The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monthly supplement of the penny

magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,

issue 32, September 1 to September 29, 1832
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at
[Link]. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
this eBook.
Title: Monthly supplement of the penny magazine of the Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, issue 32, September 1 to September 29,
1832
Editor: Charles Knight
Release date: October 28, 2025 [eBook #77142]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge
Credits: Steven desJardins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at [Link]
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONTHLY
SUPPLEMENT OF THE PENNY MAGAZINE OF THE SOCIETY FOR
THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, ISSUE 32, SEPTEMBER
1 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 1832 ***
 Monthly Supplement of

THE PENNY MAGAZINE

OF THE

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

32.]
September 1 to September 29, 1832

THE THAMES TUNNEL.

 [Transverse Section of the Thames Tunnel.]

[Section of Drift-way.]

As far back as the year 1802, a project was set on foot by some
enterprising gentlemen, with a view of opening an archway under the
Thames, between Rotherhithe and Limehouse, not far from the line of the
present tunnel. The engineer selected for this enterprise was particularly
qualified for such an undertaking, being an experienced Cornish miner.
Having made some borings at the Horse-ferry and on the opposite side of
the river, he reported that “he was firmly persuaded the undertaking would
not cost so much as had been conceived.” A subscription was, in
consequence, raised; and a company was formed, under the denomination
of the “Thames Archway Company.” Surveys, plans, and estimates were
made, and an Act of Parliament being obtained, the work was begun. The
engineer commenced operations by sinking a shaft of 11 feet diameter, at
330 feet from the line of the wharf on the Rotherhithe side. But the
obstacles which he encountered from the nature of the ground increased to
such a degree, as he proceeded, that at the depth of 42 feet he was obliged
to desist. A subsequent report of borings, however, having proved very
favourable, an enterprising proprietor engaged to complete the shaft
(reduced to 8 feet diameter) to 76 feet, at which depth it was discovered that
it would be dangerous to go deeper. At this stage of the proceedings, viz. in
August, 1807, a second engineer was engaged by the Company, a
gentleman whose name had been coupled with very great enterprises in the
mining department. Before opening the drift-way both engineers agreed to
reduce its breadth to 2 feet 6 inches at the top, and 3 feet at the bottom. At
the depth of 76 feet they found the ground to consist of a firm dry sand; and
there they opened the drift, which they carried forward in a gentle ascent. In
November, 1807, when 394 feet of the drift had been completed, the
services of the first engineer were dispensed with after four years and a half
of hard labour. The Directors then agreed to give the second engineer
£1000, by way of premium, if he succeeded in reaching the opposite shore.
The drift was further extended to 814 feet, through equally firm dry ground,
with the precaution, which had been employed from the beginning, of a
substantial planking all the way. One hundred and thirty-eight feet more
were cut through a bed of calcareous rock eight feet thick. But on the 21st
of December, the head of the drift had hardly entered two feet into the
stratum, which lay immediately over the rock, when the roof broke down in
a loose state, leaving above head a cavity large enough for a man to stand in
it. It is to be observed that there was no less than thirty feet of intervening
ground between the drift and the river at the time this accident happened.
The engineer succeeded in filling and securing the cavity; but, such was the
nature of the whole ground above the rock, that, under the influence of an
extraordinary high tide (on the 26th of January 1808), the ground again
made its way fast in a loose state into the drift, and the river soon broke
through 25 feet of ground. This same tide caused the destruction of the
Deptford and Lewisham bridges. The engineer having succeeded in filling
and closing this hole, the miners re-entered the drift, which was reduced to
three feet in height, for the purpose of clearing the dangerous place. The
miners had, therefore, to work on their knees: however, notwithstanding
every effort to attain the opposite shore, they were driven away by the
frequent bursts of sand and water. The engineer having afterwards sounded
the ground from above, reported that he had no doubt the two fractures
communicated underneath; and therefore admitted that it was quite
impracticable to go further except by means of a cofferdam or caissons. On
the 30th of March, 1809, the Directors offered a reward for the most
approved plan of completing the archway. Fifty-four plans having been
obtained by this announcement, they were referred to the opinion of
scientific men. These gentlemen reported that they were unanimously of
opinion, that an archway, of any useful size, was impracticable under the
Thames by an underground excavation on any of the plans that had come
before them; observing, at the same time, that they did not pretend to assign
limits to the ingenuity of other men. A further trial was made by a third
engineer, who operated from above the river, but it proved equally fruitless.
Thus ended in 1809 all the exertions and the efforts made during nearly
seven years, for the purpose of accomplishing an archway under the bed of
the Thames; at the end of which period not so much as a drain had been
completed, nor had the miners succeeded in working in any of those strata
wherein the excavation for the archway must eventually have been effected.
Several years afterwards, Mr. Brunel was prevailed upon by one of the
most active promoters of the archway enterprise (Mr. J. Wyatt) to turn his
attention to the subject; and, being furnished with the documents connected
with the first attempt, he devised his plan with the impression that both the
excavation and the structure might be made on a full scale at once.
Before proceeding to an exposition of the plan adopted by Mr. Brunel,
and of the means by which he has carried it into execution, we have to state
that the structure of the Thames Tunnel, as represented in the annexed view,
is 38 feet in width and 22 feet 6 inches in height externally and that a length
of 600 feet, in the style of a double arcade, has been made, though one arch
only is open to public inspection. The excavation therefore made under the
Thames for this structure presents a sectional surface of 850 feet, which is
equal to sixty times the area of the drift; but for a more comprehensive
demonstration of this aggregate, the reader is to understand that the
excavation which has been made for the Thames Tunnel is larger than the
House of Commons, the dimensions of which are 32 feet in width and 25
feet in height, presenting therefore only 800 feet of sectional surface. At
high water, the head of the river is about 75 feet above the foot of the
excavation, and consequently three times the height of that room. These
circumstances, independently of the nature of the ground, are sufficient to
place the work of the Thames Tunnel among the boldest enterprises in the
art of engineering.
Notwithstanding that the first attempt had contributed to discourage all
idea of success, there were still sufficient evidences to indicate that by
beginning in the stratum of dry firm sand, and keeping close under the
stratum of clay forming the bottom of the river, there was space enough to
effect the object, although the nature of the intervening ground had been
ascertained to be very loose in many places. All the information obtained
from the miner’s report concurred with the opinions of geologists in
pointing out that the most eligible line for the Tunnel was to keep as near to
the bottom of the river as the security of the work would permit. The first
idea of the plan which appeared to the engineer best calculated for making
an excavation fit for the object under so overwhelming a head of water, was
suggested by the sight of a piece of a keel of a ship which had been eroded
by the operation of the worm called the terido. From this he conceived it
practicable, as his specification describes it, to make a circular opening of
sufficient capacity at once. However, of the two modes which he described,
he gave the preference to that of proceeding by forming simultaneously
several contiguous excavations by means of an apparatus which has been
denominated the shield. This shield upon the whole partakes of the
character of a powerful cofferdam, applied in a horizontal instead of the
vertical direction. It consists of twelve parallel frames lying close to each
other like so many volumes in a bookcase. Each frame, being nearly 22 feet
in height, is divided into three stories: the whole presents therefore thirty-
six openings or cells. It is from these cells that the miners, operating by
small quantities at a time, like so many teridos, are able to erode the ground
in front, while others at the back bring up a substantial incrustation, namely
the brick structure. For locomotive action each frame is provided with two
substantial legs resting on equally substantial shoes, (not unlike snow-
shoes); these legs are provided with articulations that fit the frames for a
pacing movement. The shield has perambulated 600 feet of its assigned
career; and has left behind a substantial structure in the form of a double
arcade, which is now as long or nearly as the Burlington Arcade.
With regard to the external form of the structure, and the mode adopted
for its execution, it must be obvious to persons acquainted with such
matters, that the most substantial form, and the best calculated at the same
time to prevent, as far as practicable, any derangement in alluvial strata of
various degrees of density, is the square form, as corresponding with that
mode of building which is technically called underjoining and underlaying.
Thus, in fact, the bed of the river, with its contents, has been underlayed,
just as the Customhouse has been, to receive the superstructure.
An indispensable requisite in a work of this nature was, that it should be
made proof against the greatest disasters that were to be apprehended,
notwithstanding every precaution that could be taken. Mr. Brunel’s plan
was considered by his Grace the Duke of Wellington, by Dr. Wollaston, and
by those engineers and scientific men who had the opportunity of
examining the designs, and of hearing the description given by the engineer,
as being well calculated to accomplish the contemplated object, although
some apprehensions were raised at the time as to what might result from so
formidable an occurrence as an irruption of the river, considering the extent
of the devastation it might cause in the ground and among the works. The
engineer afforded such explanations as allayed, in some degree, those
apprehensions which, it must be admitted, he has since completely dispelled
by undeniable facts.
It was under these auspices that the plan was brought before the public in
1823, and that in the month of February, 1824, subscriptions were obtained
to a large amount to carry it into effect, notwithstanding the novelty of the
scheme, and its risks.
[To be continued.]
 BRITISH BIRDS.

