened with a Shakespeare Festival. From that time Festivals
have been held there every year (ўтказилади). In 1926
Stratford's theatre was burned to the ground (ёнди). In 1929
three years after the fire, the foundation stone of the new theatre
was laid. The present Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was opened
in 1932. In 1950 the governors spent much money for complete
redecoration (қайтадан жиҳозлаш). The theatre is now one
of the most comfortable and best equipped in the world,
completely contained with its wardrobes, workshops,
library, picture gallery and restaurant (жуда яхши жиҳозланган,
мукаммаллаштирилган гардероблар, устахоналар).

There are well known theatres in London such as Drury Lane

Theatre, built in 1662, Haymarket Theatre, built in 1720, Covent
Garden Theatre, built in 1732, Sadler's Wells Theatre, built in
1683, Old Vic Theatre, opened in 1818, Aldnych Theatre.
opened on 23 December 1905.
SPEAK ABOUT MEMORIAL THEATRE

75
 SOUND BROADCASTING IN BRITAIN
РАДИОЭШИТТИРИШ
Read and try to get full information
The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) operates
four domestic sound broadcasting services from 59
transmitting stations and two main groups of external
broadcasting services in the United Kingdom (Британия
радио эшиттириш компанияси иш олиб боради.
Маҳаллий радио хизматлари, ташқарига радио эшиттириш
хизматлари). There are 157 studios for the domestic sound
programmes of which 61 are in London and 96 at various centres
in the regional areas. The external services use 32 London studios.
There are also semi automatic studios, operated in 14 different
centres, by a programme in the United Kingdom (ярим
автоматик студиялар, дастур бўйича ишлайдиган). The
domestic sound services produce over 20.000 programme
hours a year (бир йилги дастури 20.000 соатдан ошади).
They consist of the Home Service, the Light Programme, The
third Programme, and Network Three. The Home Service
occupies some 18 hours a day (бир кунда 18 соат). It includes
musical programmes, plays, news and information programmes,
discussions on domestic and foreign affairs, political broadcasts,
special programmes for children and young people (ички
маҳаллий ва ташқи масалалар).
The light programme also occupies some 18 hours a day
(ентил дастур). Entertainment programmes are the main feature
(ўйин кулги эшиттириш дастури, асосий ишдир). They
include light and dance music as well as variety programmes,
short plays, programmes for women and [Link] third
Programme occupies 3 [Link] the evening, 5 hours on
Saturdays, Sundays. It is planned for minority audience
(камчиликка). The Programme includes music, drama, and
cultural interests. Network «Three» occupies one or two
hours on weekday evenings (учинчи сеть). It provides
programmes of special
76
interest for further education, learning a foreign language by
information on various aspects of hobbies or work (таъминлайди,
таълимни давом эттириш учун чет тилини ўргатиш учун).
It is used as a practical need of groups of people.
SPEAK ABOUT SOUND BROADCASTING.
TELEVISION BROADCASTING
ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ КЎРСАТУВЛАРИ
Read and get information
In 1936 the BBC launched the world's first public television
service (даражасига кўтарилди). In 1958 this service was
transmitted from 20 stations and was available to over 28 per
cent of population (ишлаб борди). The BBC television service
broadcasts a maximum of 50 hours a week. It broadcasts more
than 7.000 items on a national network, made up by studio
productions, outside broadcasts, films and relays from the
continent of Europe (масалалар, мавзулар ташқари
трансляция қилинади). ВВС studio productions come from
the London Television Theatre at Shepherd's Bush, light London
studios and fully equipped regional studios at Manchester,
Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow, Bristol and Belfast and eight small
interview studios in London, Scotland, Wales (суҳбат олиб
борувчи).
There is a television film department in London.
The first regular independent television (ITV) service was
opened in September 1955. From 1958 programmes were
being transmitted for 50 hours a week from 7 stations in all
parts of Great Britain.
TV's programmes are produced at modern studio centres in
London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Cardiff, Southampton
and Newcastle.
Generally speaking, both the BBC and the TV
service provide programmes music, drama, variety and films
(умуман олганда).

77
 Broadcasts for school are produced five days a week by the
BBC and TV.
Answer the questions:
1. When was the public television service organized for the first time?
2. How many hours do The BBC, TV service broadcast?
3. How many TV stations are there in Britain now?

HYDE PARK IN LONDON

ЛОНДОН ГАЙД ПАРКИ

Read and get information about Hyde Park

At 5 o'clock in the morning Hyde Park opens its gates and
while white «London» sleeps, part of London enters it (бойлар,
оқ танлилар аристократлар). All night coffee-stail at Hyde
Park closes (кофе ичиш хонаси). Corner boys, the luckless
and the unwanted, suberbans who missed the last train, drift
into Hyde Park (кўча болалари, бахтсизлар, ишга
жойлашаолмаганлар, шаҳар атрофидан келиб охирги
поезддан кеч қолганлар Гайд паркка тўплана бошлайдилар).
In winter it is dark and cold in the park. In spring dew is on the
ground (шудринг). While the shadows of trees are shorten,
the Park takes on its morning coloures (дарахтлар сояси
қисқарганда, боғ ўзининт эрталабки ранг-баранг тусига
киради). The scent of awakening nature is in the air
(уйғонаётган табиат иси). The roads are silent and the only
sound is of birds (жимжит фақат қушлар овози
эшитилади). Sometimes sheep are driven in when they have
grazed the green Park enough (ҳайдаб юборилганда ўтлайди).
There one can see old women or men asleep on benches (y
ерда фақатгина қари чол, кампир ухлаётганини кўра
оласиз). Others lie on the grass protected from the dew by
newspapers. Few can sleep at these hours, and most will await
the warmth of later morning (иссиқ, илиқни, кутади). Some
play their morning trade (эрталабки иш билан шуғулланиш).

78
Strange things can be found in the morning such as: an odd shoe,
or sock, a handkerchief, a brooch, a button (тугма). The
remaining contents of the little bins fulfil an important and
cheerful functation in early morning in Hyde Park life
(кичкина аҳлат яшикларда қолган қизиқ нарсалар). You
can meet there some groups, crowds, organized meetings.
Some people speak as orators. There are guardmen on
horses in the park (қоровуллар, соқчилар). Where there are
soldiers there are girls and romance begins in the morning
(севги учрашувлари).
Morning exercise is one of the principal traditions. The riders
are few, but regular riding generally in groups (отда юрувчилар).
They exchange solutations with the ladies riding with them
and the men raise their hats (Улар отда юрган хонимлар
билан салют қилиб кўл кўтариб саломлашадилар, эркаклар
эса шляпаларини олиб саломлашадилар).
Diplomatic Corps often take their regular ride before
breakfast (дипломатик корпус).
The early morning exercise of dogs is simultaneous with the
horses (вақтига тўғри келади).
For these animals Hyde Park is a Paradise (жаннат).
A dog could be buried in Hyde Park, in the Little dog
Cemetery near Victoria Gate (Дафн қилиниши мумкин,
мозор). In another natural sense Hyde Park is unique in
Europe (ягона кўзга ташланадигаи, сезиладиган нарса,
ягонадир). One can walk or lie on the grass, play games, take
one's exercise and disport (кўнгил очиш). One can bathe
and row there (чўмилиш, қайиқда сузиш мумкин).
Hyde Park in particular is the delighted place of many visitors
every day (ҳурсандлик, шодлик). It is the greatest People's Park
in Europe. But its aristocratic tradition is maintained (қолган).
It remains a Royal Park (қолади). It is just 400 years old as a
Royal Park and 300 as People's Park.

79
 Answer the questions: and describe the park:
1. Who comes to Hyde Park ?
2. Describe the park.
3. Whom can you meet there in the morning?
4. Do we have such a Park in our country?

READ THE TEXT

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND CELEBRATIONS
МИЛЛИЙ БАЙРАМЛАР, НИШОНЛАШ
There are eight public holidays a year in Great Britain. On
those days the English people do not go to work. They are:
Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New year"s Day, Good Friday,
Easter Monday, May day. Spring Bank Holiday, Late Summer
Bank Holiday (Рождество—христианларнинг диний байрами).
Most of these holidays are of religious origin (келиб чиқиши
диний). On those holidays people relax, eat, drink and make
merry (ўзини бўш, эркин тутадилар, ҳурсандчилик
қиладилар).
All the public holidays except Christmas Day and Boxing
Day observed on December 25th and 28th are movable
(ташқари). They do not fall on the same date each year
(Улар ҳар йили ўша санага тўғри келмайди).
Easter Monday falls on the first Sunday after a full moon on
or after March 21st (тўғри келади, тўлин ой).
May Day falls in the first Monday in May. The Spring Bank
Holiday falls on the last Monday of May, but The Late Summer
Bank Holiday comes on the last Monday in August.
The most common type of celebration is a New Year Party.
The party usually begins at about 8 in the evening.
There is a lot of drinking, beer, wine, whisky cold meat,
pies (спирт ичимлиги, инглиз спирт ичимлиги, яхна гўшт,
пироглар).
Another popular way of celebrating is A New Year's Dance.
Most hotels and dance halls hold a special dance on the New
80
Year's Eve (ташкил қилади, янги йил арафаси). The hall is
decorated. The atmosphere is very gay (хушчақчақ). The most
celebration in London is round the statue in Picadully Circus
(атрофида, Лондондаги марказий сайр қилиш жойининг
майдони номи). There people gather and sing and welcome
the New Year (йиғилишади, кутиб олишади).
In Trafalgar Square there is also a big Crowd and someone
usually falls into the fountain (йиғилиш тўпланиш, фонтанга
тушади, йиғилади).
On Christmas Day (on the 25 of December) when children
get up in the morning they open their stockings which are full
of sweets (пайпоқларини, конфетлар). Many people go to
church on Christmas Day (черков, ибодатхона). After returning
Mother cooks a lot of sweets. On that day Santa Claus or
Christmas father comes and gives gifts (қорбобо,
совғалари). Besides there are many other festivals and
anniversaries (Юбилейлар, нишонлашлар)

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BANK HOLIDAYS IN BRITAIN
БРИТАНИЯ БАНК ХОДИМЛАРИ БАЙРАМИ
Four times a year the offices and banks in Britain are
closed on Monday (идоралар). No one works in them on
those days (ҳеч ким ишламайди). These public holidays are
known as Bank Holidays. No business houses, factories,
schools or shops are open, on these days (ҳеч қандай савдо
уйлари). August Bank Holiday was always celebrated on the
first Monday in August, but in 1965 it was changed to the last
Monday in August. On Rank Holidays the British like to go out of
town into the open air. They go to the seaside or to
amusement parks (кўнгил очиш парклари). Many families
take a basket and put their lunch or tea in it to enjoy their
meal in the open air (очиқ ҳавода роҳатланиб,
овқатланиш). Good weather is very important because a
wet Bank Holiday spoils the pleasure
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(ёғингарчилик банк ходимлари байрам кайфиятини, ҳузур
ҳаловатини бузади). Londoners often visit the Zoo, outside
London.
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TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS
Урф ва одатлар
Every nation or every country has its own customs and
traditions. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the
life of the people than in the other countries.
Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep
them up (фахрланади, уларга қаттиқ риоя қилинади). It
has been the law for about three hundred years that all the theaters
are closed on Sundays. No letters are delivered, only a few
Sunday papers are published (хатлар тарқатилмайди,
газеталар).
Up to this day an English family prefers a house with a
garden to a flat in a modern house with central heating
(ҳозиргача, ҳуш кўради, марказий иситиш). English people
like gardens. Sometimes the garden in front of the house is a little
square covered with cement painted green in imitation of grass
and a box of flowers (цементдан қурилиб, ўтни рангини
тақлид қилиш учун кўкка бўялади).
Holidays are especially rich in old tradition and are different in
Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English
national holiday and in Scotland it is not kept at all, except by
clerks in banks; all the shops, mills and factories are working
(банк хизматчиларидан ташқари). But six days later, on New
Year's Eve the Scotch begin to enjoy themselves (янги йил
арафаси, Шотландлар, вақтни хуш ўтказиш). All the shops,
mills and factories are closed on New Year Day. People invite
their friends to their houses and «sit the Old Year out and the
New Year in» (Эски йил чиқиб кетиши, янги йилни
кириши). When the clock begins to strike twelve, the head of

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the family goes to the entrance door, opens it wide and holds it
until the last stroke (12га бонг урганда кириш жойига,
эшикка, охирги бонг). Then he shuts the door. He has let the
Old Year out and the New Year in. Now greetings are offered.
A new national tradition was born in Britain. Every year a
large number of ancient motor-cars and motorcycles - drive
from London to Brighton (мотоцикл). Englishmen keep up the
old veteran cars, motor-cars (сақлайди). Veteran cars are those
which were made before 1940. Some cars look very funny, some
are steered by a bar, like a boat (тўғри темир барьер орқали
бошқарилади). Some cars are driven by steam-engines by
boiling water and not by petrol (буғ двигатели, сув қайнатиш
орқали, бензинсиз). This run from London to Brighton is a
colourful demonstration (бу юриш, ранг-баранг). People are
dressed in the clothes of those times. The cars start from Hyde
Park early in the morning, the oldest cars are leading .
(бошқарадилар). It is not a race and most of the cars come to
Brighton, which is sixty miles from London, only in the evening.
This demonstration takes place on the day of the announcement
of the law in 1896 which says that a man with a red flag must
walk in front of every motor-car when it moves along the streets
(қонун эълон қилинган кун). These were the early days of
motor-cars and people were afraid of them.

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THE STONE OF DESTINY
ТАҚДИР ТОШИ
There is a large stone in Westminister Abbey. It has an
interesting history, a legend says the stone was brought from
Scotland (афсона). It was for a long time the seat on which the
kings of Scotland sat when they were crowned (тож кийганда).
Duncan, Macbeth and Malcolm sat on this stone at their
coronations [Данкен, Макбет, Мелком] (тож кийганларида)
Edward I of England invaded Scotland many times and once
he brought the Stone of Destiny to England (эгаллаганда).
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 The legend says wherever this stone goes, a Scottish king
rules (қаерга борса). The kings and queens of Britain still sit on
this stone, but not on it alone. In the 13th century king Edward I
ordered to make an oak chair (дуб курси) as a throne for the
English coronations (тахт). The stone of Destiny was fitted into
the seat of the chair and the king could sit on both the English
throne and the Scottish stone at the same time
(жойлаштирилган). This stone is now in Westminister Abbey.

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ANENGLISH TRADITION AT THE ROYAL THEATRE.
ҚИРОЛ ТЕАТРИДА ИНГЛИЗ УРФ-ОДАТИ
The Royal theatre in Drury Lane is one of the oldest theatres
(кўча номи). It was opened on May 7,1663. King Charles II
was present at the first performance and he was the first British
King who attended a public theatre (жамоа, умумхалқ
театри). Since that time the theatre is called Royal and the actors
are the kings company (қирол труппаси). Sometimes Drury
Lane is called the theatre of traditions (урф-одат театри).
One of them — dating back to 1795 is kept each twelfth
night (January 6). Then Baddeley cake is offered to every
member of the Company with a glass of wine (1793 йил бўйича
ҳар хил 12чи кечага тўғри келади). Robert Baddley was a
pastry cook (қандолатчи). He became an actor and joined the
kings company at the Royal theatre. After a successful stage
career he left money to give cake and wine for the company
every twelfth night (саҳнадаги муваффақиятдан сўнг,
труппа аъзолари, ҳар 12 кечадан сўнг). After the evening
performance the actor and actresses come off the stage in their
costumes, make-ups, go to the hall to eat the Baddely cake
(саҳнадан чиқиб келиб, ўзларининг кийим, гримлари
билан).
SPEAK ABOUT THE ENGLISH TRADITION AT THE
ROYAL THEATRE

84
 READ THE TEXT
FIRE-PLACES
Камин, печкага ўхшаган олди очиқ иситиш
қурилмаси
In English homes the fire-place has always been the centre of
interest in a room. For many months of the year people like to sit
round the fire and watch the dancing flames (оловни ёниши).
In the Middle Ages the fire-places in the halls of large castles
were very wide (ўрта асрларда). Only wood was burnt
(фақатгина ўтин ёқилган). Large logs were carried from the
wood and put into the fire-place (ёғочлар). Such wide fire-places
you may see in old inns, and in some of the rooms there are
even seats inside the fire-place (уйларда).
Fire-places were decorated with woodwork, there was a
painting or a mirror over it (ёғоч ўймакорлик билан
жиҳозлантан, кўзгу ойна). When people began to use coal,
not wood, fire-places became much smaller (кўмир). Grates
(metal baskets) were used to hold the coal (металл сават). Above
the fire-place there was usually a shelf on which there was a
clock, and sometimes photographs (токча).

