BIOLOGY PRACTICAL

CLASS:VIII

SESSION: 2025-2026

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM : TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS (Raisin in water)

Requirements: Some Raisins, a bowl and water.

Procedure: Let a bowl be taken and make it half filled with water. Now Put a raisin
in it and kept for observation.

Observation: After an hour it will be seen that the raisin becomes swollen by
absorbing water from the bowl by the process of osmosis.

Explanation: Outside the raisin there was only water in the bowl. the cell wall of
the raisin is made of selectively permeable membrane and inside the cell there present
concentrate sweet juice (Sugar solution) Thus water enters inside through the
selectively permeable membrane, as a result the raisin has become fully swollen.
OSMOSIS - The movement of water molecules from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower concentration across a semi permeable
membrane. The process continues until the concentration of solution is equal on
both sides of membrane.
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 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM : TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF TRANSPIRATION (COVERING A PLANT

WITH PLASTIC)

Aim: To show that plants lose water through their leaves during transpiration.
Requirements : a medium sized plant, transparent polythene bag, thread.
Procedure:
• Take a medium-sized well-watered plant.
• Cover the plant with a transparent polythene bag completely and tie its mouth
around the base of the stem.
• Take a similar empty polythene bag and tie its mouth. This polythene bag will act
as the control for the experiment.
• Keep the plant as well as the empty polythene bag in the sunlight for 1–2 hours.

Observation:
• Drops of water appear on the inner side of the polythene bag.
• No such drops appear in the empty polythene bag.
Inference:
• The plant gives off water vapour through its leaves which saturates and
condenses on the inner surface of the polythene bag.

EXPERIMENT 3

AIM : TO STUDY THE PARTS OF FLOWER (DISSECTION OF Hibiscus)

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 Draw a complete labeled structure of Hibiscus

A typical flower has four parts or whorls that are arranged in rings around each
other. These are Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.

• Pedicel- Stalk of a flower

• Thalamus- the flattened disc like structure at the top of pedicel where all
the whorls of a flower are arranged.

• Calyx
Structure: 1. The outermost whorl of a flower.
2. leaf like structure.
3. made up of small units called sepals
4. green in colour.

Function: 1. Protects the inner whorls, protects flower at bud stage.

[Link] part in photosynthesis

• Corolla
Structure: [Link] second whorl from outside.
2. made up of units called petals.

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 [Link] are large and beautiful.
[Link] be scented and produce nectar.

Function: [Link] the androecium and gynoecium of flower.

2. Attracts insects and help in pollination.

• Androecium
Structure: 1. Third whorl of a flower from outside.
[Link] male reproductive whorl of a flower.
[Link] up of units called Stamens.
[Link] stamen has two parts :
A. Filament-stalk bearing anther.
B. Anther- lobed structure bearing pollen grains bearing
pollen grains.

Function:1. Produce pollen grains bearing male gametes and take part in
pollination.
2. protects gynoecium

• Gynoecium
Structure 1. The innermost whorl of a flower.
[Link] the female reproductive whorl of a flower.
[Link] is made up of units called Carpels or Pistils.
[Link] carpel consists of three parts. Ovary, Style and
stigma.
5. ovary is a swollen base of carpel bearing ovule inside the
locule(ovary chambers).
6. style is a stalk like structure arising from the ovary holds
stigma upside.
[Link] is top most part of gynoeccium , sticky structure to
receive pollen grains.

EXPERIMENT 4

AIM : TO STUDY THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART

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The human heart is located between the lungs in the thoracic cavity, slightly
towards the left of the sternum (breastbone). It is covered by 3layered
pericardium.

Functions of the Heart

Following are the main functions of the heart:

• One of the primary functions of the human heart is to pump blood

throughout the body.
• Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and other components to various
parts of the body, including the human heart.
• The heart also ensures that adequate blood pressure is maintained in the
body

Structures of the Heart

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 The human heart is about the size of a human fist and is divided into four
chambers,

• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle

The ventricles are the chambers that pump blood and atrium are the chambers
that receive blood. Among which both right atrium and ventricle make up the
“right heart,” and the left atrium and ventricle make up the “left heart.” The
structure of the heart also houses the biggest artery in the body – the aorta.

The right and the left region of the heart are separated by a wall of muscle called
the septum. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation
through the pulmonary arteries. The right semilunar valves close and prevent the
blood from flowing back into the heart. Then, the oxygenated blood is received by
the left atrium from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

EXPERIMENT 5

AIM : TO STUDY THE STRUCTURE OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF HUMAN

❖ Female Reproductive Organ

• Location: lower abdominal cavity
• Structure: The main reproductive organs in female human beings are
described below.

a. Ovaries :
✓ A pair of almond-shaped ovaries.
✓ Ovaries produce female gametes i.e an egg or ovum (ova in plural)
✓ Ovaries produce female sex hormone progesterone & oestrogen
responsible for changes in the body of female during puberty
(secondary growth)
✓ After puberty every month one egg is produced by either of the two
ovaries.

b. Fallopian tube:
✓ Also known as Oviduct.
✓ Thin tube like structure that carry egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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 ✓ At the ampulla of fallopian tube the fertilization takes place
✓ Holds the ovary in its position

c. Uterus:
✓ Pear shaped, hiollow, muscular bag ,ike organ attached to both
fallopian tubes at the upper end.
✓ After fertilization embryo develops inside the uterus.
✓ The lower end of uterus is called cervix.
✓ Cervix opens to the exterior through the muscular tube , vagina.
✓ Vagina receives sperms and also serves as birth canal.

Female reproductive system

❖ Male Reproductive Organ

• Location: outside of the man’s abdominal cavity or pelvis.
• Structure: The male reproductive organs are testes, vas deferens,
urethra.

a. Testes:
✓ Primary reproductive organ
✓ Each testes is made of tiny coiled tubes called seminiferous tubule.
They produce sperms
✓ There are leydig cells present in testes responsible for production of
male sex hormone testosterone.
✓ Testosterone helps in developing secondary growth characters in
males during puberty.

b. Vas deferens:

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 ✓ These are tubes arising from each testes that transport sperms from
testes to the urethra

c. Urethra:
✓ Single, tubular, structure that passes through the muscular penis
and opens at the exterior. It serves as a passage for both urine and
sperms.

Male reproductive system

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