[An Outline of the Smaller British Birds, by Robert A. Slaney, Esq. M.P.]

This little volume is evidently the production of an intelligent, humane,

and truly amiable mind, whose enthusiasm on a favourite study is
calculated to win attention and to enamour others of the same subject.
It is painful to reflect, that while we are everywhere surrounded by
natural objects, animate and inanimate, each replete with interest and
beauty of its own, so many of us should be ignorant, and thence insensible
and heedless of these charms. This negligence is almost culpable, for so
slight is the expense of time and study required to render ourselves familiar
with many of the works of nature, that the busiest and poorest could afford
the sacrifice, and thus put themselves in possession of a pure and cheap
source of enjoyment. But old writers encumbered the simplicity of natural
history with Latin and Greek terms, and words of interminable length,
making appear difficult and abstruse what in reality is not so. It has been the
laudable object of Mr. Slaney, as of other writers of the present day, to make
these matters easy, as they should be. In the little volume now before us, our
readers will find every thing perfectly intelligible to the commonest
capacity, and its attentive perusal will delight and enrich their minds with
numerous interesting accounts of the formation and habits of the beautiful
winged creatures we every day see flitting around us, while, by indicating
the course and modes of observation to be pursued, it will facilitate their
acquirement of other and more extensive branches of natural history.
In allusion to the general ignorance on these subjects even among the
wealthy and educated classes of society, Mr. Slaney says very amusingly,
“We have sometimes asked our fair young friends if they knew as many of
the smaller birds as they could count on their fingers? They usually
answered confidently in the affirmative, but could seldom get much beyond
one hand.”
Now this ignorance, which is mere negligence, we again say is almost
culpable, and, as it tends to remove this ignorance by a single and delightful
process, we therefore warmly recommend this ‘Outline of the Smaller
British Birds.’ The reader will find in it, beside Mr. Slaney’s own
descriptions and observations, many amusing and instructive extracts from
some of the most distinguished writers on natural history, such as White of
Selborne, who has so admirably described what passed under his own eyes
in a province of England; Wilson, originally a common weaver of Paisley
near Glasgow, who found an unknown world of beauty in the birds of the
American wilds, his accounts of which unite the accuracy of philosophy
with the beauty and glow of poetry; Knapp, the author of the ‘Journal of a
Naturalist;’ the late Sir Humphry Davy, &c. &c.
The following extracts will give an idea of the work:—