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МID-MORNING BREAK
Эрталабки ўрта танаффус
Тушдан олдинги танаффус
Have you ever heard of «elevenses» in Britain?
At eleven o'clock a lot of people stop work and have a cup of
coffee or tea, or if they are at school, a bottle of milk. This mid-
morning break is called «elevenses». «Elevenses» is also time for
a talk, and when you are at school there is always a lot to talk
about. At 11 o'clock the school bell rings and everyone goes to
the playground (ўйин майдони). Very soon there are groups
playing games and groups talking, laughing (ўйинлар
ўйчайди; суҳбатлашади, кулишади).
85
 Answer the questions
1. How do you understand the «elevenses»?
2. Do you like it?
3. Do we have elevenses at our schools or at work?

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ANEISTEDDFOD
Ашулачилар, шоирлар фестивали
An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival. It takes place every summer.
The tradition goes back to the Middle ages when competitions
in poetry and singing were organized (мусобақа - конкурс).
The old chronicles say that people liked those popular festivals
(йилномалар). When Wales was invaded by England in 1283,
these traditional competitions were forbidden (эсдан чиқариб
юборилган).
But now the eisteddfods are held again and this old Welsh
tradition has come back. Today an eisteddfod lasts a week and
the competitions are listened to by thousands of people (бир ҳафта
давом этади). Poems are read. Songs are sung by choirs and
singers (хор, жўр бўлиш) Such as eisteddfod is a great
demonstration of a people's culture. At the end of the festival
the best poet is crowned with a wreath of golden oakleaves
(дуб баргларидан қилинган гулчамбар). It is placed on his
head. Then people begin to shout in one voice a Welsh word
which means peace.

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A ROBIN HOOD DANCE
In a little village in Staffordshire a very old dance is
performed in September every year (Стаффордшир -
Англиядаги графлик, ташкил қилинади). Six men in Robin
Hood costumes carry deers’ horns set in wooden deers’
heads (6 та Робин Гуд кийимидаги эркаклар ёғочдан
қилинган кийикнинг, бошларида кийик шохларини
кўтариб келади). They are accompanied by a number of
other characters:
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 Maid Marian (the heroine of the Robin Hood legends), a
traditional costume of a jester, another boy with a bow and many
musician characters (образлар, қизиқчи, ўқ-ёй).
The dance begins at 9 in the morning near the church where
the costumes, the horns and all the other things are kept during
the year. The dancers go through the village and dance in the
streets. The dance ends at midnight in the market-place with
many people taking part in it (ярим кечада).

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GUY FAWKES DAY
On the 8th of November in almost every town and village in
England you can see bonfires, burning, fireworks and rockets
shooting across the skies (байрам гулҳани, мушакбозлик,
отиш, чанғи мусобақаси).
You will see small groups of boys and girls pushing an old
pram or cart with a figure like a scarecrow (болалар араваси,
арава, қўриқчи қўғирчоқ). The children will sing:
Remember, remember
The Fifth of November,
Gunpowder treaser and plot,
For I see no reason
Why gunpowder and treaser
Should ever be forgot
PROMINENT PEOPLE
МАШҲУР ОДАМЛАР
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ISAAK NEWTON(1642-1727)
ИсаакНьютон
Isaak Newton is one of the greatest men in the history of
science. He was born in a small village of Woolsthorpe in England
(Улзшоп қишлоғи). His father was a poor farmer. When the

87
boy was fourteen his father died. Newton left school and helped
his mother on the farm. But the boy did not like farming, he was
fond of poetry and mathematics. So Newton was sent back to
school. There he studied well and made his first scientific
experiments. After he left school, Newton studied at the
Cambridge University.
In the autumn of 1660, the Cambridge University was closed.
The Great Plague was spread in England and Newton had to
return to his village and stay there for eighteen months. At home
he went on with his studies.
After graduating Newton lectured on mathematics at the
Cambridge University. Newton's greatest discovery is the law
of gravitation (ернинг тортишиш қонуни). Newton
formulated the binomial theorem (Бином теоремаси).
In 1703 his countrymen elected Newton as a President of
the Royal Society (қирол жамияти). On February 28, 1727
he attended his last meeting of the Royal Society. On March
20, 1727 he died and was buried in Westminister Abbey
(дафн қилинган). There is a monument to Newton in Trinity
College at Cambridge with the inscription (Тринити коллежи,
ёзуви).
Newton Surpassed All Men of Science (ўзиб кетган).

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BENJAMIN BRITTEN
БЕНЖАМИН БРИТН
Benjamin Britten was born in the county of Suffolk, in
November, 1913 (Суффолк).
His father was a dentist and loved music very much (тиш
доктори). Benjamin's mother played the piano and sang. The
friends of the family often came to the house to make music in
the evenings. When Benjamin was five he began to play the piano
and compose music (мусиқа ёзди). At school Benjamin worked
hard at all subjects but his favourite thing was music and he
continued to write songs (кўп шуғулланди). After leaving school
88
Benjamin went to the Royal College of music where he studied
for three years (қирол коллежи).
At 19 Benjamin Britten began to work as a musician for a
small film company. He wrote music for plays, songs for children.
During the Second World War Britten gave many concerts for
the British army and went on composing music (мусиқа
ёзишни давом эттиради). Не wrote many operas. The most
popular is “Peter Grimes” (Питер Грамз).
One of his best works is «War Requim» (уруш реквияси). In
it the composer expressed his hatred of war and his call for peace
and friendship of people (урушга нафрат). Britten's music is
melodious and not difficult (оҳангли). It can be enjoyed by
every lover.
Answer the questions and retell the content.
1. When and where was Britten born?
2. When did the boy begin to play the piano?
3. Where did Britten get his education ?
4. When did Britten begin to work as a musician?
5. What is Britten's best work?
SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT GREAT BRITAIN
1. Great Britain has 44 universities such as: the University of
London (that was founded in 1836, has specialized institutes, 33
colleges, more than 2.500 internal students, the outstanding
Cambridge, Oxford, Birmingham, Bristol universities
(университетнинг коллежнинг студенти). The Oxford
University was formed in 1164, the Cambridge University was
formed in 1209.
2. Great Britain's colonies had 14.5 mm square km. area,
population was 414mln people in 1938. After 1969 its colonies
had only 1 mln. area, population was 10 mln. people.
3. From the 6 February 1952 the queen of Great Britain is
Elizabeth II. Officially the Supreme legislative authority is the
queen and the Houses of Parliament (юқори қонун чиқарувчи
ҳокимият).

89
 4. The Parliament has 2 houses: the House of Lords that
has 1066 members, and the House of Commons that has 630
members (палаталар, Лордлар палатаси, Умум палата).
5. Great Britain's parties: 1) The Labour Party was formed
in 1900 has 6 rnln members (Лейбористлар партияси).
2) The Conservative Party was formed in 1867, has 3
mln members (консервативлар партияси).
3) The Liberal party was formed in 1832, has 200.000
members (либераллар партияси).
6. Great Britain has 21,2 thousand km. (21.200 км.) railways,
3.252.000 km car ways.
7. Monetary unit is pound sterling (пул бирлиги, фунт
стерлинг).
8. Great Britain Army has 453.000 men.
9. Life expetancy: (ўртача умр кўриш) for men is 68
years, for women is 74 years.
10. Great Britain has 140 daily and weekly newspapers, 4.000
magazines.
11. The first film was shot in 1896 (суратга олинган).
12. The most important ports are: London, Liverpool,
Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and Cardiff.
13. Great Britain's rivers; the Severn, the Thames the
Trent, the Aire, the Great Ouse, the Wye, the Tay, the Glide,
the Spey, the Tweed, . the Tyne (Севрн, Трент, Эйе,
Уз, Вай, Тей, Глайд, Спай, Твид, Тайн).
14. The chief agricultural products are: wheat, barley, oats,
potatoes, sugar, butter, milk, beef, mutton and lamb (буғдой,
арпа.сули, лавлаги, мол гўшти, қўй гўшти; қўзи
гўшти). Great Britain provides half of the food, the
other half is imported (таъминлайди).
15. In January 1973 Great Britain entered the Common
Market (Умумий бозор).
16. English is the official language in Great Britain.
17. London is serviced by 8.000 buses and coaches, 6.550
taxis, 4.000 underground trains (извошлар).
18. The Tower of London is guarded by the Yeomen
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Warders commonly called Beefeaters: (қўриқланади, Йемен
кўриқчилар-мол гўшти истеъмол қилувчи деб номланади).
19. Tower Bridge across the river Thames was built in 1824.
Its lower parts can be raised to permit the passage of large
ships (рухсат бермок, ўтиб кетиши учун).
20. The Post Office Tower is the Britain's, London's highest
building (Алоқа бўлими минораси). It has two lifts.
21. Royal Festival Hall of London is one of the most notable
concert halls in Europe (Қирол фестиваль зали, машҳур). It
has perfect acoustics and seats for 3.000 people (жуда яхши
овозли).
22. The Royal Albert Hall with rooms for an audience of
7.000 is one of the largest concert halls in the world (Қирол
Алберт зали, томошабин). The Hall has a very fine organ
(орган-мусиқа асбоби).
23. Football Association Cup and League finals are played
at the great Wembley stadium (Футбол ассоциациясининг
кубок ва футбол лигасининг финал ўйинлари, Уэмбли
стадиони).
24. London has more than 40 art galleries and Museums.

English Weights, Measures and money -

(оғирлик - ўлчов, пул бирликлари).

I. Weights-оғирликбирлиги

a pound - фунт - 453,6 грамм

П. Measures of length: - узунлик бирлиги

a) an inch - инч = 2,5 сантиметр
b) foot (feet) - фут = 12 инч - 30,5 см
c) yard - 3 фут - 914,4 миллиметр
d) mile (миль)- 1760 ярд - 1609 метр,
денгиз мили -1853

Ш. Money
a pound - фунт стерлинг
Англия, Австралия, Миср,
Ирландия мамлакатларининг пул бирлиги.
а реnсе [pens] - пенс - танга пул
100 пенс=1 фунт стерлинг

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 [Link]
Ирландия
STATUS - Republic.
Area:27,[Link]-70,[Link].
Population-4,047,000 people
Capital-Dublin

It has the President and the parliament. The parliament makes

laws.
READANDGETINFORMATION
Ireland has a typical west maritime climate with mild, damp
winters and cool cloudy summers (ўзгарувчан, намли). Sea
has some influence in winter. The weather is drier in it than in
Wales and Scotland. It doesn't rain much there. The Republic of
Ireland occupies 4/5 parts of the island of Ireland.
Ireland has 26 counties except the Northern Ireland
(графликлар). The Nothern Ireland occupies 1/5 of it.
The History of Ireland is hard fight for national freedom. The
English language is a late-comer to Ireland (кейин келган). For
most of its history Ireland kept its own Gaelic language (ўзининг,
галик-ирланд тилини сақлаб қолган). It is an essential
requirement in the Civil School (муҳим талаблари). Sign posts
and public notices often appear in both languages, but English is
the language of newspapers, of business and of ordinary life (алоқа
белгилари марка, жамият эълонлари ва кундалик ҳаёт
тили). Dublin has been the principal city of Ireland. It is one of
the ancient capitals (эски). If you walk through its streets you
walk through history.
The two cathedrals of Christ Church and St. Patrick are the
12 century foundations (Христ, асос солинган). A Part of
Dublin Castle is the official residence of the English Viceroys
(вице король).
Many Dublin houses and streets have associations with the
figures whose names had gone round the world (номлари
92
дунёга машҳур). These names are inscribed on memorial
tables on houses in which these great figures were born, lived
and died (ёзилган эсдалик тахталари, туғилган, яшаган ва
вафот этгани). Dublin is rich in gardens and public parks. The
largest of it is the Phoenix park. It contains the residence of the
President. There are theatres, cinemas, libraries and art
galleries in Dublin. The Dubliners have the good fortune to
have bathing and boating at their doorstep in Dublin Bay
(остонасида, кўрфаз). In 1948 the Republic of Ireland was
proclaimed as a sovereign, independent democratic state
(мустақил демократик давлат деб эълон қилинган).
The national Parliament consists of the President elected by
the direct vote for 7 years and 2 houses: a Senate of 60 members
and a House of Representatives of 147 members (очиқ-овоз
билан сайланади. Вакиллар палатаси). The Prime Minister
is the head of the Government.
The Irish Gaelic language is the first language (ирланд кельт
тили). English is the second official language.
Science and education are highly developed and much attention
is paid to them in the country (уларга катта аҳамият
берилади |. Therefore there are many schools colleges and
institutions there (шунинг учун) One of them is Trinity College
founded in 1592. It is an institution like Oxford or Cambridge. All
scientific departments are housed within the College grounds
(коллежнинг ичида жойлашган)
Botanic Gardens were set up in 1806 (ташкил топган).
The University College in Dublin greatly influenced the
development of education in the whole of Ireland (кучли
таъсир қилган). It has such faculties as: 1) the faculty of arts. It
is large, holding one-third of all the students (ҳамма
студентларнинг 1/3 ни ташкил қилади). 2) The faculties of
Medicine, Engineering, Agriculture.
The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies was established
by the Government in 1940 (катта ёшдагилар, тузилган, ташкил
топган). It is for advanced study and research in specialized
branches of knowledge (маҳсус бўлимлар). The Institute
comprises at present three schools: those of Celtic studies of
Theoretical physics and a. school of Cosmic physics added in 1947 (ўз
ичига олади, назарий физика, космик физикадир)
93
 Royal Dublin Society was founded in 1731 for agriculture,
art, and other branches of industry (жамият). It has the geological
Survey, the National Gallery, the Royal College of Science, the
National College of Art, the National library, the National Museum,
etc (карта). The most important part of the Society's scientific
work is the publication of its Scientific Proceedings (изланишни
давом эттириш). It contains original papers on all branches of
science.
The Royal Irish Academy was founded in 1785. The
Academy's Collection includes many objects. They are on display
at the museum today (кўргазма). The National Museum founded
in l877, contains such important national collections:
antiquities, history, arts, crafts, fauna, flora and geology of the
country (антикварлар-эски нарсалар, ҳунармандчилик
нарсалари). The Irish people's customs and traditions are
interesting. People are not in much of a hurry. There is a national
habit of politeness, a desire to say what pleases and avoid
saying what distresses (хушмуомалалик, хоҳиш,
ранжитишдан қочади). The Irish pub is something to be seen
(пивахона). The Dublin pubs have become famous. The country
pub can be a great place to learn all the local news (маҳаллий
миллий билимлар-янгиликлар). Horses and horseman
accounts are the most fashionable events (отда юриш,
кундалик воқеалар). Many annual cultural festivals are very
important (ҳар йилги). There is an International Festival of Music
and Arts in Dublin in June, a theatre Festival in September. The
Irish people are desperately afraid of being laughed at (жуда).
The Irish man will never adress his wife as darling in public, In
the streets it is difficult to notice the Irishmen going with their
wives together.
Answer the questions
1. What kind of country is Ireland?
2. Where is it situated? Show on the map.
Speak:
1. Speak about Dublin.
2. Speak about its language.
3. Speak about its industry, cities, towns

94
 SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT IRELAND.
1. Ireland was announced a sovereign state in 1948, but the
northern part (Olster) remained under the British rule (қолди).
2. In 1955 it became a member of the UNO (United Nations
Organization).
3. In 1896 the Socialistic party of Ireland was set up
(тузилган). The Labour party was set up in 1912.
4. It is an agro-industrial country. Industry grows more rapidly
than agriculture.
5. It holds the first place in Europe in exporting livestock
(ушлаб туради, уй ҳайвонларини).
6. It has an army of 9500 men. They are mainly volunteers
(кўнгиллилар).
7. 48% of people live in town and cities. The Irish people
constitute 98% of the whole population (ташкил этади). The rest
are English, Scottish and Jews. The density of population is 42
persons per square km. (аҳолини зичлиги жойлашиши ҳар
бир километрга)
8. 2, 9 mln. Irish men live in Ireland, 1,3 mln. Irish men live in
Great Britain, in USA — 2 mln., in Canada — 160 thousand, in
Australia and Oceania — 60 thousand.
9. Birth rate and death rate are accordingly 21, 5 and 11, 6
per 1.000 (туғилиш ва ўлиш, ҳар 1.000 кишига).
10. There are Christians and Catholics in Ireland.
11. Primary schools are in the charge of the government
(давлат қарамоғида — давлат ҳақ тўлайди). Other
secondary schools are all private and pupils have to pay tution
(Ўқиш пулли).
12. There are 70 newspapers printed in Ireland.
13. The highest mountain peak in Ireland is Carrie (1.041mts)
[Link] temperature in Ireland in January is-5-8 С and in July
+14+16° С
15. It doesn't rain much there.
16. The main river is The Shannon.
[Link] length of railways of Ireland is 2.100 kms.
18. Monetary unit of Ireland is pound sterling of Ireland
(пул бирлиги, Ирландия фунт стерлинги).
[Link] is the Irish National Museum there. It was founded
in 1731.
20. The Irish National Gallery was founded in 1864.

