9/7/2020 A Basic Functions and Identities - Precalculus | OpenStax

Graphs of the Parent Functions

Figure A1

Figure A2

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Figure A3

Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

Figure A4

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Figure A5

Figure A6

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Figure A7

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
cos θ + sin θ = 1

Pythagorean Identities 1 + tan

2 2
1 + cot θ = csc θ

cos (− θ) = cos θ

sec (− θ) = sec θ

sin (− θ) = − sin θ
Even-Odd Identities
tan (− θ) = − tan θ

csc (− θ) = − csc θ

cot (− θ) = − cot θ

π
cos θ = sin ( − θ)
2

π
sin θ = cos ( − θ)
2

π
tan θ = cot ( − θ)
Cofunction Identities 2

π
cot θ = tan ( − θ)
2

π
sec θ = csc ( − θ)
2

π
csc θ = sec ( − θ)
2

sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ

1
sec θ =
cos θ
Fundamental Identities 1
csc θ =
sin θ

1 cos θ
cot θ = =
tan θ sin θ

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Sum and Difference Identities cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

cos(α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

tan α+tan β
tan(α + β) =
1−tan α tan β

tan α−tan β
tan(α − β) =
1+tan α tan β

sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos(2θ) = cos θ − sin θ

2
Double-Angle Formulas cos(2θ) = 1 − 2 sin θ

2
cos(2θ) = 2 cos θ − 1

2 tan θ
tan(2θ) =
2
1−tan θ

−−−−−−
α 1−cos α
sin = ±√
2 2

−−−−−−
α 1+cos α
cos = ±√
2 2

Half-Angle Formulas α
−−−−−−
1−cos α
tan = ±√
2 1+cos α

α sin α
tan =
2 1+cos α

α 1−cos α
tan =
2 sin α

1−cos(2θ)
2
sin θ =
2

1+cos(2θ)
Reduction Formulas cos
2
θ =
2

1−cos(2θ)
2
tan θ =
1+cos(2θ)

1
cos α cos β = [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
2

1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
Product-to-Sum Formulas
2

1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
2

1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]
2

α+β α−β
sin α + sin β = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2

α−β α+β
sin α − sin β = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
Sum-to-Product Formulas
α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2

sin β sin γ
sin α
= =
a c
Law of Sines b

a b c
= =
sin α sin β sin γ

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Law of Cosines a
2
= b
2 2
+ c − 2bc cos α

2 2 2
b = a + c − 2ac cos β

2 2 2
c = a + b − 2ab cos γ

Table A1

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