“Perhaps, if we take a short view of our common birds, beginning with the missel thrush, the
largest British songster and coming down to the golden-crested wren, it may repay our trouble.
Within these limits we shall find about seventy birds, varying in size, form, habits, structure, and
notes: most of which are seen, at one or other time of the year, in the fields and woods which
surround our dwellings, and many of them are constantly with us. They may be divided into hard-
billed birds, feeding on grain, seeds, and fruits; and soft-billed birds, on insects and worms. Some
feed on both; and many grain-eaters devour insects, though few of the soft-billed eat seeds. These are
again divided into families, from some peculiarity in their formation (chiefly the beak): as the
finches, buntings, warblers, &c.
“In considering the birds to which we have confined our view, we find they divide themselves into
three sets—winter visiters, summer visiters, and sojourners.
“The smaller winter visiters, about five in number, come to our hospitable shores in autumn, and
leave us in the spring. They all come from colder climates; and as the frost locks up their sources of
subsistence in the north, (where, in summer, they have built their nests and reared their young,) led
by that wonderful instinct which their Maker has implanted, they direct their airy flight across the
mountain and the flood.
“The summer visiters, on the other hand, coming to us in the spring, and leaving us in the autumn,
all come from the south; and depart again to the regions of the sun as winter approaches.
“The winter visiters are all (except the grey wag-tail), hard-billed birds, fitted to feed on seeds,
berries, and fruits found during our winters. They are chiefly gregarious, and seem by their numbers
to band themselves together against the piercing season!”

The Fieldfare, the Redwing, the Starling, are the commonest of these
winter visitors.

“Let us turn to our summer visiters. They come to us in the spring, as the weather becomes
warmer, the earth clothed with vegetation, and the air and surface of the ground begin to teem with
insect life; when the chrysalis bursts its case, the worm, and slug, and caterpillar, ‘and every creeping
thing after his kind,’ come forth; then appear, led by an unseen hand, myriads of soft-billed warblers
from distant lands, formed to thin the insect race, and whose services warmly deserve our gratitude
and protection.
 “From March till May ten thousand busy pinions ply the air, by day and night, and bring those
melodious visiters from all the southern countries, where the parching heat at this season renders
their food difficult to procure. As they arrive, they disperse throughout the country,—
‘They to their grassy couch, these to their nests.’
Each grove and shrubbery, each ‘bosky dell from side to side,’ each heath and upland common, each
hedge and garden and petty rural homestead, receives some of these wandering minstrels. It is
probable they return year after year, if undisturbed, to the same haunts; and perhaps revisit with as
much pleasure as ourselves the well-known scenes of their youth—
‘When Nature pleased, for life itself was new,
And the heart pictured what the fancy drew.’
“We may smile at the idea of fancy or feeling in a bird; yet those who have closely watched those
beautiful beings will readily believe as much difference in their dispositions as Cowper found in the
temper of his hares. The ‘mellow lark who at Heaven’s gate sings’ must be endowed with instincts—
superior to those of the ‘poor beetle that we tread upon.’ Memory birds possess in a considerable
degree. Swallows will choose out the same nook for their nest year after year. That elegant little bird,
the common fly-catcher, is attached to the same spot. A pair built for three summers successively in
the same place, close to the writer’s study window; and their chase for gnats and other insects was
under his view, as he sat reading: and for a considerable period the parent birds, ‘from early dawn till
latest eve,’ might be observed catching assiduously our English muskitoes.”

Among the most interesting of these summer visitors are the nightingale,
the whitethroat, the redstart, the fly-catcher, the swallow, and the cuckoo.
The third division, viz., sojourners or resident birds, are then considered.
Of these only five belong to the soft-billed birds, namely, the robin and the
wren, the hedge-sparrow, and the black and white water wagtail. In the
classes of hard-billed birds always with us, are the nuthatch, the blackbird,
the thrush, the greenfinch, the bullfinch, the goldfinch, the chaffinch, the
sparrow, the lark, and others too numerous to mention here, but which will
be found classified, and very ably described in Mr. Slaney’s volume.