95
 UL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(THE U. S. A. )
Status — Federative Republic.
It is a high developed country.
It has a president All power belongs to the Congress.
Area—9.364.000 sq km.
Population—300.000.000 people (2007)
Capital—Washington
Big towns and cities: New York, Boston, Chicago,
Los-Angelos, California, Detroit.
It consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia (округ).
AMERICAN STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS
READ THEM AND FIND THEM ON THE MAP
NAME UZBEK ABBREVIATION CAPITAL UZBEK

1 .Alabama Алабама Ala. Montgomery Монтгомери

2. Alaska Аляска Alas. Juneau Юно
[Link] Аризона Ariz. Phoenix Феникс
4. Arkansas Арканзас Ark. Little Rock Литл Рок
5. California Калифорния Calif. Sacramento Сакраменто
6. Colorado Коларадо Colo. Denver Денвер
7. Connecticut Коннектикут Cnn. Hartford Хартфорд
8. Delaware Делавер Del. Dover (dou) Дувр
9. Florida Флорида Fla. Tallahasse Талахаси
10. Georgia Жоржия Ga. Atlanta Атланта
11. Hawaii Гавайи Honolulu Гонолулу
12. Idaho Айдахо Id. or Ida. Boase Байз
[Link] Иллинойс Ш. Sprinfield Спринфилд
14. Indiana Индиана Ind. Indianapolis Индиана
[Link] Айова la. Des Moines Де Моин
[Link] Канзас [Link] Kans. Toreka Терека
[Link] Кентуки [Link] Ken Frankford Франкфорт
[Link] Луизиана La. Baton Rouge Батон-Руж
[Link] Мэн Me. Augusta Огаста
[Link] Мериленд Md. Annapolis Аннаполис

96
 [Link] Массачусетс Mass. Boston Бостон
22. Michigan Мичиган Mich. Lansing Лансинг
[Link] Миннесота Minn. St. Paul Сант- Пол
24. Mississippi Миссисипи Miss. Jakson Жексон
[Link] Миссури Mo. Jefferson Жефферсон
26. Montana Монтана Mont. City
Helena Хелена
27-Nebraska Небраска [Link] Lincoln Линкольн
[Link] Невада Nebr Nebr,
Nev. Carson City Карсон Сити
>
^
J [Link] Ныо-Хампшир N.H. Concord Конкорд
e Hampshire
30-New Jersey Нью-Жерси N.J Trenton Трентон
31 .New Mexico Ныо-Мексика [Link]. Santa-Fe Санта-Фе
[Link] York Ныо-Йорк N.Y. Albany Албани
[Link] Шим.Королина N.C. Raleigh Ралей
Carolina Dakota
[Link] Шим.Дакота [Link]. Bismark Бисмарк
35-Ohio Огайо Columbus Колумбус
36. Oklahoma Оклахома Okla. Oklahoma Оклахома С.
[Link] Орегон Oreg. Gty
Salem Салем
[Link] Пенсильвания Pa,Penn. Harrisburg Харрисбург
[Link] Island Род-Айленд R.L Providence Провиденс
[Link] Carolina Жан.Каролина S.C. Columbia Колумбия
[Link] Dakota Жан Дакота [Link]. Pierre Пьер
42. Tennessee Теннесси
43. Texas Техас Tex. Austin Остин
[Link] Юта Ut. Salt Lake Солт-Лейк
45. Vermont Вермонт Vt Montpelier
city cityCity Монфельс
сити
46. Virginia Виржиния Va. Richmond Ричмонд
47. Washington Вашингтон Wash. Olympia Олимпия
48. West Virginia Ғарб.Виржиния [Link]. Charleston Чарльстон
49. Wisconsin Висконсин [Link] Wise Madison Мадисон
50. Wyoming Вайоминг [Link] Wy. Cheyenne Шейен

THE FLAG OF THE USA.

American flag has historical relevance (алоқалар). The
colours of the USA flag are red, white and blue. Red stands for
courage, white for truth and blue for justice (адолат). There are
13 stripes (чизиқлар) on the flag (7 red and 6 white stripes).
They are symbolised as the original states. They were: New
York, Pensylvania, Maryland, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Delaware, Virginia, Norm Carolina, South Corolina, Georgia,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Origin. The horizontal red
and white stripes represent the original thirteen American states
those declared they would no longer be colonies of Great Britain.
The stars in the flag white on a deep blue background (фон)
represent the number
97
of states making up the United States, From 1912 until 1958 number
of stars were fourty eight. Alaska was joined the United States
and fourty ninth star appeared on the flag. In the next year Hawaii
became the fiftieth state ofAmerica.
During the civil war which began in 1862 between the states
of the North and the South, the soldiers of the South states had
their own flag. The North won the war and so again the
country had only one flag the stars and Stripes.
There are 50 stars in the American flag. Each represents one
of the present fifty states. Americans think about and treat their
flag with respect. Nobody is allowed to use stars and stripes in
such things as advertisements and in American schools the day
begins with the solemn (салобатли, тантанавор) ceremony of
raising the flag.
READ, LEARN AND RETELL IT

GOVERNMENT
The powers of national government are to provide for the
national defence, to make treaties (алоқалар қилиш) and
to conduct relations with other courties, to regulate immigration,
to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states,
to coin money, to establish post offices and to collect Federal
Taxes (income, excise (акция) and Social security). The
National Government is called the Federal Government.
The Federal Government is divided by the Constitution
into three branches:
a) Congress, the legislative branch, which makes (ишлаб
чиқадиган) the Federal laws:
b) The President, the executive branch, which carries (амалга
оширадиган) out the Laws:
c) Supreme Court, the judicial branch, which interprets the
laws.
d)
 READ, LEARN AND SPEAK ABOUT IT

THE CONSTITUTION
1. The most fundamental law of the USA is the Constituion
of the USA. The Constution is the Fundamental law which
defines the construction and the powers of the Federal and
State Government. "Bill of Rights" (ҳуқуқий қонун
лойиҳаси) is the first ten amendments to the USA constitution.
The Constitution of the USA guaranteed the rights of religious
freedom, freedom of speech and the press, right to an equal
protection by law.
2. The Constitution was adopted in by Convention on
September 17,1787 and was declared in effect (кучга кирган)
1789. The Constitution can be changed and any change is called
amendment. The Constitution has twenty-six amendments
(тузатиш). The most importances are: 14 and 15 abolition of
slavery; (қулчиликни йўқотиш).17direct election of Senators;
19-women's suffage (аёлларнинг овозга эга бўлиши).
The President shall be inaugurated on January 20;
(Президентлик лавозимига ўтириш расмий маросими).
READ,LEARN, SPEAKABOUTIT.
PRESIDENT
The main executive body (ижро этувчи) in the USA is the
President of the USA. The most important duties of the
President are federal laws to the advice of the Congress when
he thinks new laws are needed, to appoint federal officers, to
make treaties, to command all the USA Armed Forces.
If the President dies, Vice President, and in the absence of
him, the speaker of the House takes his place.
Any native born citizen at least 35 years of age and 14 years a
resident of the USA may become President of the USA. The
President is elected for 4 years, the President can be removed
during his term, by impeachment, (гуноҳи) by the USA
congress. If the President refuses to sign, the bill is
reintroduced (қайтадан тақдим қилиниши) to the House of
Representatives and if it is passed by two thirds vote the bill
becomes a law without the President's signature.
99
 The President can try to be elected again after four years as
President. The President can be President for four more years if
he or she wins the second election. That is a person can be
President for eight years but for no more in America.
Only Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President for more than
eight years. Franklin D. Roosevelt was President of the USA
from 1933 to 1945. He died a few months after he was elected
President for the fourth time. Congress made a law that an
American can only be President for eight years. In 1992
presidential elections only 43 per cent of the people voted for Bill
Clinton, 38 per cent for Bush and 19 per cent — for Perot. In
1992 Bill Clinton was elected as a President of the USA. In
1996 he was elected again after the next four years (1996-
2000). In 2000 George Bush took part in presential election
and became the president of the USA for four years.
In 2000 George Bush took part in the presidential election
and became the president of the USA for four years. In 2004
George Bush again won the presidential election and became
the President of the USA for the next four years.
PRESIDENTS OF THE USA AND THEIR TERMS
МУДДАТЛАРИ
1. George Washington 1789-1797 Жорж Вашингтон
2. John Adams 1797-1801 Жон Адамс
3. Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Томас Жефферсон
4. James Madison 1809-1817 Жеймс Мадисон
5. James Monroe 1817-1825 Жеймс Монро
6. John Quincy Adam 1825-1829 Жон Квинси Адам
7. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Андрю Жексон
8. Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 Мартин Ван Бурен
9. William Henry Harrison March 1841 -1841 April Уильям Генри
10. JohnTyler 1841-1845 Жон Тайлер
11 James Knox Polk 1845-1849 Жеймс Нокс Польк
[Link] Taylor 1849-1850 Захари Тейлор
13 .Milliard Fillmore 1850-1853 Миллард Фильмор
14. Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 Франклин Пиэрс
15. James Buchaman 1857-1861 Жеймс Бучаман
16 Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865 Абрахам Линкольн
17 Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 Андрю Жонсон
[Link] Simpson Grant 1869-1877 Улиси Симпсон Грант
[Link] Birchard Hayes 1877-1881 Рузерфорд Барчард Хейес
[Link] Abraham Garfield March 1881-1881 Жеймс Абрам Гарфильд
September

100
21. Chester Alan Arthur 1881-1885 Честар Алан Артур

22. (Stephan)Grover Clevland 1885-1889 (Стефан) Гровер Кливленд

23. BenjaminHamson 1889-1893 Бенжамин Харрисон

24. (Stephan)Grover Clevland 1893-1897 (Стефан) Гровер Кливленд

25. William Muckinly 1897-1901 Уильям Маккинли

26. Theadore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Теодор Рузвельт

27. William Horward Taft 1909-1913 Уильям Ховард Тафт

28. Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Томас Вудро Уильсон

29. Warren Gamaliel Harding 1921-1923 Варрен Гамалиль Хардинг

30. CalvinCoolidge 1923-1929 Калвин Кулиж

31. Herbert Clerk Hoover 1929-1933 Герберт Клари Гивер

32. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945 Франклин Делано Рузвельт

33. Наггу Trewman 1945-1953 Харри Трумен

34. Dwight David Eisenhiower 1953-1961 Дуайт Давид Эйзенхауэр

35. John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1961-1963 Жон Фижеральд Кеннеди

36. Lyndon Baines Johnson 1963-1969 Линдон Бенс Жонсон

37. Richard Miltous Nixon 1969-1974 Ричард Милхоус Никсон

38. Gerald Rudolph Ford 1974-1976 Жеральд Рудолф Форд

39. Jimmy Carter 1976-1980 Жимми Картер

40. Ronald Reigan 1980-1988 Рональд Рейгон

41. George Bush(Senior) 1988-1992 Жорж Буш

42. Bill Klinton 1992-2000 Бил Клинтон

43. George Bush(Junior) 2000-2004 Жорж Буш

44. George Bush(Junior) 2004-2008 Жорж Буш

I. LEARN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
READ THE TEXT.
[Link]
Индеецлар — ҳиндулар
Before the first Europeans came to NORTH America there
were people living there. They had a red skin (тери; тана). The
white men called them Red men or Indians.
The Indian tribes were never united because their life was
different in different parts of the country (қабилалар). In the
woods of the North-east there were many animals and fish in the
rivers. The Indians there hunted and fished. They also grew corn
for their food (маккажўҳори).
In the South the Indians grew tobacco. It was new to the
white men. In the West there were many buffaloes (қўтос-
буйвол). These animals gave the Indians meat and skins. Out of
buffalo skins the Indians made clothes and covered their houses
or the wigwams (-дан, вигвам индеецлар уйининг томи
усти).
Answer the questions
1. What people lived in North America before the Europeans came?
2. Why were they not united?
3. What did the Indians do in the North East?
4. What did they plant in the South?
5. What did the buffaloes give the Indians ?
6. What did the white men do to the Indians?

READ THE TEXT

[Link] SETTLEMENTOFTHEWHITEMEN TO NORTH
AMERICA
Three countries of Europe were interested in the discovery of
America (қизиққан). They were Spain, France and England.
102
Spain sent Christopher Columbus to discover a new way to
the East (Христофор Колумб). With three small ships he sailed
for three months and in October 12, 1442 he saw a land (сузди).
He thought it was India and gave the name”Indians” to the red
skin men living there. But it was an island not far from the coast
of North America (қирғоқ).
Many other sailors went to America (денгизчилар). The
Italian seaman, Amerigo Ves Pucci was one of them. He and his
men explored the coast of South America and discovered the
Bay (кўрфаз) of Rio de Janeiro or River January. They named
the place after the month in which they had found the bay. In one
of his letters to his friends Amerigo wrote that the new land he
had seen must be a new world. After the publication of those
letters the new land was named after him-America, the land of
America (эълон қилингандан сўнг).
Spain, France and England sent many seamen to North
America. The Spanish came there to look for gold , silver and
other metals. The French began a trade in animal skins with the
Indians (савдо сотиқ). The English came to live and to work
there. There were English, French and Spanish colonies in
North America in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Answer the questions
1. What countries were interested in the discovery of America?
2. What land did Christopher Columbus discover?
3. Whom was America named after?
4. Why was it named after Amerigo Ves Pucci?
5. Why did many countries try to discover new land?

