MAM2083/5 Tut 1 Some Answers
1. (a) x(λ) = (1, −4, 1) + λ(1, 5, −3), λ ∈ R.
(b) Add the condition 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1 .
(c) no. x (λ) = 5 → λ = 4, y(4) = 16, z(4) = −11 .
(d) Angle = 1.8905 radians. OP · OQ = −4, |OP| = 4.2426 & |OQ| = 3.0000 .
(e) OP × OQ = (7, 4, 9) .
(f) (7) x + (4)y + (9)z = 0 . 7x + 4y + 9z = 0
(g) t = 4, (−2, −10, 6) .
√ −(3)
2. (a) 34 . (b) z − (−5) = (−5) y − (3) or 3y − 5z = 34 . Plane must go through
(−5) −(3)
m, and be closest to O at m, i.e perpendicular to z = (3) y , so slope is (−5) .
x (λ, µ) = 3 − 7λ + µ
3. (a) y(λ, µ) = 3 − 5µ λ, µ ∈ R.
z(λ, µ) = −5 + 7λ + 9µ
There are infinitely many such lines. One is x(t) = t(−7, 0, 7), t ∈ R .
(b)
Put say µ = 0 in the above and remove the constants. Or instead put λ = 0 , or
µ = const times λ .
4. (a) The function has no absolute maxima or minima on R.
(b) The maximum value is 5186 at x = −36, the minimum value is −20734 at x = −72, and
there’s a local minimum of 2 at x = 0.
y
y
1
5. (a) (b)
x
x
y y
(1, e) x
(c) (d) (−1, −2) (1, 0)
(−1, 1/e)
x (−2, −4)
(0, 0)
y
y
(1, 1)
(e) (f)
x x
(1, 0) (0, − ln 2)
x−y =1 x+y = 1
1
x 2 y2
6. + = 1, where x ≥ 0. 5 y
32 52
y is not a function of x.
x
3
7. (a) The two terms must have the same sign, and neither can be zero.
(b) If both x and y are large and positive, then so is ( x + y − 6). This means that ( x − y − 4)
must be small and positive. Thus y ≈ x − 4 − (small +ve value). Such points ( x, y) of C lie
just below the line y = ( x − 4).
(c) If x ≫ 0 and y ≪ 0, then ( x − y − 4) ≫ 0. This means that ( x + y − 6) must be small
and positive, and so point like this ( x, y) lie just above the line y = −( x − 6).
(d) If x ≪ 0 and y ≪ 0, then ( x + y − 6) ≪ 0. This means that ( x − y − 4) must be small
in magnitude, but negative. Thus ( x, y) must lie just above the line y = ( x − 4). Similarly,
if x ≪ 0 and y ≫ 0, then ( x − y − 4) ≪ 0, so ( x + y − 6) must be small in magnitude, but
negative, and hence the point ( x, y) must lie just below the line y = −( x − 6).
(e) The equation describes a right hyperbola with y
asymptotes y = ( x − 4) and y = −( x − 6). 6
(5, 1)
x
−4
(f) The curve C is the right-hand branch of this hyperbola. Note that
( x − y − 4)( x + y − 6) = 1 ⇔ ( x − 5)2 − (y − 1)2 = 1
Thus C can be parametrised by
( p ) ( √ )
x ( t ) = 5 + 1 + t2 x (t) = 1 cosh t + 5
t∈R or √ t∈R
y(t) = 1 + t y(t) = 1 sinh t + 1
Z
8. (a) Use parts: xe x dx = xe x − e x + C.
Z
3 3
(b) You should be able to do this by inspection: x2 e x dx = 13 e x + C.
x2 + 1
Z
(c) Remember to divide out first, using partial fractions: dx = 12 x2 − x + 2 ln | x + 1| +
x+1
C.
x+1
Z
1 2
(d) Split into two terms and integrate each: dx = 2 ln x + 1 + arctan x + C.
x2 + 1
2
Z π/4 √
(e) A standard form: cos x dx = 2
− π/4
Z 3
arctan x
(f) Odd integrand, symmetric interval: dx = 0.
−3 1 + x4
Z π/2 p Z π/2
(g) Watch out for the absolute value signs: 1 − cos2 x dx = |sin x | dx = 2 6=
− π/2 − π/2
Z π/2
sin x dx.
− π/2
9. (a) Definition of a limit: lim f ( x ) = b if you can make ǫ = | f (a + δ) − b| as small as you
x→a
like by choosing | δ| small enough, but not identically zero. Look it up.
(b) The left limit, lim f ( x ) , is the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a from below, i.e. as x
x → a−
increases towards a. The right limit, lim f ( x ) , is the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches a
x → a+
from above, with x decreasing towards a. Only if the two are the same, lim f ( x ) = b =
x → a−
lim f ( x ) , do we say f ( x ) has a limit (= b) at x = a .
x → a+
(c) Definition of continuity: basically, limit = value: lim f ( x ) = f (a) . Look it up!
x→a
(d)(i) f (1) = 1 + 2 − 1 = 2 , so f (1) exists.