“About twenty song birds of passage come to us, and rear their young in our island. Of these some
are local species, and some but partially and thinly scattered. These guests of summer remain to
enjoy our finest weather, when the warmth of the climate, and the richness of vegetation, and the
harmony of nature, invite us abroad. We think that our fair readers might double the pleasure of their
walks if they knew each note of their tiny visitant, and distinguished the form and plumage of every
feathered songster.—p. 12.
“The nightingale is celebrated in all countries: its sober plumage of tawny brown would never
attract our attention, though its light and elegant form might excite admiration. This delightful
songster is not found north of Shrewsbury in the west, or Doncaster in the east; and is seldom seen in
Devonshire or Cornwall. ‘It has been observed that it is not seen but where cowslips grow
plentifully,’ indicating a damp, cool soil, and probably yielding those insects it delights in. All writers
praise the song of this bird. We will only quote the eloquent expressions of a naturalist (Wilson)
called forth by a songster of the new world:—
 “‘When every object around conveys the sensation of joy, and heaven’s abundance is, as it were,
showering around us the grateful heart beats in unison with the varying elevated strains of this bird.
We listen to its notes in a kind of ecstasy as a hymn to the great and most adorable Creator of all.
Abject must that heart be, and callous those feelings, and depraved that taste, which neither the
charms of nature, nor the melody of innocence, nor the voice of gratitude or devotion, can reach.’”—
p 16.

LAMBETH PALACE.

[Gate-house of Lambeth Palace.]

Lambeth Palace, which stands on the right bank of the Thames, within
half a mile of Westminster Bridge, has been for many centuries the principal
residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury. The manor belonged originally
to the see of Rochester, to which it had been granted, before the Norman
Conquest, by a sister of Edward the Confessor; and it was obtained in
exchange for some other lands, by Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, in
the year 1189. There is reason to believe, however, that the Archbishops had
a house here for at least a century before this time. The ancient possession
of Lambeth by the see of Rochester is still commemorated by the payment
to the latter, in two half-yearly sums, of five marks of silver, in
consideration of the lodging, fire-wood, forage, and other accommodations
which the Bishops of Rochester had been accustomed to receive here
whenever they visited London. When the Archbishops of Canterbury first
obtained possession of the place, the buildings on it appear to have been old
and mean. With the exception of the Chapel, the whole of the present
structure has certainly been erected since the middle of the thirteenth
century.
The Palace, as it now appears, is an irregular but very extensive pile,
exhibiting specimens of almost every style of architecture that has prevailed
during the last seven hundred years. The oldest part of it, as we have just
said, is the Chapel, which is supposed to have been built towards the close
of the twelfth century. It consists of two apartments, divided by a richly-
ornamented screen, and measuring together 72 feet in length by 25 in
breadth. The height of the Chapel is 30 feet. Under it is another apartment
of smaller dimensions, formed by a series of arches, supported by pillars,
and now used as a cellar, though in ancient times it may not improbably
have served as a place of worship. Another of the most remarkable portions
of the edifice, the Great Hall, was originally erected by Archbishop
Chicheley in the beginning of the reign of Henry VI.; but after the Palace
had been sold by the Parliament in the time of the Commonwealth, this
magnificent apartment was pulled down. It was rebuilt, however, on the old
site, and in close imitation of the former hall, after the Restoration, by
Archbishop Juxon, at an expense of £10,500. It stands on the right of the
principal courtyard, and is built of fine red brick, the walls being supported
by stone buttresses, and also coped with stone, and surmounted by large
balls or orbs. The length of this noble room is 93 feet, its breadth 38, and its
height 50. The roof, which is of oak and elaborately carved, is particularly
splendid and imposing. The Gate-house, which forms the principal entry to
the Palace, was erected by Cardinal Morton, about the year 1490, and is a
very beautiful and magnificent structure. It consists of two lofty towers,
from the summits of which is one of the finest views in the neighbourhood
of the metropolis. In front of this gate the ancient archiepiscopal dole, or
alms, is still distributed every Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday, to thirty poor
parishioners of Lambeth. Ten are served each day, among whom are divided
three stone of beef, ten pitchers of broth, thickened with oatmeal, five
quartern loaves, and twenty-pence in copper.
One of the most interesting portions of Lambeth Palace is the stone
building called the Lollard’s Tower. It was erected by Archbishop
Chicheley, in the early part of the fifteenth century, as a place of
confinement for the unhappy heretics from whom it derives its name. Under
the tower is an apartment of somewhat singular appearance, called the post
room, from a large post in the middle of it by which its flat roof is partly
supported. The prison in which the poor Lollards were confined is at the top
of the tower, and is reached by a very narrow winding staircase. Its single
doorway, which is so narrow as only to admit one person at a time, is
strongly barricaded by both an outer and an inner door of oak, each three
inches and a half thick, and thickly studded with iron. The dimensions of
the apartment within are 12 feet in length, by 9 in width, and 8 in height;
and it is lighted by two windows, which are only 28 inches high, by 14
inches wide on the inside, and about half as high and half as wide on the
outside. Both the walls and roof of the chamber are lined with oaken planks
an inch and a half thick; and eight large iron rings still remain fastened to
the wood, the melancholy memorials of the barbarous tyranny whose
victims formerly pined in this dismal prison-house. Many names, and
fragments of sentences, are rudely cut out on various parts of the walls.
Among the other principal apartments are the Library, containing a very
extensive and valuable collection of books and manuscripts, founded by
Archbishop Bancroft in 1610: and the Long Gallery, generally supposed to
have been the work of Cardinal Pole, who possessed the see from the death
of Archbishop Cranmer in 1556 till 1558. This noble room contains many
portraits, of which several are in the highest degree interesting as works of
art, or on account of the individuals whom they represent.
Besides these apartments, the palace contains many others well deserving
of notice, but which we cannot here attempt to describe. We may merely
mention the Guardroom, an ancient and venerable chamber, 56 feet in
length, and adorned by a splendid timber roof; the Presence Chamber, also
of considerable antiquity: the great Dining-room, which contains a series of
portraits of all the Archbishops, from Laud to Cornwallis inclusive; the old
and new Drawing-rooms, the latter a fine room measuring 33 feet by 22,
built by Archbishop Cornwallis; and the Steward’s Parlour, probably built
by Archbishop Cranmer. In a future number we shall describe the extensive
additions to Lambeth Palace which have been made by his Grace the
present Archbishop. The palace is surrounded by a park and gardens, very
tastefully laid out, and occupying in all about eighteen acres. Among the
ornaments of the grounds are particularly deserving of notice two
Marseilles fig-trees, of great size, and still bearing an abundance of
delicious fruit, which tradition asserts to have been planted by Cardinal
Pole.
 [Doorway in Lollard’s Tower.]