Read and get information

The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776

at Philadelphia. The US was at first made up of 13 colonies. These
colonies fought with England and became free. After they obtained
their freedom they were called states. They were: New York,
Pensylvania, Massachussetts, New Hampshire Rhode Island,
103
Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and
Georgia. Now there are 50 States in the United States: District of
Columbia with the capital Washington, territories of: Panama Canal
Zone, Puerto Rico, Virginia Island (West Indies) and Samoa and
Guam Islands. The Civil war began in 1861 and ended in 1865.
The causes of the Civil War were slavery (қулчилик) and the
doctrine of States right The result of the Civil War was the abolition
of (тақиқланган, йўқ қилиш) slavery and the preservation of
the Union of the United States (сақлаш). In 1863 President
Abraham issued "The Emancipation" Proclamation (озод
қилиш). The Federal Government, Judicial Branch, the highest
court of the US is the Supereme Court, located in Washington,
District of Colombia. Supreme Court has one Chief Justice and
eight Associate Justices (судья). Altogether Justices are not
elected they are appointed by the President with the advice and
consent (маслаҳатлашиш) of the Senate.
. The members of the Supreme Court appointed for life. The
duties of the other courts of the US are: to decide civil cases
(ишлар) and to punish all persons breaking (бузганлар) the laws
of the US. The duties of the Supreme Court of the US are to hear
and pass on appeals (озод қилиш) from the interior (ички)
courts of the US, to hear and pass on appeals from the State
courts of appeals in cases involving the constitutional questions etc.
The head of the city-city government is the Mayor. The City
Council makes the laws for the city. The Constitution of a city is
called a Charter. City laws are Called Ordinances (кўрсатмалар,
декретлар).
READ THE
TEXT THE
MAYFLOWER
Ландиш - гул.
I
It was in 1620, in the time of King James I. English people did
not like their king, they called him «The Foolish King of England»
(Англиянииг энг тентак қироли). Many of them even left
England and went to live in the other countries.
104
 In September 1620. a small ship the Mayflower left England
(Ландиш-гул бу ерда кеманинг номи). There were about one
hundred people on a board of the ship, but even for this hundred
the ship was too small (бортида). For seven long weeks the
Mayflower sailed through the storms of the Atlantic Ocean and
at last the people saw a land. It was North America.
It was raining and a cold wind was blowing (совуқ. шамол
эсаётганди). Sixteen men left the Mayflower and went a shore
(қирғоққа тушишди). In the evening they came back to the
ship and brought some corn with them (дон). They found the
corn on the coast where the Indians had left it. Nobody in Europe
had seen corn then, but when the people on board the «Mayflower»
tried it they liked very much (Мазасини тотиб кўришганди).
Next day was Sunday and everybody on the Mayflower had a
rest. On Monday some men went ashore again and this time they
took some women with them. The women went to wash the
clothes. Since that time Monday has been the wash-day in America
(кир ювиш куни).
I
It was a cold winter and people were ill. The sailors began to
build villages there. By January 1621 there were two villages,
streets there. The white people called it New Plymouth (Плимут
шаҳри). In winter the people began to die. But when the houses
were ready, the life of the people became easier (яшаш
осонроқ). Indians came to their houses and learned to speak
English a little. The Indians called the sailors «Yankee» (янки).
Since that time Yankee had been the name of a white man in
America. After some time they became friends. The Indians
helped the white men very much.
But in spite of their help the white men began to take the land
away from the Indians and to kill them. One day in autumn the
white men wanted to make a holiday dinner. They invited red
men to this dinner. Red men came there with wild turkeys as a
present (ёввойи куркалар). It was an American bird. The people
of new Plymouth called their holiday «Thanksgiving Day»
(Шукрона қиладиган, раҳмат айтадиган кун). Since that
time Thanksgiving Day has been a national holiday in the USA.
So the Americans have always turkeys for the Thanksgiving Day.
105
 Answer the questions
1. Why did the English men go to other countries?
2. When and where did the Mayflower come?
3. How did the white people live there?
4. What did the Indians call them?

Speak:
1. Speak about Thanksgiving Day.

READ THE TEXT

THEBOSTONTEAPARTY.
Бостонда чой ичиш маросими.
In the 18 century there were thirteen English colonies in
th

North America which were under British rule (Британия

қарамоғида). Britain laid heavy taxes on the colonies (катта
солиқ солдилар). The colonists had to pay taxes for sugar, wine,
tea, coffee (солиқ тўлаш).
When British ships came into the Boston port with tea in 1773,
the Americans decided not to take this tea . At a meeting they
made a plan. Several men dressed as Indians, went on board the
ships after dark, took the boxes of tea and dropped them into the
water (сувга ташлади, чўктирди). This incident was named
the Boston Tea Party (бу воқеа), In answer to this the British
Government closed the Boston port and sent their ships to the
colonies. And the war between Britain and its American colonies
soon began.
It was the war for the independence of American colonies
from the British rule.
Answer the questions
1. How many colonies did Britain have in North America in the 18th century?
2. What did they do with the British tea?
3. Why were the colonists very angry?
4. Why did the war begin?
5. What kind of war was it?

106
 READ THE TEXT
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
The war lasted for eight years, from 1775 to 1783 (давом
этди). It was a war between Britain and its colonies in North
America which wanted to be free. George Washington was the
commander-in-chief of the North American army and he did
very much for the victory of the colonists (қўмондон).
In 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written by
Thomas Jefferson and some other people and adopted on July 4
(Томас Жефферсон). That is why July 4 is a national holiday in
the United States, it is the Independence Day and the birthday of
the American nation.
After the end of the War for Independence in 1783, 13
states were formed and they chose George Washington as their
first President.
SPEAK ABOUT THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT.

READ THE TEXT

SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES

(қулчилик)
In the 18 and 19 centuries the United States was divided into
th th

the North and the South. In the North Labour was free. In
South Labour was not free. There slaves worked.
From early times there had been slaves in the South of the
United States, coloured men, women and children were taken
from Africa by force or by some trick and brought to America
(Болалар куч ва ҳийла билан Америкага олиб келинганди).
There in the South they worked as slaves on tobacco and
cotton plantations.
The life of the slaves was very hard. They worked from
morning till night and were beaten and starved (уришарди,
очдан ўларди). Sometimes their owners sold them, separating
husbands and wives, mothers and children (Уларнинг
эгалари қулларни сотарди, эр-хотинларни, она-болани
ажратарди).

107
 There were many revolts of the slaves and sometimes white
men and women helped them in their struggle but revolts came
to nothing (қўзғолонлар ҳеч нимага олиб келмади).
The coloured slaves were freed by President Lincoln in 1863
(озод қилинди).
SAY A FEW WORDS ON THE FOLLOWING:
1. Labour was not free in the South.
2. The coloured workers were cruelly exploited.
3. Many revolts took place in the South of the USA
4. The coloured slaves were freed in 1863.

Read and get information

ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Абрахам Линколън
Abraham Lincoln was a President of the US. In the presidential
election of 1860 the Republican Party nominated (танлади)
Abraham Lincoln as its candidate. The Republican Party
declared that the slavery could spread no further and promised
to protect industry. In 1861 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the
President of the USA. On January 1863 President Abraham
Lincoln issued a proclamation about freeing the slaves and
invited them to join armed forces of the North of America. The
proclamation declared the abolition of slavery. In l864 he was
elected for a second term as a President. The 14th of April 1865
was tragic day in the history of the USA. President Abraham
Lincoln with his wife and a young couple who were his guests
attended a performance at Fords theatre. There they sat in the
presidential box. An erased actor (ақлсиз артист) John Booth
took arm and fired him. Booth sprang from the box to the stage
and ran away. Booth was captured (ушланди) some days later
in a barn (саройда) in the countryside. The American people
never forget their progressive President.
RETELL ABOUT ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

108
 Read the text and try to understand the content:
THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE STATES (1861-1865)
In early April 1861 the Civil war began. It was a war between
the North and the South. The North was against the slavery but
the South supported it.
It was the war between the industrial North and agricultural
South, where slave labour was much used. The war began
soon after Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
Lincoln, a progressive man, was against slavery. He wanted
to free the slaves. The slave owners in the South were against
it. Then the war began.
The population of the North was 22 million and that of the
South was 9 million, but the way of the South was well organized
and ready for war. The South won several victories (ғалабаларга
эришиши).
Only when General Grant became commander-the-chief of
the Northern army, the North began to win the war and in April
1865 it ended.
Answer the questions:
1. When did the Civil War begin ?
2. Why did the Civil War break out?
3. Was Lincoln a progressive man ? What did he want to do?
4. What did the Southern States do before the war broke out?
5. Why did the Army of the South win victories at the beginning of the war?
6. When did the army of the North begin to win victories?
7. When did the Civil War end?

READ THE TEXT

JOHN HENRY
ЖОН ГЕНРИ
John Henry was a steeldriving man: a famous coloured
strong man and work hero (Пармаловчи, ишчи қаҳрамон).
And he died with his hammer in his hand (болға). The 5 kilogram
hammer (some say 6 kg) flashed like gold when he worked

109
(ярқирарди). The women came out from town when John Henry
worked to hear him sing and the hammer ring (унинг
ашуласини ва болғасини овозини эшитиш учун). John Henry
was born in the United States and was thirty-four years old when
he died. He was a big man about a hundred kilograms (У
100 Кг келадиган катта одам эди). His story began in the early
1870’s when a big tunnel was built in the Virginia hills (туннель).
John Henry had great strength and he was a good worker. He
could drive steel ten hours without stopping (y пўлатни
парчалай оларди). He could drive his hammer into big rocks
and break mountains (y болтасини қояларга уриб, тоғларни
майдаларди). One day the boss bought a steam drill to hurry
the work in the tunnel (буғ билан ишлайдиган болға). John
Henry's pride was touched: «A man is nothing but a man»,
he said (Жон Генрининг шаҳсиятигага тегди. Инсон ҳеч
нарса эмас-ку, бироқ инсон). «I will die with the hammer in my
hand». And he did, Joan Henry worked better than the new
drill-and won. But he died of it.
John Henry was drilling on the right side of the tunnel, and
the steam drill started on the left (пармалайдиган бўларди).
The conditions were to drill for thirty-five minutes. John Henry
said, «I beat him, but I am dead», and he fell down dead. He still
had the hammer in his hand. They buried him near the tunnel
and every big engine that went by whistles, «There lies the
strongest steeldriving man» (машина хуштак билан: Бу
ерда энг кучли пармаловчи ётибди деб ўтарди).
1. SAY A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE HERO-
WORKER
USE THE FOLLOWING PATTERNS:
1 .... famous strong man and hero-worker; women came to hear.
2. ... drive steel ten hours without stopping.
3. ... died with a hammer...
4. ... was buried...

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 READ THE TEXT
CASEY JONES
Кейси Жонс
Casey Jones was a great American rail road hero engineer.
He did not spare his own life, but died doing his duty. Casey was
an engineer of the American train Canon-ball, in which ran
between Tennessee and Mississippi (тез юрадиган). He was
skilful and brave and always brought the train in time. He was
skilful with the whistle too — the locomotive whistle. He had a
special way of blowing it (овоз бериш). It would make people's
hair stand on end in their beds as the train passed by at nights
(сочни тикка турғизарди) «There goes Casey», they would
say (Кейси кетапги).
On the night of April 29, 1900 when Casey had just finished
his own run and brought the Cannon-ball into the town in time,
he learned that the engineer of another engine was ill and could
not make his run. Casey offered to make the run for his friend
and pulled the big engine out of the station in the morning.
It was already one hour and thirty-five minutes late for the
start (машинасини олиб чиқди, 1 соат 35 минуг кеч
бошлади).
Casey wanted to make up the time and he worked very
hard at the engine (вақтни етказиб олиш учун).
By four o'clock in the morning he had made up most of the
time, but suddenly in front of his engine, as he came round he
saw a standing freight train on the rails (изда, юк поезди).
«Jump, Sim,» he cried.
Sim Webb, fireman jumped but it was late (ўт ёқувчи
кочегар). Casey's body was found with one hand still in. the
whistle and one on the air-brake (танаси топилди, ҳаво
билан ишлайдиган тормоз).
There is a monument to Casey Jones in his native town in
Kentucky (Кентуки). In 1950 the United States Government put
out a threecent stamp in honour of the American rail-road
engineers, which had the portrait of Casey Jones and a picture of
the old Engine 382 (3 центли марка).

RETELL IT IN UZBEK.

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 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TODAY
Read the text and get information
In size, the United States of America is not the biggest country
in the world (ҳажми бўиича). It ranks fourth among the nations
after Russia, Canada and China (жойлашади). It also ranks third
in population after China, India. After its 200 birthday, the United
States of America still holds the leading position in the world (ушлаб
турибди). What makes the USA the leader of the world is its
economic, political and military dominance (ҳарбий устунлик)
over the other countries.
The United States of America is a republic. The
government is divided into three branches: legislative - (қонун
чиқарувчи) (the US Congress), executive (ижро этувчи),
judicial branch- the US Supreme Court (Суд органи). The
US Congress is mainly representatives of big business. The
United States of America is a federation of states (now there are
50 states) which was established by the Constitution in 1787.
Each state has its own government and its own capital city,
(ўзини мустақил ҳукумати). The President and his
administration are the executive branch.
Answer the questions:
1 .What kind of country is the USA?
2. What kind of state is it?
The executive branch is vested in the President, Vice-
President and the President Cabinet (қўлида, вице президент-
президент ўринбосари, муовини). It is responsible for
administrating and executing laws (жавобгар, бошқариш
ижро этиш қонунлари). The President is elected for 4 years
of service and may be reelected for four more years (қайтадан
сайланади). He must be a natural born citizen, at least 35
years old and for at least 14 years a resident of the US
(Америкада туғилган фуқаролар энг камида АҚШда 14
йил яшаган бўлиши керак).
The term of office of the President begins at noon on January
20 every 4 years (муддат, кун ўртасида, пешинда).

112
The US President is both the head of state and of government.
Presidential elections are held every leap-year on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The President is
assisted by Secretaries who are at the head of the executive
departments (ёрдам беришади, ижро этувчи департамент). The
most importanf departaments of the executive department are
those of State and of Defense (Давлат ва мудофа
департаментлари). The presidential elections in the USA are
held in two stages (2-босқичларида). First the voters choose
electors and then later voters elect the President (сайловчилар,
овоз берувчилар). He has the initiative in foreign affairs, but the
Senate can block them (ташаббус кўрсатади, тўхтатиб қўя
олади). His actions may involve the country in a state of war
(эълон қилади, уруш ҳолатига солади). The Vice-President
is elected together with the President for 4 years. There were 12
departments in 1970. The President's Cabinet today has 11
members. Here are titles of the Cabinet members or secretaries.
1. Secretary of State (давлат котиби)
2. Secretary of the treasury ( хазина котиби)
3. Department of Defense or Secretary of Defense (Мудофа
департаменти; мудофа вазирлиги).
4. Department of Justice (адлия департаменти).
5. Secretary of the Interior (ички ишлар котибияти)
6. Secretary of Agriculture (қишлоқ хўжалик котибияти)
7. Secretary of Commerce (савдо- сотиқ котибияти)
8. Secretary of Labor (иш билан таъминлаш котибияти)
9. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (соғликни
сақлаш маориф, фаровонлик котибияти)
10. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (уй жой
ва шаҳар қурилиши котибияти)
11. Secretary of Transportation (Транспорт, юк ташиш
котибияти).
In addition to them there are many independent agencies in the
Federal Government such as the Atomic Energy agency.
SPEAK
1. Speak about executive branch in the USA.
2. Speak about President and his term.
3. Describe the President's cabinet

113
 The legislative branch of the US government is vested in the
Congress (ўз қўлида ушлайди). The Congress of the US is
composed of two houses (тузилади) the Senate and the House
of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the
House represents - the population according to its distribution
among the states (тақсимланишига). The term of the Congress
is two years (муддат).
The US Senate has 100 members — two from each of the 50
states. Members of the senate are elected for 6 year terms. A
senator must be at least 30 years old.
The US House of Representatives has 435 members (аъзо).
Each state sends its representatives according to its population.
A representative must be at least 25, a US citizen for 7 years and
must live in the state which he is elected. The business of Congress
is to make laws (қонун чиқариш).Тhе US Constitution also
gives Congress the power raise money by means of taxes or to
borrow it, make rules for trade with foreign countries and between
states, set up offices, organize the Armed forces, declare wars
(ҳуқуқ, пул қийматини ошириш, қарз олиш, савдо қилиш
қонунларини чиқариш, уруш эълон қилиш).
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic
(symbolized by a «donkey») and the Republician its symbol is an
elephant (Республика партияси). The American people do not
see much difference between them.
* * *
The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight
Associatic Justices who are appointed for life (бутун умрга
тайинланади). The Supreme Court is supposed to decide whether
a law of the Congress or an executive order of the President is
constitutional or not (конституцион-қонуний).
The form of the US government is based on the Constitution
of September 17, 1787. It was adopted after the War of
Independence. A constitution in American political language means
the set of rules, laws, regulations and customs, the work of the
government.
In 1974 the total-population amounted to 212 millions (бугун
аҳоли етди). In the 18 century about 90 per cent of population
was of Anglo-Saxon stock, most of the rest being of coloured
origin (насл-зот).
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 The following ten states have the largest population: California,
New York, Pensylvania, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, New
Gersey, Florida, Massachusets.
The most highly populated cities of the USA are New York,
Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit, Houston, Baltimore,
Dallas, Washington, Indianapolis.
Over 90 per cent of the present day Americans were born in
the United States, assimilated into the American way of the life
(қўшилгаи-ўзлаштирилган). They constitute 11 per cent of
the population (ташкил қилади). The Orientals (осиёликлар)
are concentrated in the Pacific States (Тинч океан
ҳавзасидаги штатларида).
The member of Americans at the age of 65 and older is
expected to rise from 21 mln to 29 mln. Life for women is
projected (режалаштирилган) to increase from 67 to 75, for men
from 65 to 69
Answer the questions:
1. What does the Supreme Court consist of?
2. When was the US Constitution adopted first?
3. What does the Constitution mean?
Speak about the population of the USA.
READANDSPEAKABOUT THETEXT
1.
The USA is a country of great differences. There are high
mountains and flat fields in it, tropical heat and arctic cold
(жазирама иссиқ ва совуқ).
If you want to go from San Francisco to New York by train,
you must ride more than three thousand miles (юриш). It takes
three days and nights. In California, where you begin your trip,
the climate is usually mild all year round. The South of the country
is the famous fruit-growing area. California oranges, grapefruit
and lemons, as well as many other fruits and vegetables, are sent
all over the United States and to other parts of the world.
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 2.
Soon the train leaves those green plains goes up into the Sierra
Nevada mountains covered with snow (ўтлоқлар, Сьера
Невада). Here and there you can see clear mountain lakes. As
the train goes east you cross the Salt Lake desert (Сольт Лейк
чўли).
For miles and miles you will see nothing but salt and salt (туз).
Flat fields, covered with short dry grass, go for miles and miles.
This is a sheep and cattle country, the land of the cowboys (отлиқ
подачи, чўпон, ковбой). As you cross it, you may want to know
where the people of America are. From time to time you may see
a few cattle on the field or the wagon of a cowboy but most of
the country is empty (фургон машина).
As the train crosses Nebraska, you leave the empty country
and enter the rich farming region of America (Небраска).
Nebraska has many golden wheat fields (олтин ботоқли
бўғдой далалари). In Iowa wheat and corn are important
products (штат номи). After two days, the train arrives in
Chicago, the second largest city in the United States.
3.
Then you cross Pensylvania and New Jersey - the richest
industrial states of the country and at last arrive in New York, the
largest city in the USA. The trip will not show you all America,
of course. Each region has its own characteristics. There are
many large and modern cities, but a great territory of the country
is large plains with farm houses and small towns. The usual
town in any part of the United States has its «main street» with
the same types of shops and a market selling the same products
(сотадиган). So many American towns have the same look (бир
хил шундай кўринишга эга).
ReadandretellitinUzbek
Niagara Falls is the best known natural wonder in the USA
(Нигара шаршараси табиий мўжиза). It is visited by a greater
number of people from America and abroad than any other
places on the continent.