Guess limit = value = 2, then
ǫ = | f (1 + δ ) − 2 | = 1 + 2 (1 + δ ) − (1 + δ )2
= 1 + 2 + 2δ − (1 + 2δ + δ2 ) − 2 = −δ2
which can be made as small as you like by choosing δ. Thus f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1 .
(d)(ii) f (2) = 23 = 8 . It exists.
Guess left limit = 8, and check
ǫ = | f (2 − δ ) − 8 | = (2 − δ )3 − 8 , where δ > 0
= 8 − 12δ + 6δ2 − δ3 − 8 = −12δ + 6δ2 − δ3
which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing δ. Thus lim f ( x ) = 8 .
x → 2−
Put x = 2 in 12 − x2 to get 8, so guess right limit = 8, and check
ǫ = | f (2 + δ) − 8| = 12 − (2 + δ)2 − 8 , where δ > 0
= 12 − (4 + 4δ + δ2 ) − 8 = −4δ − δ2
Again this can be arbitrarily small, meaning left limit = right limit = limit = value and f ( x )
is continuous here.
2 2
(d)(iii) f (3) = = = undefined, meaning this f ( x ) does not exist at x = 3 .
3−3 0
Obviously it can’t be continuous either — the value does not exist (and the two one-sided
limits are infinite of opposite sign).
y
10. (a) h a = b = 1.
(b)
1 d x d
= dx (a + bx ) ⇒ b=1
x dx e 0 0
i
e x |0 = a + bx |0 ⇒ a=1
3
11. 2x + y + 1 = 0 .
h 1
y(0) = (0)(1) + + 0 = −1
(−1)3
− 3 (1 )
y′ = cos( x ) − x sin( x ) + + sec2 ( x2 )(2x )
( x − 1 )4
y′ (0) = 1 − (0)(0) − 3 + (1)(0) = −2
i
→ y = −2x − 1
12. The length of the curve is
Z 1q
s= (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 dt
0
Z 1q
2
Put x=t → y = 1 − 4t → s= 12 + (−8t)2 dt
0
" √ √
1
#
t 1 + 64t2 1 p 65 1 √
s= + ln 8t + 1 + 64t2 = + ln 8 + 65 .
2 16 2 16
0
√ √ √
65 1 65 1 −1
Or 2 − 16 ln −8 + 65 or 2 + 16 sinh (8 )
13. (i) Area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = f ( x ) and y = 0 from x = a to x = b.
(ii) The mass of a piece of wire lying along [ a, b] if the density at each point x is f ( x ).
(iii) The work done in moving a particle along the x-axis from x = a to y = b if the force at
each point x is f ( x ).
14. (a) E is the lower branch of the right hyperbola with
y
asymptotes y = −( x + 2) and y = ( x ).
(b) E can be parametrised by
( )
x (t ) = −1 + t
t∈R x
p 0
y ( t ) = − 1 − 1 + t2 (−1, −1)
−2
or ( √ )
x (t) = 1 sinh t − 1
√ t∈R
y(t) = − 1 cosh t − 1
15. (a) Definition of the derivative:
f ( a + h) − f ( a)
′
f (a) = lim . Look it up.
h →0 h
(b) The text book says f ′ (a) must exist, and it gives some examples of non-differentiability.
Look it up. (But it doesn’t give you the full definition, which would allow you to check all
cases.)
(c) (ii) is true, but (i) is false: if f ( x ) is continuous at x = a then it may or may not be
differentiable there. (iii) is true — it’s the contrapositive — it must be true if (ii) is true.
(d)(i)
f ( a + h) − f ( a) |(−1 + h) + 1| − |−1 + 1|
′ |h|
f (−1) = lim = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
4
−h
left limit, h < 0 lim = −1
h → 0− h
h
right limit, h > 0 lim = +1
h → 0− h
meaning f is not differentiable at −1, because the derivative limit does not exist.
(d)(ii) The function is not continuous here,
lim f (0) = lim x2 − 4 = −4
h → 0− h → 0−
lim f (0) = lim 4 − x2 = 4
h → 0+ h → 0+
Therefore it is not differentiable at x = 0 .
(d)(iii) !
f ( a + h) − f ( a) (0 + h)1/3 − 01/3
′
f (a) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
!
h1/3
1
= lim = lim
h →0 h h→0 h2/3
which is undefined, so f is not differentiable here.
(d)(iv)
f ( a + h) − f ( a) 2 − 5(a + h)2 − (2 − 5a2 )
′
f (a) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
2 2
2 − 5a − 10ah − 5h − 2 + 5a 2
−10ah − 5h2
= lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
= lim (−10a − 5h) = −10a
h →0
The limit which defines this derivative exists, therefore f ( x ) is differentiable at x = a , and
since we didn’t have to specify the value of a, this holds at all a values — f ( x ) is differentiable
everywhere.