EMIGRATION.

[Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada, &c., by Martin Doyle. Price One

Shilling. Second Edition, 1832.]

The name of Martin Doyle is no doubt familiar to many of our readers,

and if it is not, we hope to make it so by directing their attention to a
sensible little book on Emigration to Upper Canada. It is chiefly addressed,
as its title tells us, to “the middle and lower classes of Great Britain and
Ireland,” who being blessed with health, strength, and the laudable desire of
improving their condition, meditate a trip across the Atlantic. Whether the
causes which annually induce so many thousands to quit their native shores
are likely to increase or diminish, we can yet hardly form a judgment, but
this we do know, that while the industrious emigrant, who is hard pressed at
home, will undoubtedly be a gainer by the change, and while the province
of Upper Canada is daily receiving a vigorous and healthy population into
her bosom, we of the old country cannot at present consider ourselves
otherwise than as losers by the change. It may be urged that a new market
will be created in the Canadas for the products of British industry, and that
thus emigration may ultimately, and indeed in no short period, prove
beneficial to the mother-country. Such advantages we may reasonably
expect, if the produce of Upper Canada is at all times freely allowed to
enter our markets; but in the mean time we lose the honest and industrious
labourer, we lose the small capitalist who has been struggling against
difficulties at home, while the lazy, the vicious, and the good-for-nothings
are left behind.
But as people will emigrate with the hope of improving their condition, it
is not fair to grumble at them for trying to mend their fortune. Let us rather
give them every reasonable facility for doing so, and above all let us
encourage every attempt to show them what is really the state of an
emigrant to our American provinces, and what qualifications are essential to
ensure his success. This our friend Martin, we think, has successfully
accomplished in a little shilling book, in which he treats of the soil, climate,
animal and vegetable productions, of Upper Canada, mingling with his
remarks on these subjects sound sense and good advice. His picture of the
fertility of these countries must make a hungry labourer’s mouth water,—to
think of the plenty of Indian corn, of wheat, oats, barley, &c., all raised on a
virgin soil, with no labour but the sowing, after the necessary preliminaries
of cutting down the trees or barking them are finished. We do not think that
the products of Upper Canada are at all overrated by our author, save
perhaps in the article of fruits, when he tells us (p. 42) that “pine-apples are
raised without trouble, and melons and grapes grow wild in the woods:” it
is of very little importance whether pine-apples can be easily raised or not,
as we are persuaded turnips will prove a more profitable crop,—but we
doubt the fact. As to the wild melons and the grapes, there is no danger of a
man eating them in a country where bread, meat, and potatoes abound;
otherwise we might put in a word of caution against them.
Though Martin Doyle has perhaps not been at all inclined to underrate
the advantages open to an emigrant into Upper Canada, he has at the same
time carefully avoided all such false views as might seduce the man who is
comfortable at home to try the discomforts inseparable from settling in a
new land. We fully agree with him in advising those who are well off at
home to stay there, and to weigh all matters carefully before they think of
leaving it. The industrious labourer who struggles hard against poverty, the
skilful carpenter or shoe-maker, and others of the same class, may, by
industry and perseverance, provide for their families in Canada, and find a
refuge from the threatening evils of poverty. The single man who is
disposed to the same adventure may lay the foundation of wealth and
respectability by a few years of steady labour in the new world, But there is
one condition on which we are glad to see that Martin Doyle has most
strongly insisted—sobriety; which everywhere is an essential, but in North
America it is all in all. In a country where the cheapness of ardent spirits,
the very general want of some comfortable beverage such as beer, and the
contagion of bad example, are all combined, it is indispensable that the
emigrant arm himself with every possible precaution against the assaults of
the beastly and degrading vice of drunkenness. Dram-drinking spreads
disease, poverty, vice, and misery, from the fertile banks of the North
American lakes to the warm and tropical shores of the Mexican gulf: it is
destroying more than war and famine cut off in older and less favoured
parts of the world. Let then the drunkard stay at home to finish his short and
filthy course: he will not improve his condition or his health by a settlement
in the Canadas. We sincerely hope that the efforts of many excellent and
enlightened men, both in North America and elsewhere, are even now doing
something towards eradicating the vice of drunkenness.
We believe Martin Doyle’s little book contains as much information as a
man can require who thinks of going to the Canadas, and we strongly
recommend its perusal to them as well as to others who are interested in the
subject of emigration. As far as we are able to judge, the facts are in general
correct, and have been collected with all proper diligence and
discrimination. The advice is sound and wholesome; and a spirit of
benevolence breathes through the whole. Not having space for any extracts,
we must limit ourselves to noticing a mode of preparing milk for sea use,
which is recommended to those who take provisions for the voyage. “Milk,
after having been boiled should be carefully sealed up in jars, and if loaf
sugar be added to it, there is no danger of its not keeping fresh during the
voyage.”