116
 Niagara Falls is situated between New York and Chicago.
Niagara is an Indian word which means «roaring waters»
(ўкираётган, бўкираётган сув). Indeed the roar of the falling
water can be heard at a distance of 25 Kilometres (ҳақиқатан)..
A mass of water is falling over a cliff 90 feet high- 27 metres
with a terrible noise (қоядан қўрқинчли овоз). Niagara has
very great power (куч). It can move big rocks and throw them
into the waters.
Some time ago an old ship without anyone on board was put in
the stream (оқимга, тўлқинга). It sailed down the river like a
toy boat. When it got to the fall, the ship went under the waters
and was never seen again. There were people who wanted to
become famous by swimming across the most dangerous part of
the Niagara River (жуда қўрқинчли қисмида). One of them
was Captain Webb who was known as the first man to swim it.
On the evening of July 24,1883 he came up to the river and dived
in (шунғиди). Many people were present there soon the man
appeared in the middle of the river. A loud shout went up from the
crowd, but a moment later the man went under the water
(ҳалойиқдан шовқин кўтарилди). Thousand of eyes were
looking at the river, but the man was drowned (чўкди). In 1902
a young woman decided to go over the falls in a barrel (бочкада).
There were many pillows inside the barrel. When Miss Taylor
examined the barrel carefully, she got in. The barrel was closed
and then thrown into the river. When the barrel reached the falls
it was sailed down by the terrible force of water (сувни кучли
кучи бйлан сузиб кетди). The barrel was caught and opened.
Miss Taylor came out alive but very much frightened.
Niagara Falls is beautiful, but all the time changes. Many great
writers tried to describe it. The Niagara River gives electric
power too (электр энергия). More than a million horse
power is produced now at Niagara for local use and is sent to
cities, towns in New York State and Canada (миллион от кучи,
маҳаллий зарурият эҳтиёж).
READTHETEXTSANDRETELLTHEMINENGLISH.
I. Washington
Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated on the
Potomac River in the District of Columbia (Колумбия округи).

117
The district is a piece of land ten miles square and it does not
belong to any states (миль-1609 метр). The district is named in
the honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America
(Колумб шарафига).
The capital owes very much to the first President of the United
States, George Washington (қарздор). Washington chose the
place for the District and laid in 1790 the stone of the Capitol,
Congress sits there (acoc солинган).
Washington is not the largest city in the United States, it is not
as large as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit or Los
Angeles. It has a population of 900. 000 people. Its area is 200
square kilometres.
Washington is a one-industrial town. It does not produce
anything, except very much scrap-paper (қоғоз
мокулатураси). Every day twenty-five railway cars leave
Washington loaded wish scrap-paper (ортиб кетади).
Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest
among the buildings is the Capitol with its great Hall of
Representatives and Senate Chamber (вакиллар ва сенат
палатаси).
There are no sky-scrapers in Washington because no
other building must be taller than the Capitol (Капитолия).
The White House is the President's residence. All American
presidents except George Washington (The White House was
not yet built in his time) had lived in the White House. It was built
in 1799. It is a two-storied white building. In 1814 during the war
with England, the White House was burnt down (ёнди). After
the war the remains of the building were white washed (қолган
қисми). Since that time the residence of the American presidents
has been always painted white.
Washington Monument is not far from the Capitol. It looks like
a very big pencil, rises 160 metres.
A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds (тепага).
From the top you can enjoy a view of the city (There is a White
House, the President's residence there too). The Jefferson II
Memorial was built in the memory of the third President of the
USA (мемориали). Thomas Jefferson was the author of
the Declaration of Independence (мустақиллик
декларацияси). The Memorial is surrounded by cherry
trees.

118
 The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth
(бағишланган) President of the United States, the author of
the Emancipation Proclamation (озодлик прокламацияси). It
gave freedom to coloured slaves in America.
On the other bank of the Potomac the Arlington National
Cemetery lies. (Арлингтон миллий қабристони). There
President Kennedy was buried (дафн қилинган). American
soldiers, officers who died in World Wars I - II and in the
Vietnam war are buried there too, but coloured soldiers,
officers were buried in another place.
70 per cent of the population of Washington are coloured. The
coloured people do not live in the central parts of the city, they live
in the coloured ghettoes (геттолар-яшайдиган жой). They are
outside the centre (Марказдан ташқарида).
Retell the content of the texts in Uzbek
Read and get information
Places of interest in Washington
THE CAPITOL
The building that dominates the city of Washington is the
Capitol (Капитолия). It stands on the Capital Hill, the highest
point in the city and is Home of both the Senate and the House of
Representatives (баландликда). It contains 430 rooms, is 751
feet long, 350 feet wide, with its dome rising to 285 feet (гумбаз).
Topping the dome is the 19 foot bronze statue of Freedom
(тепаси). The 36 columns surround the lower part of thе dome
(коллоналар ўраб туради). They represent the states in the
Union (ифодалайди). The dome of the Capitol is decorated by
the frescoes (фрескалар. билан безатилган).
SPEAK ABOUT THE CAPITOL.
Read the texts and get information
The Lincoln memorial (Lincoln was the 16 president of USA
(1861- 1865). He gave freedom for the coloured people.

119
 The memorial is designed like a Greek temple with 36
columns, representing the states in the Union at the same time of
Lincoln's death (грек минораси, Линкольн ўлими). But the
dominant feature of the building is the magnificient, realistic
figure of Lincoln seated in the centre of the open temple (машҳур,
аниқ).
The Washington Monument.
The Washington Monument is situated in the Potamac park. It
is the tallest structure in the USA (жуда баланд). The
Cornstone for the Monument was laid in 1848 but public
controversy and then the Civil War declared its completion for
many years (acoc тоши, баҳс, тугатилишини эълон қилди).
The difference in the colour of the marble is apparent the
visitor (мармар, келувчиларга кўринади). The Washington
monument was finally opened to the public in 1888.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONS

The Smithsonian Institution, a private foundation established
with the bequest of 550 000 dollars from the will of James
Smithson, is under government guardianship (мерос).Тhе US
National Museum, National Collection of Fine Arts, National
Zoological Park, Bureau of American Ethnology, National Air
Museum, Astrophysical Observatory, International Exchange
Service, Canal Zone Biological Area, Free Gallery of Art are all
administered by the Smithsonian Institution.
The National Gallery of Art is also included into the Smithsonian
Institutions group.
JOHN [Link] CENTRE FOR PERFORMING
ARTS
Kennedy John Fitzgerald (1961-1963й) is the 35th President
of the USA was assinated (отиб ўлдирилган).
John. F. Kennedy centre for performing Arts is the sole official
memoral to President Kennedy in the capital, opened in 1961 on
the Potomac (ягона, расмий). Financed by both Government and
private funds, the marble building houses a 2.200 seat opera hall,
a 2.700 seat concert hall, a 1.100 seat theatre and other facilities
(имконият, қулайликлар).

120
 Arlington National Cemetery (қабристон).
Arlington National Cemetery is the nations famous burial
ground (дафн қилинадиган жой). There is Tomb of the
Unknows, there formaly called the Tomb of the Unknown
Soldiers (номаълум солдатлар қабри). It is guarded day and
night by an armed sentry (қўриқланади, қуролланган
соқчилар).
SPEAKABOUT:
1. The Lincoln memorial.
2. The Washinghton monument
3. The Smith - Institutions.
4. John Kennedy's Centre.

READ THE TEXT

NEWYORK
1.
New York is the largest city in the world and the biggest seaport
It is the money centre of the United States (пул ишлаб
чиқариш маркази). New York is situated in the north-east of
USA in the state of the New York or the Empire State (империя
штати).
In comparison with such ancient historical cities as Rome,
Moscow, London or Paris, New York is quite young. It was founded
in 1613 by Dutch settlers (Даниялик кўчманчилари). A
Dutchman, Peter Minuit, bought Manhattan Island from the Indians
for 24 dollars and a barrel of rum (бир бочка ром ичимлик).
The Americans say that this was the best business ever made in
New York In 1613 the Dutch had built only four small houses in
Manhattan. New Amsterdam was the first name of the city. In
1626 it was renamed as New York after the name of Duke of
York (Йорк герцоги). He was the commander of the English
army.
2.

During the War for Independence New York was an important

political centre and for five years from 1785 till 1790, the capital
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of the USA. It's area is 816 square [Link] population of New
York numbers is million people, together with the population of its
suburbs it comes to 16 million people (1970) (атрофи). It is a
multinational city (кўп миллатли шаҳар). The people that
live in it speak seventy-five different languages. Manhattan is the
name of an island. It forms the heart of New York. The island is
13 miles long, 2 miles wide and lies at the mouth of the Hudson
River (Гудзон дарёси). Population of Manhattan is about two
million people. It is the heart of America's business and culture.
The street got its name in the old days. In the past one of the
Dutch governors of New Amsterdam built a wall across
Manhattan to protect the colonists from the Indians (губернатори,
ҳимоя қилиш). The wall was later broken down, but the name
remained. Harlem - the largest coloured people ghetto is also in
Manhattan (Гарлем). The houses are old and dirty, there are few
schools and few hospitals. Like other cities New York is a city of
deep social contrasts (чуқур социал қарама-қаршиликлар
шаҳри).
RETELL THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT IN UZBEK

Read the texts and get information

Chicago
Chicago is the second largest city in the United States. It is in
the state Illinois (Иллинойс штат). The population of the city is
about 4 million, together with the population of the suburbs it comes
up to over 6 million people. Over 800.000 of them are Negroes.
Chicago is often called «the most American» of all American
cities and towns, and second largest (after New York) industrial
centre (кўп америкаликлар яшайдиган). It lies on the banks
of lake Michigan.
Chicago is not a very old city. It was founded in 1848, when
the first English settlements appeared on the territory of present-
day Chicago (кўчиб келувчилар, ҳозир). The city has
quickly
122
grown in the last 125 years due to the great number of
newcomers (янги келувчилар ҳисобига). Like New York
and other large American cities, Chicago has two diffirent parts:
the centre, with its sky-scrapers and rich and comfortable houses
on the Golden shore of Lake Michigan and districts Chicago are
the country's greatest railway centres. There thirty-eight
railroads meet. It has also the largest stockyards in the country
and the largest gram market (мол ҳайдайдиган жой, катта
бозор).

THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE USA

HIGHER EDUCATION - ОЛИЙ ТАЪЛИМ
VEAR POST DOCTORAL STUDY

7 Dl D D

5 Ml M M

4
Bl Bl B B B Liberal A.A.
3 University
Technological Teacher's Other Arts [Link]
2
schools college professional Colleges Colleges

1 schools

SECONDARY SCHOOL - ЎРТА ТАЪЛИМ

12 3 year Senior

11 High school
10 6 year Junior-Senior 4 year
9 High school 3 year Senior High school
8 High school
7

123
 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL - БОШЛАНҒИЧ TAЪЛИМ
6
5
4 ELEMENTARYSCHOOL
3
2 6 or 8 years
1

AA.=A.S.=Associate Degree (Мухбир аъзолик унвони, номзоди)

В — Bachelor's Degree (бакалавр унвони)
М — Master's Degree (Магистрлик унвони)
D — Doctor's Degree (Докторлик унвони)

THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

HIGHER EDUCATION
Олий таълим
COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY (from 18 years or later)
SECONDARY EDUCATION
Ўрта таълим
Senior High School (from 15-18 years of age)
Юқори ўрта мактаб
Junior High school (from 12-15 years of age )
Қуйи ўрта таълим

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Бошланғич таълим

Elementary or Grade school (from 6-12, 14 years of age).

124
 READ THE TEXT ABOUT
THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE USA.
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (from 6 to 12 years of age)
American children begin to go to school at six. The first school
is called elementary school. The pupils have lessons every day,
except Saturdays. The children come to school at 8. 30 and each
class gathers in its homeroom (ўзларининг махсус хонаси).
There the teacher on duty calls the names of the children, after
which they all pledge allegiance to the American flag and sing
patriotic songs (содиқликка ишонтириш). Then lessons begin.
Each lesson lasts half an hour. At 10.30 children return to the
homeroom. There they have milk and crackers (юпқа печенье).
At 11 o'clock they have a lesson of writing. There are about
one hundred pupils in a big classroom and three teachers. One
teacher uses a technical aid, she writes the new words and her
writing is reflected on the wall of the room.
As she writes the teacher speaks into a microphone so that all
the pupils can hear her.
Her two assistants walk about the classroom and correct the
children's writing.
At 11.50 the pupils return to their homeroom and prepare for
lunch. They eat from 12 to 12.30 after which they have 20 minutes
of physical training on the playground.

After that they have one more lesson. This is a lesson of nature
study and that is the end of the school day. It is half past one and
all the children go home.

TRY TO RETELL THE TEXT ABOUT THE ELEMENTARY

SCHOOLS.