THE STEAM ENGINE.

[Lectures on the Steam-Engine, by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, LL. D. 4th

Edit. 12mo. London, 1832. Taylor. Price 7s. 6d.]

This is decidedly the best popular account which we have of the Steam-
Engine,—the most accurate and complete and at the same time the most
intelligible and interesting. The book is intended for the use of unscientific
readers, or of the public generally; but it has the unusual advantage, for a
work of this description, of being written by a person of the highest
scientific acquirements. The utmost dependence, therefore, may be placed
on the correctness of the various descriptions and explanations it presents;
they are stripped indeed of those technicalities which would have rendered
them both repulsive and obscure to ordinary readers,—but the substance of
the statement which remains, although thus transformed from a full and
precise detail to a general outline, is still, in so far as it goes, perfectly clear
and satisfactory. The volume contains all that most persons, with the
exception of engineers and mathematicians, can be supposed desirous of
knowing about the exceedingly curious and important subject of which it
treats. It both describes the steam-engine as it now exists, and it relates its
origin and past history. After a preliminary lecture on the natural forces on
which the action of the contrivance depends, the author proceeds to recount
and describe the successive inventions and improvements of the Marquis of
Worcester—of Captain Savery—of Newcomen and Cawdley—of
Humphrey Potter (the boy who first hit upon the plan of making the engine
work its own valves),—and finally of the illustrious Watt. The various parts
of Watt’s single and double-acting engines are explained with the fulness
which their importance deserves in the fifth and the three following
lectures, the modifications which since his time have been introduced in the
valves, the boiler, the furnace, &c., being also noticed. The ninth lecture is
occupied with an account of the double-cylinder engines of Hornblower and
Woolf, and also of a very ingenious and elegant machine, possessing certain
peculiar and valuable recommendations, suggested by the late Reverend Mr.
Cartwright, the well-known inventor of the power-loom. These expositions
are in general distinguished by very remarkable clearness—and, illustrated
as they are by abundance of excellent woodcuts and copper-plates, they can
hardly fail to be perfectly and easily understood even by those who have
been but little accustomed to such investigations.
The part of the book, however, on account of which we principally notice
it at present, is the new matter which appears for the first time in this
edition, and which relates to the two latest among the various extraordinary
applications of the power of steam;—the wonders that have been performed
by it on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, and the still more recent
experimental achievements of the several projectors who have for some
time past been endeavouring to introduce steam-coaches upon our common
roads. The two long chapters which are devoted to these subjects, the first
especially, contain a number of facts which had not previously been laid
before the public, and some of which are of considerable interest.
The locomotive (or travelling) engines which are employed on the
Liverpool railway are all what are called high-pressure engines. One of
Watt’s most ingenious contrivances was his condensing apparatus, by
which, previous to every stroke of the piston, he created a vacuum in the
part of the cylinder through which it had to be driven, and thereby enabled
it to be sent forward through that space with a much inferior pressure of
steam to what would otherwise have been required. But in the steam-
engines affixed to coaches it is found convenient to dispense with this
apparatus, on account of its complexity, its weight, the room which it would
occupy, and above all the constant supply of cold water which would be
requisite to keep it in action. The consequence is that in these engines and
others similarly constructed, a much greater force of steam is necessary to
make the piston do its work; and they are on that account denominated
high-pressure engines. It is only within the last thirty years that they have
been introduced, and the most remarkable proofs of their power have been
afforded on the Liverpool railway, which was opened only about two years
ago.
Some time before it was opened a contest took place on this railway
between three different steam-coaches. The Rocket, constructed by Mr.
Stevenson; the Sans-pareil, by Mr. Hackworth; and the Novelty, by Messrs.
Braithwait and Ericson, for a prize of £500, offered by the Directors to that
which should accomplish the greatest distance in the shortest time. On this
occasion the Rocket, which gained the prize, went over the space of 30
miles in 2 hours 6 minutes and 49 seconds, being at the average rate of 14⅕
miles per hour. But in the course of the journey it sometimes proceeded at
the rate of above 29 miles an hour, and its slowest motion was about 11½
miles in that time[1]. In May last, Dr. Lardner saw the engine called the
Victory draw on the same rail-road the weight of 92 tons 19 cwt. 1 quarter,
in twenty waggons, together with its tender containing fuel and water, from
Liverpool to Manchester, a distance of 30 miles, in 1 hour 34 minutes and
45 seconds, besides 10 minutes spent in taking in water. The speed on this
occasion was in some places 25½ miles an hour, and on level ground, where
there was no wind, it was generally 20 miles an hour. On another day, the
engine called the Samson drew fifty waggons laden with merchandise, and,
with itself, making a gross weight of above 233 tons, the same distance in 2
hours and 40 minutes, exclusive of delays upon the road for watering, &c.,
the rate of motion having varied from 9 to 16 miles an hour, and being on
an average nearly 12 miles an hour. The coke consumed in this journey was
1762 lbs., or a quarter of a pound per ton per mile. The attendance required
is only an engine-man and a fire-boy, the former of whom is paid 1s. 6d. for
each trip, and the later 1s. The expense of the original construction of the
engines, however, and of their wear and tear is very great, though not nearly
so great on the latter account, Dr. Lardner assures us, as has been
sometimes stated. The price of one of the most improved engines at first is
about £800, and it will travel from 25,000 to 30,000 miles without costing
as much more for repairs. Notwithstanding many extra expenses which this
undertaking, as the first of the kind, has had to bear, and from the
experience purchased by which future speculators will profit, it has been
perfectly successful in a commercial point of view. The profits on the
capital invested have been from the first above 6 per cent. per annum; and
during the latter six months of 1831, it was at the rate of above 8 per cent.
per annum; and it has since probably exceeded that amount. The original
£100 shares already sell for above £200. On the other hand the advantages
to the public have been as great as to the proprietors. Fully 600,000
passengers now pass by the rail-road in the course of the year between
Liverpool and Manchester, or four times as many as used formerly to make
the journey. The transference of merchandise is also effected both with
infinitely greater speed, and at a vast reduction of expense.
Some time ago a work was published by Mr. Gordon, the engineer, on the
application of steam as a moving power for coaches on common turnpike
roads, the facts contained in which were principally derived from the report
on this subject of the Committee of the House of Commons, which was
ordered to be printed on the 12th of October last. Dr. Lardner has here
availed himself of the information supplied by the same most interesting
and important parliamentary paper; some of the curious details given in
which we may possibly take another opportunity of laying before our
readers. In the meanwhile we can only afford room for the general
conclusions to which the Committee came on the evidence brought before
them. They are as follows:—

“1. That carriages can be propelled by steam on common roads at an average rate of ten miles per
hour.
 “2. That at this rate they have conveyed upwards of fourteen passengers.
“3. That their weight, including engine, fuel, water, and attendants, may be under three tons.
“4. That they can ascend and descend hills of considerable inclination with facility and safety.
“5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.
“6. That they are not (or need not be, if properly constructed) nuisances to the public.
“7. That they will become a speedier and cheaper mode of conveyance than carriages drawn by
horses.
“8. That, as they admit of greater breadth of tire than other carriages, and as the roads are not acted
on so injuriously as by the feet of horses in common draught, such carriages will cause less wear of
roads than coaches drawn by horses.
“9. That rates of toll have been imposed on steam-carriages, which would prohibit their being used
on several lines of road, were such charges permitted to remain unaltered.”

The toll-bills complained of have since been repealed. “At the moment
that I write,” says Dr. Lardner, “several steam-carriages are in process of
construction for regular work upon the public roads of England. Some are
about to be established between Paddington and the Bank, upon the New
Road; others between London and Greenwich, and other places in the
vicinity of the metropolis. Another it is stated, is to run between London
and Birmingham. The first impulse once received, the progress will be
rapid, and the effect of proportionate importance.”
 1. In another place Dr. Lardner states that “the engine which conveyed
Mr. Huskisson to Manchester, after the unhappy occurrence which took
place at the great trial, moved at the rate of 35 miles an hour.” (p. 206.)

THE HALL OF ELTHAM PALACE.