READ THE TEXT

SECONDARY OR HIGH SCHOOL.
There are two kinds of secondary or high schools in the USA;
Junior High schools are for children from 12 to 15 years of
age. Senior High schools are for children of 15 to 18 years of age.
125
In all secondary schools the schoolchildren are called «students»,
not pupils.
Many American Schoolchildren finish only Junior High schools
because they must begin working to help their families. The
certificate of the Junior High does not allow them to enter
college or University (гувоҳнома).
In American High schools there are two kinds of school
subjects: which are compulsory for all students, that is all students
must learn them (мажбурий). These are the subjects are English,
physical education, maths, history, social science (жисмоний
таълим, ижтимоий фан).
But there are also elective subjects (танлаб ўқиладиган
фанлар). These are the subjects which some students learn and
the others do not.
Among elective subjects are physics, chemistry, foreign
languages, and many others. Only one in every 3 students learns
chemistry, one in every seven students learns foreign language,
one in every four studies physics. Besides, boys and girls in the
some classes as usually learn different subjects.
TRYTO SPEAK ABOUT THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS
IN THE USA IN UZBEK.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA
Higher education is given in colleges, technical institutes and
universities.
Students must pay for their education from two or five thousand
dollars a year.
More than three million students who graduate from high
school each year go on for higher education.
Successful applicants are usually chosen on the basis of:
a) their high school records
b) recommendations from their high school teachers
c) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs). The
system of higher education in the United States comprises three
categories of institutions:
1) the university - which contains

126
 a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a
bachelor's (four-year) degree;
b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in
specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a
master's or a doctor's degree.
2)the technical training institutions where high school graduates
may take courses ranging from six months to four years to learn
a wide variety of technical skills:
-from hair styling through business accounting to computer
programming.
3)the two-year or community college - from which students
may enter many professions or may transfer to four year colleges.
Any of these institutions in any category might be either public
or private, depending on the source of its funding.
Some universities and colleges have gained reputations. They
offer challenging courses and provide their students with a higher
quality of education.
The best or the lower prestiges of the universities are
determined by the quality of the teaching faculty.
In the USA the examinations as criteria for admission are
used. The administrators say that SATs help to admit, to
choose the most excellent, capable applicants for every first
year student seat.
The courses for the most graduate degrees can be completed
in two or three years.
A thesis is required for a Master's degree;
A Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course
work beyond the Master's degree level: success in a qualifying
examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and in a
research toll and completion of a doctoral dissertation.
The number of credits awarded for course relates to the number
of hours of work involved.
At the undergraduate level a student generally takes about
three five hours a week courses every semester. Semesters
usually run from September to early January and late January
to late May. Credits are earned by attending lectures, lab classes
and by

127
successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit
usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course.
Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it
usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree.
It requires about 40 three hour courses of 120 credits.
Students must pay for their education from two or five thousand
dollars a year.
In the USA higher education system credits for the academic
work are transferable among universities. The students can
transfer from one university into another one.
The most selective are the old private north-eastern universities,
commonly known as the Ivy League, Yale University, Columbia
College (New York), Princeton University (New Serey), Brown
University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of
Pennsylvania.
With their traditions and long established reputation they occupy
a position in American University life rather like Oxford and
Cambridge in England, particularly, Harvard and Yale. The Ivy
League Universities are famous for their graduate schools.
They have become intellectual elite centers.
Answer the questions:
1. When do the American children go to school ?
2. What is the first type of school called?
3. How long do the children study at the elementary school?
4. What kinds of secondary schools are there in the USA?
5. At what age do the boys and girls finish secondary schools?
6. Do all of them finish secondary school?
7. Where do American boys and girls study after the secondary schools?

RETELL IT IN ENGLISH

128
 THE USA- UZBEKISTAN RELATIONS ARE
DEVELOPING

The relations between the USA and Uzbekistan are

deepening and extending to a great extent after Uzbekistan
became independent.
These relations began to extend when Americans recognized
Uzbekistan as an independent and the соuntry with much
opportunity.
President of Uzbekistan Islom Karimov's official visit to the
USA on 23-28 June of 1996 was a turning point for these
[Link] the 25th of June President [Link] was at the
reception of the President of the USA Bill Klinton, they
exchanged opinions. During the meeting of two Presidents they
discussed political, economical and security issues proceeded
from their interest. At the meeting Bill Klinton stated that the
USA intended to set relations on issues of a large scale.
Undertaking relations on different areas (skills) – appeared
in conjunction with visible results of pursuing independent policy
going to market economy step by step,

Nowadays the USA embassy is functioning in Tashkent.

About 200 firms and companies are leading their activities.
Karchil enteprise, Interconcents; Bitemer engineering, 1-trading
group, FMC corporation, JAV, Proctor and Gamble, Agrotek
Newman mining are also among them. Private enterprise support
cooperation's (OPEK' S) help is rather big. President I.A. Karimov
informed businessmen about potential opportunities of our country
and he called to open joint-ventures on a large scale. Now as a
result of these relations many specialists, scientists students, pupils
are coming to Uzbekistan to help, to support each other. These
relations are useful to both countries. We think, we are sure, we
hope these relations were already set and they would be
developed in future. In this Our President's efforts are playing
the main important decisive role.
129
READABOUTTRADITIONSANDCUSTOMS,LEARNTHEM.
Customs and traditions
Everysociety has its own peculiar customs and ways of acting
(махсус). The United States have a wide variety of national
backgrounds (асосларга, келиб чиқишига). American manners
and customs are rather difficult (одатлар, мураккаб, қийин).
INTRODUCTIONS AND GREETINGS
Танишиш ва саломлашиш
Except on official occasions such as formal receptions for
distinguished guests in American society are characterized by
informality (норасмийлик). This informality is seen in customs
of introductions and greetings. In spite of the informality there
are good manners and social patterns that are followed
(тантанасиз кутиб олинишига қарамай, яхши одатлар,
оммавий кўринишларига). They use such informal occasions:
«Hello, Hello, Jim more formal greetings», «good morning», «good
afternoon», good evening», «how do you do? », «how are you? ».
INVITATIONS
Invitations to any but a formal dinner can be made in person,
by phone or by note (расмий овқатланиш). A personal invitation
shouldn't be given in the presence of someone else who is not
invited. A telephone invitation should be made directly. If the person
can't be reached in time they try again rather man leave a
message (кела олмаса).
Dining customs (овқатланиш одатлари).
Americans that the first rule of being a courteous guest is:
Be prompt (одобли меҳмон, чаққон бўлинг). If a person is
invited to dinner at six thirty, the hostess expects him to be there
at six thirty and not more than a few minutes after (мезбон).
When the guest cannot come in time, he calls his host or
hostess on the phone, explains the reason (меҳмон). At company

130
meals the host and the hostess are usually seated at the opposite
end of the table. Men and Women are placed alternately, and
married couples are separeted possible (Турмуш қурганлар
алмашиниб ўтиради, қаерда мумкин бўлса).
If children are to be including in the company meal, they are
usually placed on their mothers' left. Teen-agers are seated in the
same ways as the rest of the party. The guests usually stay for
two or three hours. The most dinner parties break up about
eleven o'clock (тугайди).
1. Retell the text about American ways of introductions and
greetings.
1. Retell the text about American ways of Invitations.
2. Retell me text about American dining customs.
HALLOWEEN—OCTOBER31 [haeloui: n]
Хэллоуин (маросим номи)
Halloween is both a Britain and an American holiday. In Britain
it is celebrated in Scotland and Wales. In the United States it is
celebrated in many towns and villages. It is a holiday for children
and young people.
In the evening of October 31 boys and girls «Dress up» in
different old clothes and wear masks (маскарад костюмини
кийишади). As the night is usually quite dark they take with them
a lantern made from a pumpkin (қовоқдан қилинган фонар-
чироқ). On an empty pumpkin they cut out slits for two eyes,
a nose and a mouth and put a lighted candle inside (ичи бўш
қовоққа 2та кўз учун тешик қилганлар). The pumpkin then
looks like a jeering face with burning eyes (кулаётган юз
кўриниш, ёниб турган кўзлар). The children go from house to
house and knock at the doors, calling «trick or treat»
(эшикларни тақиллатишади, қабул қилинг деб). This means
that they will play no tricks on you if you «treat» them - ask them
come in and give them sweets and fill their bags with fruit and
cakes or anything else they like.

131
 SAINT VALENTINE'S DAY—FEBRUARY 14.
Авлиё Валентин маросими, куни, ўйини.
In England and in the United States February 14 is St.
Valentine's Day. Boys and girls send «Valentines» to their friends.
A Valentine is a little poem or some kind of words on it:
«I'll be your sweetheart, if you are mine (севимли,
меники бўлсанг). All of my life I'll be your Valentine».
Schoolchildren enjoy buying or making Valentines for their
friends and teachers; very often they write on the Valentine «From
guess who», and the person who receives it must guess the name
of the sender (кимдан топ). In schools boys and girls make a
gaily decorated box with a slit on the top where they can «post»
their Valentines (севги мактуби). Usually each classroom
has such a box, at the end of the school day they open the box,
take out the Valentines then the other children feel very happy.
APRIL FOOL'S DAY—APRIL 1.
Апрел — тентаклар куни.
For very many centuries the first of April was a day of
laughing and jokes (кулиш ва ҳазил қилиш куни). The day
is kept in many countries, not only in Britain and the USA. This
is a day to play jokes and make people laugh. Nobody knows
when the beginning of this custom was. Some people connect
it with the end of winter and the return of spring which made
people merry and ready to play jokes.
In Scotland young people were sent for hen's teeth or
bird’s milk and everybody laughed when they could not find such
things (товуқ тиши, қуш сути). In the USA and Britain
someone could place a sign on a person's back with the words
«push me» (туртиб юбор мени). Children often tell a grown-
up that his sock is torn or he has something black on his face,
and then shout «April Fool» (катталарга, пайпоғи
йиртилган). There is also the old purse trick (чўнтак ҳазили).
A purse is left lying in the street, but when someone wants to
take it, it is quickly

132
pulled back by a string, which the hidden joker holds in his hand
(ип орқали тортиб олинади). Or the purse may be filled with
stones.
Sometimes invitations are sent to people asking them to come
and visit somebody, but when they come they see that nobody
expects them. Some people like to telephone to the Zoo on that
day and ask for Mr. Fish, Miss Fox or Mrs. Cat. All these jokes
are very old but still they make people laugh.
In some places tricks are played only in the morning of
April 1. Then, if anyone tries to fool someone later that day or on
the next, he is met with these words:
«April Fool is past,
And you are the biggest
Fool at last».
RETELL THEM SHORTLY IN ENGLISH OR IN UZBEK.
READ AND LEARN THEM
HOLIDAYS
Байрамлар
Holidays are most widely observed in the United States (риоя
қилинади). In most states banks, post-offices and most places
of business are closed on these holiday days.
1. New Year’s Day - January 1 - a legal holiday in all states
and Districts of Columbia (очиқ қонуний).
2. Memorial Day — May 30 is also known as Decoration
Day (хотира куни). It is devoted to the memory of the Civil War
heroes (фуқаролар уруши).
3. Indepedence Day - July 4. The day of the Adoption of
Declaration of Independence in 1776. It is celebrated in all states
and territories.
4. Labor Day - is celebrated on the first Monday in September
in all states (меҳнат кунини нишонлаш). It was first celebrated
in New York in 1882 under the sponsorship of the Central Labor
Union (ташкилотчилигида).
5. Thanksgiving is celebrated nationally on the fourth
133
 Thursday in November (шукрона қилиш, ҳайр қилиш куни).
It was proclaimed a national holiday by President Lincoln in 1863.
6. Christmas - December 25, the most widely celebrated
holiday (Рождество - Христианлар байрами) Christmas customs
are old. Santa Claus brings souvenirs, gifts for children (қорбобо).
7. February 12 - Lincoln's Birthday, the sixteenth President of
the USA.
8. February 22. Washington's Birthday, the first President of
the United States.
9. July 4. Independence Day - Commemorating the
signing of the American Declaration of Independence on July 4
(байрамни нишонлаш).
10. October 12. Columbus Day - Commemorating the day in
1492 (Колумб) when Christophers Columbus discovered
America.

Read the text answer the question:

1. What kind of sports are there in America?
2. Do we have such sports in our country?

AMERICAN SPORTS.

The United States is a sport-loving nation (спортни

севувчи). Sports in America take a variety of forms organized
competative struggles, athletic games, hunting, fishing. Most sports
are reasonal (мувофиқ келади). Some sports are called
spectator sports, other sports are called participant sports, some
sports are commercial and professional.
Baseball is the most popular sport in the United States. It is
played in spring and summer, and proffessional baseball teams
play well in the fall (кузда).
Football is the most popular sport in the fall.
134
 READ THE TEXTS AND GET INFORMATION

Press
The United States Information Agency is the main instrument
of ideological influence on the mass media and public opinion in
the USA and other countries (орасида).
The agency publishes 80 magazines and more than 20
newspapers in many languages. It devotes a huge amount of
work for news: commentaries, speeches and statesments by US
statesman and politicians. The major materials print in the
newspapers. All American newspapers in the US are privately
owned, controlled and managed (назорат қилинади,
бошқарилади).
A large number of publications are produced by the
industrial organizations, trade "unions public service
organizations and churches’ schools, clubs (саноат
ташкилотларида ишлаб чиқилади). The US publishes more
newspapers than any other countries. Almost every small town
has its own paper (газета). In 1972 there were 1728 English
language daily newspapers (кундалик).
The Sunday press is an important and distinctive feature of
the US newspaper publishing (матбуот). In 1972, there were
585 Sunday newspapers.
Daily newspapers in major American cities usually contain
from 40 to 100 or more pages on weekdays. Sunday editions of
major papers have 200 or more pages (нашрлари). Most influential
among the newspapers are: «New York Times», «Washington
Post», «Los Angeles Times», Wall Street journal. The Associated
Press is a cooperative newsgathering agency (Ассошиейтид
Пресс, бирлашган янгиликлар йиғувчи агентликлардир).
The United Press International is a private agency that sells
its informations to newspapers. The United Press Internation
and the Associated Press have monopolished the news services
in the USA and in many foreign countries (Юнайтед Пресс
Интернейшен - Америка Телеграф агентлиги эгаллаб олган).
135
 NAME THE USA PRESS, SPEAK ABOUT ITS
NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES.
READ AND GET THE INFORMATION, REMEMBER THEM.
Radio and television
The broadcasting industry of the USA furnishes two very
important modern media, radio and television, for influencing public
opinion. In the US the right to broadcast is licensed out to private
companies (рухсат берилган). Today in the USA there are 4
major networks and the following number of radio and television
stations belonging to them (станциялар).
MAJOR NETWORKS RADIOBROADCAST TV STATIONS
STATIONS JUNE 1972.

owned, operated owned, operated

and affiliated and affiliated
1.A-B.C. (American 14 1.357 5 172
Broadcasting
Company)
2. C.B.S. (Colambia 14 242 5 196
Broadcasting
System)
3.M.B.S.(Mutual System) 557
Broadcasting System)

4.N. B.C.(National 237 5 217

Broadcasting Company)

owned and operated (эгаллайди, хизмат килади).

affiliated (филиаллар)
mutual (бирлашган)
Every city has its own radio-station, and larger cities have 3 or
4. They are identified by their call letters, followed by the name of
the city. Broadcasting is not controlled by government. American
radio is not financed by listeners but by business men
(тингловчилар, ишбилармонлар). They buy periods of
136
broadcasting time as a means of advertising their wares
(молларини эълон қилишга, реклама қилишга). A special
feature in American broadcasting is the "soap opera", special
broadcasts for women, who are at home preparing bunch of
things. Practically all stations broadcast these soap operas
between 12 noon and 16 on every weekday from Monday to
Friday. They last 15 minutes each.
Roughly 20 per cent of TV air time is given over to commercial
programmes.
The USA has powerful broadcasting stations abroad. Foreign
radio services are:
Voice of America, US Information Agency, broadcasts in 36
languages, to all areas of the world (Америка овози). Department
of Defense, Armed Forces Radio and Television Service
(A.F.R.T.S.) office of Information for the Armed Forces, Radio
and TV broadcasts in English to Europe, Middle and Far East,
South-East Asia, Caribbean, North Atlantic, Pacific, North
Africa.
PRIVATE
Шахсий, хусусий
The largest of them are:
1. A.B.C. International; New York, 50 stations in Latin
America, Japan, Australia, Canada, etc.
2. Radio «Free Europe», F.R.G., Munich, Broadcasts to Eastern
Europe in Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak Hungarian, Polish, Romanian
(чех тилида).
3. Radio Liberty in Munich (Мьюнхен), broadcasts 24 hours in
20 national languages of the former Soviet Union.
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty stations are located in
Munich in Germany and employ several thousand US and former
East European citizens (иш билан таъминлаш).

1. Speak about American Radio system.

2. Speak about American TV system.
3. Compare American Radio and TV systems with our Radio
and TV systems.
137
 READ AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT THEATRES
IN THE USA.
THEATRE (THEATER—AMERICAN).
The American theater is over 200 years old, but a distinctly
native drama has been in developing. The American theater
reflects the variety of the American scene (ифодалайди).
Modern American drama was born in Province town in 1915.
American principal contributions to theater are: the
development of the musical show (асосий ҳиссаси, мусиқали
кўрсатув). Many thousands of performances of old and new
plays are presented annually (йиллик). In New York City alone
there are about 150 new professional productions each year
(профессионал кўрсатув, ҳар йили). In addition, many
performances by professionals and semiprofessionals are given
in schools, clubs, universities and drama schools (ярим
професионал).
The centre of the US theaterical World is in a section of
New York City on and near Broadway. Only two theaters are
to be found in Broadway. Thirty of New York theaters are on the
streets running east and west of Broadway. Success on Broadway
is the sweetest thing (мароқли). The Americans say there is
no success like it. The tickets coast 25 dollars (нархи,
баҳоси).
American's most important playwrights (драматурглар) are
considered to be Eugene O'NeD, Clifford Odets (1888-1953),
Maxwell Anderson (1889-1959), Thornton Wilder (1897-1975)
and William Sarayan (1908) and younger dramatists Tennessee
Williams and Author Milles. They are considered the most
prominent (машҳур ҳисобланади).
Eugene O'Nell is generally considered America's greatest
playwright. He recieved the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936,
and the Pulitzer Prize in drama four times 40000 dollars. His
best plays are Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, Long Days
Journey into Night, a semi-out biographical tragedy (ярим
автобиографии фожия).
Theater and television in the US influence each-other to some
extent (маълум даражада таъсир қилади).

138
 Answer the questions:
1. How old is the American theater?
2. When was Modem American drama born?
3. Where is the centre of American theater?
Name:
1. Name the well known American dramatists.

READ AND GET INFORMATION

CINEMA
America played a great role in the beginning of the motion
industry. She gave the world original artists Charlie Chaplin
and Walt Disney (1901-1966) (машҳур артистлар, америка
продюсери, артисти, америка мультфильм продюсери). The
first short films were Thomas's and Edison's kinetoskop
subjects (овозли фильмлар, кинескоп предметлари). In 1911
the first studio was opened in Hollywood (Голливуд-Америка
кино маркази). By 1914 it became the centre of movie industry.
Until 1940 the Big Hollywood film companies had been combined
(қўшилишди). They had producers, distributors and
exhibitors (ишлаб чиқарувчи, тақсимловчи, кўргазувчилар).
Then New York became a production centre with producer
directors. Three quarters of Hollywood's studio in television
and not in films (3 чораги). Hollywood has lost so much since the
end of the war. Hollywood is not only the original film capital, but
it is a symbol of film industry (белгиси).

SPEAK ABOUT CINEMA IN AMERICA

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE USA.
1. Present USA Constitution was adopted in 1787, but some
changes have been made in it (ҳозирги).
2. The head of the USA is the President. The President is
elected for 4 years and has the right to be elected 2 times
(сайланади): he has 10 ministers.
3. The most surgest rivers are the Missisippi, the Columbia,
the Ukon and others (энг тўлқинли, Юкон).
4. When Columbus discovered America, there lived 1, 5
mln. Native Indians, now 524 000 Indians and 22 mln. coloured
people live there.
139
 5. The USA was formed in 1776.
6. The USA bought Alaska from the Russian empire in 1867
for 7.200.000 (7, 2 min.) dollars.
7. Its parties are: The Republican Party, orginized in 1854.
The symbol of it is an elephant (символ, белги).
The Democratic Party, organized in 1828. The symbol of it
is a donkey.
8. Its railways are 341.000 km. long. Its automobile roads are
5.950.000 km
9. Its well known universities are: The Harward University
in Washington opened in 1636, The Pensilvania University,
opened in 1740, The Prinston University, opened in 1746, The
Columbia University, opened in 1754, The Chicago University,
opened in 1857, The California University, opened in 1868 and
others.
10. Its best libraries are: The Congress library in Washington
has 10 million books, 15 million handscripts, the New York library
has more than 6 million books (қўл ёзмалар). The Harward
University library has 6 mln. books.
1 l. Its best Gallery is the National art gallery in Washington.
12. Its best Museums are: the USA National Museum; The
Metropolitan Museum in New York.
13. It publishes 20 000 daily newspapers.
14-Bell, an American, was the first in the world to discover
the telephone.
15. Its first film was shot in 1903. Nowadays its centre is
Holly-Wood (Голливуд).
[Link] was built in 1878, has 5 Universities, the well
known there is the Harward University, the National Language
Academy, the Military Academy (Ҳарбий).
17.1ts parks' area is 2 800 hectares (гектар).
18. 8 million tourists come to Washington every year.
19. There are 6 broadcasting stations in Washington.
[Link] York has 60 bridges, an underground. The underground
has 477 stations;
140
 21. There are special streets, districts to live for Italians, for
Jews, for Chinese and other peoples in New York.
22. New York's longest street is Broadway, 22 km. long and
the Wall Street.
23. The highest building in New York is the Empire State
building, it has 102 stories (империя биноси).
24. New York has 2 international trade centres. They are
situated in 2 high buildings, each has 110 storied towers, 412
metres high (110 қаватли минора).
25. New York has 6 Universities, 40 colleges, the New York
Academy, the New York library, 70 museums, a monument of
Liberty (озодлик монументи).
26. The United Nations Organization is situated in New
York (Бирлашган Миллатлар Ташкилоти). Its staff is there
(штаб). It has the United Nations library. The United Nations
Organization was organized in 1947.
27. The First President of Uzbekistan [Link] delivered
a report at the session of UN in 1995.
28. Uncle Sam - it was in 1812 when the nickname of the
United States «Uncle Sam» appeared. Uncle Sam Wilson of New
York supplied beef to the US army during the war of 1812
stamping his barrels with the letters «US» (муҳр қўйиш).
The beef became known to the army as Uncle Sam's and later on
this familiar name became associated with the US Government
(қўлланила бошланди).

141
 IV. CANADA
Канада
Status - parliamentary monarchy (парламентар монархия).
Area: 3,849,674 [Link]-9,970,610 [Link].
Population-32,846,000 people (2007)
Capital - Ottawa.
Official language - English, French.
It has been of the Great Britain's dominions since 1867
(доминион). It got independence in 1931 (мустақилликка
эришди).
READ THE TEXT AND GET INFORMATION ABOUT
CANADA
Canada is the largest self-governing country of Common
Wealth (ўз-ўзини бошқарадиган). In the Canadian west we
see a single crop system. In this part of Canada wheat is
cultivated (буғдой экилади). Quebec is one of the provinces
of Canada (Кьюбек). More than a quarter of all the people live
here. There are many villages, churches there.
Canada is also a forest country. About 17 % production comes
from the forests. The paper industry is based on the forests
(қоғоз саноати). The forests are the source of almost a third
of all Canadian exports (манбанинг 3 қисмини). Canadians
are made up of many nations (ташкил топган). 45 % of them
are of the British origin. The French speaking Canadians are
about 28 %, others came from Germany, the Ukraine, Russia
and Italy. The native Indians in 1961 were 208 286 people. The
Eskimos people were 11 835.
The Canada's some cities are old and some are new. They
are: Ottawa, Toronto, Halifax, Montred, Kingston.
Canada's Houses of Parliament and government buildings are
in Ottawa. It has many parks, museums, theatres.

142
 Montreal is the largest and most important city in Canada of
more than a million people (Монреаль). It is beautiful with all its
parks and places of interest. Montreal's society is divided into 3
categories - French, English and other different nations. The city
is divided into territories.
You can find there French, Jewish, Ukrain, Italian and the
other territories (яҳудий). It is not a multistoreyed city (кўп
қаватли). There is the oldest Canadians University, the Mcgill
University.
Toronto is the gateway to south western Ontario (дарвоза).
It is an important educational centre. It has the University of
Toronto with colleges». There transcontinental railways connect
the eastern cities with the Pacific coast, with ports Vancover,
Victoria, Prince Rupert. Vancouver is famous for its harbour
among high ocky Mountains (гавань ҳарбий порт).
Canada was the colony of Great Britain; that's why Canada is
one of the selfgoverning nations of the Commonwealth of Nations
(миллатлар иттифоқидан бири).
The system of cabinet government and the office of prime
minister in Canada are similar to that of the United Kingdom
of Britain, but British Constitution is unitary, Canadian is
federal (ўхшаш). The federal parliament has exclusive
legislative authority (қонун чиқарувчи).
Provincial capitals are: Alberta's in Edmonton, British
Columbia's Victoria, Monitoba's Winnipeg, New Bremswick's
Frederiction, New Foundland's Saint John's Nova, Scotia's
Halibax, Prince Edwards, Island's Charlotten town, Ontaria's
Toronto, Quebec's Regina.
The active executive authority is the prime minister in the
cabinet. He is normally the leader of the political party holding
the most seats in parliament (ўзида тутади).
Canada is officially a bi-lingual country: English and French
(икки тилли).
Education in Canada is administered by the department of
education (бошқарилади). Each provincial department has the
general administration's inspectors of schools. In the English
143
speaking provinces the elementary schools have 8 grades
(босқичлар). The children begin studying at 5 or 6.

Secondary schools continue for the other four or five grades

and provide entrance qualifications for university courses from
3 to 7 years. In the French speaking schools of Quebec boys and
girls are taught separately up to grade.
Then the pupils enter the church operated college (they study
there 8 years), University, professional course, or the secondary
division of the public school (бошқариладиган коллеж, умум
таълим мактабининт 2нчи бўлими). After that the pupils go
to High schools. The National Research Council of Canada
was set up in 1916 (миллий илмий текшириш кенгаши). It
stimulates and coordinates scientific and industrial researches,
operates independently some eleven laboratories across Canada.
There are 19 Universities in Canada. 6 of them are provincial
Universities, 9 belong to the church, 4 are private. The largest are
Toronto and Mcgill Univesities.
Answer the questions and speak:
1. What kind of country is Canada?
2. Speak about Canada's provinces.
3. Speak about Canadian agricultural products and industry.
4. Speak about Canada's cities, towns.
5. Show them on the map.

144
 SOME INTERESTlNG FACTS ABOUT CANADA
1. English Canadian people are about 9 mln. French Canadian
people are about 6 mln. Indians 240.000 people. Eskimos people
are 17.000.
2. Since the 17th century up to 1864 Canada was a colony of
Great Britain.
3. Its parties: The Liberal Party (1873), the Progressive»
Conservative party (1854), the Social party (1935)
4. It has 71 000 km. railways, 800 000 km. automobile roads.
5. It is a member of NATO. North"Atlantic Treaty
Organization (Шимолий Атлантика Иттифоқига аъзо).
6. Its best libraries: The Toronto University library has
3.600.000 books. The Quebec University library has 885.000
books. The Montreal public library has 912.000 books.
7. Its best museums are:
The Canada national museum (1842), the Canada National
Gallery 1880), the King's museum in Toronto (1912).
8. It has 1500 daily newpapers and magazines. They are
published in English, French and other languages.
9. The first film was shot in 1914 (суратга олинган).

145
 V. AUSTRALIA
Австралия
Status - state Constitutional monarchy—
давлат тузуми - Конституцион монархия
Area: 2,978,147 [Link]-7.713.364 [Link].
Population -20.600.000 people (2007)
Capital - Canberra (Канберра)
Official language - English
The towns and cities: Sydney (2.600.000 people) Сидней
Melburn (2.300.000 people) Мельбурн.
Adelanda (800.000 people) Аделанда
Brisben (800.000 people) Брисбен
It is an island, situated in the south-east, washed by seas and
oceans, such as the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. The full name
of the country is Commonwealth of Australia (Австралия
Иттифоқи).
READANDGETTHEINFORNATION
The word Australia means the Southern (жанубий). In 1788,
1.200 Englishmen came to Australia to form the colony of Port
Jackson (now Sydney).
All the main towns have rivers and mountain areas.
Train services link all the big towns round the coast of
Australia (темир йўл хизмати боғлайди, қирғоқ). Airtransport
is also highly developed. Car-touring is naturally well-
established (яхши йўлга қўйилган).
The native population of Australia is the Aborigines -
(Аборигенлар). Before the European settlement the Aborigine
population of Australia was from 150.000 to 350.000
(келгиндилар). Except Great Britain, imigrants to Australia came
from Germany, Italy, Greece. In the 15 years after World War II

146
more than half of them were non British (британияликлар
эмас). 56% per cent total population live in the cities.
Its big cities are Canberra, Sydney and Melburn.
Canberra is Australia's National Capital. When Australian
States federated in 1901, it was decided to build a new city
(Австралия штатлари). It has Chicago architecture. The
interesting point of the plan was Capital Hill from which all the
main places were seen; the administrative, commercial, industrial
and residental areas of the towns are separated (ажратилган).
It is a garden city. Several million trees and shrubs line are in
its wide streets (бутазорлар).
Visitors are interested in inspectians of the public buildings
(кўришни).
The most important is the Parliament House. It has two
chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives
(палаталар). In the buildings you can see paintings, statues,
madalions, works of art and facts of historical interest connected
with the development of Australia. There the Australian National
University was founded in 1946. It is devoted to research in
physical medicine, social sciences.
The Australian Institute of Anatomy in Canberra is also worth
visiting (кўришга лойиқ). Here the visitors see the bones and
skins and organs of many creatures, mainly Australian.
Other fine buildings there are: the Commonwealth National
library, the house of Governor General, the school of Forestry, the
Commonwealth observatory and the Australian War memorial.
The school of forestry has the pine plantations. Here the students
from all states and from Asian countries are trained as proffessional
foresters.
Sydney is the capital of New South Wales and the largest city
port in Australia. It is built around the shores of Port Jackson, the
site of the first settlement in Australia (жой). Today Sydney has
a population of some 2.600.000 and is the main port of Australia.
Its functions in the history of New South Wales are: to provide
and to administrate the transport, commercial, functional and other
services. Now Sydney supplies an increasing proportion of the
147
nations’ manufacture requirements. The chief business and
commercial services are centralized. Macquaric Street is largerly
occupied by doctors and dentists, Sussex Street by stores of the
merchants (кўча номи, савдогарлар магазини). Many of the
shipping companies have their offices in and around Bridge
Street.
Sydney has several fine parks in the very heart of the city
such as: Hyde Park, the Domain and the Botanic gardens.
The Commonwealth of Australia came into excistance on the
1st of January 1901.
Before this date Near South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia
and Tasmania were separate self governing colonies (ўзини
бошқарувчи колония). Then the colonies became States of the
Commonwealth. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the
Senate and the House of Representatives. The governor general
is appointed the session of Parliament, dissolves the House of
Representatives (сессияни белгилайди, тарқатиб юборади).
As a general rule the governor - general acts on the advice of his
ministers (маслаҳатлашади). The Senate is the States House.
Each State has 10 senators elected for 6 years (сенаторлар).
At the House of Representatives each state has twice number of
senators elected 3 years (2 марта кўп сенаторлар).
The language in Australia is English, but, it is Australian English
and differs from British English in vocabulary and in pronunciation.
There are 2 types of Australian speech: Broad Australian and
Educated Australian. Primary and secondary education in
Australia is mainly the responsibility of the state governments
(жавобгар). They educate 3/4 of all children of school age
(мактаб ёшидаги).
About 1/5 go to Roman Catholic Schools, the remainder go to
other private schools. Children in practice have a choice between
3 types of secondary education; technical, academic and general.
There is a University in each of the seven capitals. In 1956
there were 9 Universities and University colleges. The oldest
Universities are: Sydney University opened in 1852, Western
Australian opened in 1913. Then opened the Australian National

148
University in Canberra in 1946, New South Wales University of
Technology in 1948, the New England University opened in 1954.
Only some 4 000 University scholarships are offered
annually by the Commonwealth government (стипендия, ҳар
йили).
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
organization was established in 1926, it is financed by the Federal
government (маблағ тўлаш). At first its research was directed
at agricultural and grazing problems (йўналтирилган, мол
боқиш). In 1937 it extended its activities in animal health,
nutrition, entomology, fisheries, meteorology, rain-making, wool
textiles, industried chemistry, physics, radio, metallurgical,
atmospheric and atomic, soil erosion problems (кенгайди). Its
research is also connected with other branches of science such
as geography, geology, botany, zoology and anthropology
(антропология). One of the best writers of Australia is Catherine
Susannah Richard. On December 4, 1964 her 80 birthday was
celebrated.
Answer the questions and speak:
1. Who came to Australia first?
2. Speak about its agricultural products.
3. Speak about its animals.
4. Speak about its natural resources.
5. Speak about its industry, cities, population.
6. Show them on the map.

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT AUSTRALIA.

1. Australia has 6 states and 2 independent territories.

2. It is a member of the Military block ANZUS (Австралия,
Янги Зеландия, АҚШнинг 3 томонлама хавфсизлик
пакети).
3. Its parties are: the Liberal party (organized in 1944,
having 200.000 members), the Agrarian party (organized in 1916),
the Labour party (organized in 1890 having 1.000.000 members),
the Democratic Labour party (organized in 1957, having 20 000
members (the most reactionary party)
149
 4. Australian trade-union organization was set up in 1927,
it has 250.000 members (профсоюз-касаба уюшмаси - трейд
юнион тузилган)
5. It is an industrial-agrarian country.
6. It has coal, oil, gas-natural resources.
7. Meat, butter industries are highly developed.
8. Sheep breeding is also developed (қўйчилик).
Australia has about 170.000.000 sheep. It produces the third
part of wool of the world (дунёдаги ишлаб чиқариладиган
юнг хом ашёсининг 3 қисми).
9. It has 19.200.000 cows, 47.000 horses and 2.000.000
pigs.
10. It exports butter, meat.
11. It has 41.000 km. of railways, 900.000 km. automobile
roads.
12. Children go to school at 6. The Primary school has 6
grades (босқичлар).
13. It has 14 Universities and 170 technical colleges.
14. Its libraries are: the New South Wales National Library in
Sydney organized in 1826 with 760.000 books, The Australia
national library organized in 1902 with 500.000 books.
15. Its museums: the National Gallery organized in 1874, the
Australian museum organized in 1827, the Art and science
museum organized in 1880, the Pedagogics museum organized
in 1955.
16. 15 daily newspapers and 13 magazines are published.
16. The first professional theatre was set up in 1796. There
the opera and ballet are highly developed.
17. The first mute film was shot in 1900 (овозсиз фильм
суратга олинган).
18. In winter in Australia you can enjoy swimming in the
ocean and skin-diving (марварид овлаш). For the South summer
is holiday time - especially October and April.
20. Northern and central areas are tropical.

150
 VI. NEW ZEALAND
Янги Зеландия

STATUS - STATE IN THE COMMONWEALTH

State system - Parliament monarchy

Давлат тузуми - парламентар монархия

Area: 103.883.9 [Link]-269.057 [Link].

Population-4.100.000 people (2007)

Capital -Wellington (Веллингтон)

Official language - English

It comprises 3 islands; the North and the South Island and the
Steward Islands, a small land to the South of the South Island,
washed in the west by the Tasman Sea and in the East by the
Pacific Ocean (Тасмания денгизи).
The first white man who came to New Zealand was the
Dutchman-Holland Abel Tasman (Голланд-Нидерланд
денгизчиси Абель Тасман). Abel Tasman (1603-1659)
READ AND GET IN FORMATION
The Netherlander» called the country Zeeland
(Нидерландлар, голландлар). It means sealand, and then it
became Zealand. In 1769 Capitain Games Cook arrived there
(Жеймс Кук-1728- 1779-инглиз денгизчиси). The native
people Maoris fought hard and bravely against the invaders.
Then it became a colony of Great Britain.
Only one tenth of the North Islands area is mountainous
(ўндан бири). It has four peaks and volcanoes (тоғли,
вулқонлар). Forest and great grasslands are the domininant
features of New Zealand landscape.
Almost one quarter of the country is covered by forest and
one third is devoted to agriculture (бир чораги, учдан
бири).

151
There are many green pastures there (ўтлоқлар). They keep
them to develop sheep and cattle feeding (қўй, мол боқиш).
You can see many native types of trees. Some 75 per cent of the
flora is found nowhere else in the world (ўсимлик дунёси,
дунёнинг ҳеч қаерида).
The common features of all parts of the country are high
number of sunny hours during every year (қуёшли). The seasons
in Australia are opposite than in other parts of the world.
From December to February it is summer, from March to May
- Autumn, from June to August - Winter, and from September to
November - Spring.
New Zealand is a place of earthquakes so most its buildings
are built to earth quakeproof specifications (ep
қимирлашига, ep силкинишига қарши мослаштирилган).
The population of New Zealand is over 4 mln.
The differences between New Zealand and Britain are not
easy to detect (аниқлаш қийин). The non Maori, New
Zealander has a skin with the colour of white man, he speaks the
spare time at home, has friends round at the week-ends, goes to
pictures, is busy with the newspapers, his radio, TV and his hobbies
(бўш вақт, расмларни кўришга). At home New Zealanders
like the simpler sport of life (оддийроқ). They delight in
gardening, bringing up children, but like drinks and love sports
(ҳайрон қолдиради). Especially they are fanatics for rugby and
racing.
The Maori people make up 7 per cent of the total New Zealand
population (ташкил қилади). A large part of them live in certain
districts in northland, in substandart conditions, in isolated
backblocks areas (ярим лойиқ шароит). Many Maoris left
the land and went to the cities and towns. There they work in
many industries but for the most part they are still countrymen,
work in sheep and diary farms for white landowners (деҳқон,
қишлоқ одами).
Maon, [Link] of the Polynesian group, still is the spoken
language by the

152
 Maori population (Полинезия гуруҳи, гаплашиладиган
тил).
They have a tendency to speak too fast (хусусияти). New
Zealand builds locomotives, small ships, coaches and imports
motor-vehicles and machines (вагонлар, механизмлар). Light
engeneering especially electrical goods increased since World
War II (енгил саноат машинасозлиги юксалди). Other
industries grew, such as the manufacture of textile and
leather goods, fruit and vegetable packing and canning, tobacco
processing, the production of tyres, tubes, other rubber goods,
the pulp and paper industry, the clothing and foot wear industry
(банкаларга солиб беркитиш, консерва, чучук қатиқ,
трубалар, қоғоз саноати, пойафзал ишлаб чиқариш).
New Zealand processes most of her own foods, from biscuits
to beer and from cheese to confectionary (таъминлайди, пиво,
пишлоқ ишлаб чиқаради). It is the world's great exporter of
diary products and the third largest producer of raw wool, has
5.500.000 cattles.
Farm wages are lower man in towns and cities
(фермернинг ойлик ҳақи).
New Zealand is famous for its sheep farming. Dairy farming
plays a great role in its economy. Most dairying is carried on for
the production of butter and cheese (сутчилик). The North Island
is the scene of the most dairying activity. New Zealand produces
over half a million tons of meat (ярим миллион тоннадан
ортиқ). The vegetables, flowers, oranges, grape, fruit, apples,
cherries, tomatoes are produced in New Zealand too.
New Zealand is suffering from a serious housing shortage
(уй-жой танқислиги). Living costs in it are higher than in
Great Britain (яшаш ҳақи, нархи). About 40 per cent of all
goods, metalls in New Zealand are imported from other countries
such as iron, steel, aluminum (темир, пўлат, алюмин).
Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. Its population is
near half a million. It is the main place in the country for its greater
size and for the fact that it gets the lion's share of travellers
arriving, departing or passing through New Zealand (келаётган,

153
кетаётган саёҳатчиларнинг кўп қисми). Auckland is the
biggest sea port in the country, handles the largest tonnage of
all New Zealand ports (кўп юк ташишни қўлида ушлаб
туради).

Rotorua is a great Maori centre. Not far from the South of

Rotoria is Lake Taupo, New Zealand's biggest lake and a world-
famous fishing region (балиқ овлаш жойи). Wellington is the
capital city and a large portion of about one sixth of a million
people work for the government. Parliament sits here. It is an
attractive city and has much business area (ёқимли, ўзига
тортувчи).
Christchurch is the second largest city after Auckland, the
main centre of New Zealand and capital of the Canterbury
province. The population of it is 170.000. It enjoys one of the best
climates in the world.
The deep waster part of Lyttelton is situated seven miles
from the city (ишлатилган, яроқсиз). It is the chief manufacturing
centre and also one of the main agricultural centre of New Zealand.
The city is famous for its parks such as Hagely Parks and Botamy
gardens, Victoria Park, Jellicoe Park and North Brighton Park.
Invercargill is the chief city of the south land of New Zealand.
The chief port of the West coast is Graymouth, the centre of
New Zealands coal mining region (кўмир қазиш вилояти).
The north of the South Island resembles one great mixed farm
with hops, tobacco, fruit and vegetables, sheep and cattle. Here
we find the sleepy seaside town of Picton as the chief centre
(тинч-сокин). From Picton a ferry service is linking South and
North Islands (паром хизмати).
New Zealand is a self-governing dominion of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain (ўз-ўзини бошқарувчи). It has a
governor general and an Executive Council (генерал
губернатор, ижро этувчи кенгаш). Its general Assemly consists
of the governor-general, the House of Representatives, the Lower
house, the Legislative Council (the upper House) and the usual
local government bodies (ижро этувчи). The personal
representative of Great Britain in New Zealand is the governor -

154
general. He is appointed for three years and has his residence in
Wellington and in Auckland.
The Supreme law making body is the general Assembly
usually named Parliament (қонун чиқарувчи олий орган,
ассамблея). There are two political parties in New Zealand at
present: National and Labour. The leader of the Party which wins
the majority of seats at the general Election forms the
government (ўрин олса, умумий сайловда). The leader of
the Party becomes the Prime Minister and he appoints ministers
(тайинлайди). The leader of the other Party becomes the leader
of the opposition (оппозиция).
The House of Representatives has 76-80 European and four
Maori members. Everyday legislative procedure is that of the
British type (ижро этувчи).
Each minister may have several Departments.
After the Second World War New Zealand had become a
member of the United Nations and of the Security Council (БМТ
хавфсизлик комитети).
The New Zealand school system is quite different from that
of Great Britain. New Zealanders call their elementary schools
primary schools and their secondary schools post primaries.
Attendance can begin at 3 years of age at a kindergarten
(қатнашиши, боғчаларга). They are free and controlled by the
Free kindergarten Union (боғча иттифоқи). At 5 the child
may enter a state primary school and study for 6 years. Then
pupils go to study in Forms I and II. After finishing the primary
school children can enter the past primary school. The pupils study
at the post-primary school up to 19 years of age.
University education is organized in a system of 6 colleges.
Two of them are agricultural colleges. The other four colleges
are:
1. Victoria University college in Wellington, specialized in law;
(юридик).
[Link] University College (it has a school of agriculture)
fine arts, engineering.
[Link] University College in Chirstchurch (it has schools
of arts and engineering).
155
 4. Otage University in Dunedin has a medical schools also
mining and metallurgy and physics. Scientific research is carried
out by various government Departments, research associations,
universities, agricultural colleges. The New Zealanders rise
early and have a large breakfast for it they have eggs, bacon,
liver, kindneys, chops (жигар, буйрак, котлет). Once a week
there is a visit to the cinema. On Friday the wife puts on her
best clothes and meets her husband from work to do the
weekend shopping (ҳафталик савдо қилиш-бозор қилиш).
In summer the New Zealanders spend their time near the sea, play
table tennis, cricket (крикет). In winter they watch rugby,
horse racing, boxing, wrestling, skiing, skating, hunting and
fishing are very popular too.
Answer the questions and speak:
1. Who came to New Zealand first?
2. Describe New Zealands area.
3. Speak about its population.
4. Speak about its sheep farming.
5. Speak about its industry.
6. Speak its agriculture.
7. Speak about its centres, cities, towns.
8. Show them on the map.

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NEW ZEALAND

1. New Zealand was first discovered by a Dutch seaman Abel
Tasman in 1642.
2. In 1769-1770 the English traveller Games Cook explored it
fully. In 1840 it became an English colony.
3. Parties in New Zealand: The Labour Party; (1916); the
National Party (1936); The Trade Union organizations were set
up in the 19 century. The New Zealand labour federation was set
up in 1937. During 1935-1949 the Labour Party was the ruling
party. The Parliament has 87 members.
4. The fourth of the area is mountainous steppes (тоғли).
5. The Cook's peak is the highest (3,764 km.) peak
6. Its climate is subtropical. The temperature in July +12 С
in January 14+19 С

156
 7. It has oil, gas, iron, copper, gold, coal.
8. Forests occupy 23,3% of the whole area or 6,3 mln. hectares.
9. It has nine national parks.
10. The nations-maoris 276 000 (1979). New Zealanders 2,4
mln. (1973) and Scotland Australian English men.
11. The density of population is 2 men per one square kms
(аҳолининг жойлашиши, зичлиги).
12. One sixth (1/6) people of it live in firms, but one third (1/3)
of people are farm woileers. (ферма-хутор).
13. The leading part is breading (нончилик).
14. It had 9.472.000 caws in 1977, 56.400.000 sheep in 1976-
1979,536.000 pigs.
15. The country has its own apples, pears, cherries.
16! It has chemical, metall, electronical industries.
17. It generates 4,1 hictowalt electer energy (1971) (ишлаб
чиқаради, гекто ватт ).
18. The lenght of its railways is 4 800 kms (1975), the automobile
roads 94.800 kms.
19. The monitary unit is New Zealand dollar (пул бирлиги).
20. It has a 6.000 strong army.
21. Birth rate is 22.7 and death rate is 8,5 per thousand. There
is one doctor for every 362 people in New Zealand.
22. It has private kindergartens for 3-4 year old children, primary
schools for 5-6 year old children.
23. It has 8 daily newspapers. The main of them are the New
Zealand Gerald (1963), the Okland star (1870).
24. Its literatures are in the English language, but it has some
Maori works in Latin alphabet
25. The professional theatre was set up in the 20th century.
26. The first short film was shot in 1898. In 1919 the film
studio was set up.

157
 LITERATURE
1.АА.Барбарига. Schooling in Great Britain. Москва, 1988.
2. Б.А. Лапидус ва бошқалар. The way to spoken English,
Москва, 1963.
3. В.Бурлакова, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland. Ленинград, 1977.
4. В. Бурлакова. About Britain. Москва, 1965.
5. В.Р.Куприянова. A book of Britain. Москва, 1977.
6. Е.Г.КОЛЫЛЬ, М.А.Боровик. «English reader». Москва,
1976.
7. Е.Л.Власова, В.С.Грин. A glimpse of English speaking
countries. Москва, 1969.
8. [Link]. U.S. reader. Москва, 1976.
9. I.S. Stepnova Time, events, people. Москва, 1987.
10. Л .Е.Картман. География, история и культура Англии.
Москва, 1979.
11. Н Н Маркова. This is London. Москва, 1963.
12. С.Эрматов ва бошқалар. English in topics. Тошкент, 1980.
13. Т.Н.Хуминина. Customs. Traditions and Festivals of Great
Britain. Москва, 1984.
14. Ф.М.Рожкова. English for enjoyment. Москва, 1968.
15. Э.Я.Баг. Glimpses of the History of England. Москва, 1967.
16. World Book. Всемирная энциклопедия.
13.
 CONTENTS
Preface 3
I. Great Britain 5
England 37
Wales 45
Scotland 49
Northern Ireland 55
The smaller Islands round Britain 58
Cities in Britain 62
The system of education in England and Wales 67
Sound broadcasting. Hide Park. 76
Public Holidays, Celebrations and Customs 80
Prominent People 87
Some interesting facts about Great Britain 89
English Weights, measures and money. 91
II. Ireland 92
III. The United States of America 96
American States and their capitals 96
The Flag of the U.S.A 97
Government, the Constitution, President 98
President 99
History. 102
The USA today. 112
Places of interest in Washington 119
The educational system 124
The USA - Uzbekistan relations are developing 129
Holidays, Traditions, Sport, Press, Theatre, Cinema 133
Some interesting facts about the USA 139
IV. Canada 142
[Link] 146
VI. New Zealand 151
VII. Literature 158
VIII. Contents 159

159
 I. Yakubov

ENGLISH SPEAKING
COUNTRIES
Ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети
илмий кенгаши нашр этилишига
тавсия қилган

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Iskhak YAKUBOV
Iskhak Yakubov was born in 1939 in Tashkent.
After graduating from the Tashkent State Pedagogical
Institute of Foreign Languages in 1963, he began
working as a teacher, a senior teacher at the Methods of
Teaching Foreign Languages Chair of the Tashkent
State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages.
During 1968-70 he did scientific research in Moscow
and continued working as a senior teacher at the
Tashkent State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign
Languages at the same Chair.
In 2003 he was awarded ther title of an Honoured
dotsent of the Uzbek State University of World
Languages and now is working at the same University.
He is the author of more than 30 published articles and
textbooks.