Near the village of Eltham in Kent, about eight miles south east from
London, stood anciently one of the most magnificent of the English royal
palaces. The property is ascertained to have belonged to the Crown in the
time of the Saxons. The Conqueror granted it to one of his Norman
followers; but having again been forfeited to the Crown, it was given by
Edward I. to one of the most powerful barons of those times—John de
Vesci. Soon after this it came into the possession of Anthony Bec, the
famous military Bishop of Durham, who is accused, however, of having
made the acquisition by the most shameless violation of his trust, as
guardian of the legal heir. Bec is the earliest proprietor of the manor who is
recorded to have erected any buildings on the site of the palace—although
there can be little doubt that there was a house there before his time. He
built a large and splendid mansion, which appears to have been completed
soon after the middle of the thirteenth century, King Henry III.,
accompanied by his queen and all the principal nobility, having kept his
Christmas here in 1269. This was probably the warming of the house. On
the death of the Bishop, which took place here in 1310, the manor of
Eltham fell again to the crown, in the possession of which it has ever since
remained. For the next two centuries the place was a favourite residence of
our monarchs. Edward II.’s son John was born here in 1315, and was thence
called John of Eltham. In the reign of Edward III. the Parliament was on
several occasions assembled at Eltham; and here that prince, in 1365,
entertained his captive, John, King of France, with sumptuous hospitality.
The palace was almost entirely rebuilt by Edward IV., who, on the
conclusion of the work in 1482 is recorded to have kept his Christmas in the
Hall with great state and splendour. Large additions were afterwards made
to the building by Henry VII., who, like his predecessors, generally lived
here, and was wont to dine every day in the hall, surrounded by his barons.
At this time the royal palace of Eltham consisted of four quadrangles
enclosed within a high wall, beyond which was a moat of great width: the
whole formed an irregular area, approaching to a square in shape, to which
the principal entry was over a bridge and through a gateway in the north
wall. There was also another bridge and gate at the opposite side of the
inclosure. Of the buildings the most important part consisted of a high range
which crossed the court from east to west, and included the hall, the chapel,
and the state apartments. To the palace were attached a garden and three
parks, comprehending together above 1300 acres, besides the demesne
lands of 400 acres more. These parks were stocked with deer, and many fine
old trees that still remain testify how richly wooded the place must have
formerly been.
Of all this magnificence but little now remains; and many parts of the
buildings can scarcely be traced even in their foundations. Henry VIII.
deserted Eltham for the new palace of Greenwich, which, as being nearer to
London, was probably found to be a more convenient residence. After this
Eltham was only occasionally visited by the sovereign; which it sometimes
was even in the time of James I. On the establishment of the
Commonwealth the place was seized by the parliament and sold; and at the
same time the parks were broken into, and the deer dispersed and killed by
the soldiers and the common people. The work of devastation, thus begun,
was continued until the greater part of the palace also was first reduced to a
heap of ruins, and then swept away altogether; and although the property
was recovered by the crown at the Restoration, no pains seem to have been
taken to save the remnant of the pile from spoliation and destruction. On the
contrary, the business of demolition was now carried on upon system: the
old palace was turned into a quarry; and stone after stone was carried away
as it was wanted for even the meanest purposes, until scarcely anything
remained which it was thought worth while to remove. Fortunately, it was
considered that the hall would make a good barn; and to this ignoble
appropriation, which so well hit the economical humour of the times, we
owe the preservation, in a state of comparative entireness, of this principal
and most interesting portion of the noble old palace of Eltham.
[Hall of Eltham Palace.]
 According to Mr. Buckler, who published a valuable account of this
palace a few years ago, the length of the hall in the inside is above 101 feet
by about 36½ in width. “The interior,” says this writer, “is magnificent. The
taste and talent of ages are concentrated in its design; and it is scarcely
possible to imagine proportions more just and noble, a plan more perfect,
ornaments more appropriate and beautiful; in a word, a whole more
harmonious than this regal banquetting-room.” The windows, which,
however, have been long built up, are ranged in couples along both sides;
and each series is terminated by a bay window at the west or upper end of
the hall. But the most conspicuous ornament of this fine room is its splendid
roof. “The main beams of the roof,” says Mr. Buckler, “are full 17 inches
square and 28 feet long, perfectly straight and sound throughout, and are the
produce of trees of the most stately growth. A forest must have yielded its
choicest timber for the supply of this building; and it is evident that the
material has been wrought with incredible labour and admirable skill.”
This hall was undoubtedly the erection of Edward IV., whose well-known
symbol, the expanded rose, is still to be seen on various parts of the
building. About four years ago the public attention was called to the state of
this beautiful remnant of our ancient architecture, which it was understood
there was an intention of levelling with the ground, on the pretext that the
roof in some parts showed signs of decay, and threatened to fall if not taken
down. It had been resolved, it seems, to remove the roof to some new
building at Windsor or else where, and then to demolish the rest of the hall.
By the exertions, however, of some individuals of taste and influence a
reconsideration of the subject was obtained; and eventually it was
determined by the Government to advance a small sum, in order to effect
such a partial repair of the hall as might at least secure its stability for the
present. The work was committed to the superintendence of Mr. Smirke, by
whom it was executed with much ability; and the roof is now once more
restored, as far as was practicable, to its original strength and beauty. In
other respects, however, the hall, we believe, still remains in the state in
which it was previous to the repairs and continues to be used as a barn.

⁂ The Office of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge is at 59, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
 LONDON:—CHARLES KNIGHT, PALL-MALL EAST.
Shopkeepers and Hawkers may be supplied Wholesale by the following Booksellers, of whom, also,
any of the previous Numbers may be had:—
London, Groombridge, Panyer Alley.
Bath, Simms.
Birmingham, Drake.
Bristol, Westley and Co.
Carlisle, Thurnam; and Scott.
Derby, Wilkins and Son.
Devonport, Byers.
Doncaster, Brooke and Co.
Exeter, Balle.
Falmouth, Philip.
Hull, Stephenson.
Kendal, Hudson and Nicholson.
Leeds, Baines and Newsome.
Lincoln, Brooke and Sons.
Liverpool, Willmer and Smith.
Manchester, Robinson; and Webb and
Simms.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Charnley.
Norwich, Jarrold and Son.
Nottingham, Wright.
Oxford, Slatter.
Plymouth, Nettleton.
Portsea, Horsey, Jun.
Sheffield, Ridge.
Staffordshire, Lane End, C. Watts.
Worcester, Deighton.
Dublin, Wakeman.
Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.
Glasgow, Atkinson and Co.
New York, Jackson.
Printed by William Clowes, Duke Street, Lambeth.
 Transcriber’s Notes

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted

to the public domain. Itemized changes from the original
text:
p. 257: Replaced “succeeeded” with “succeeded” in phrase
“The engineer having succeeded in filling and closing this
hole.”
p. 258: Replaced single with double opening quotation
mark before phrase “The smaller winter visiters, about five
in number.”
p. 259: Added closing quotation mark after phrase
“catching assiduously our English muskitoes.”
p. 259: Added opening square bracket before subheading
“Hints on Emigration to Upper Canada.”
p. 260: Replaced comma with period after phrase “the
Archbishops had a house here for at least a century before
this time.”
p. 260: Replaced “Chichely” with “Chicheley” in phrase
“It was erected by Archbishop Chicheley, in the early part
of the fifteenth century.”
p. 262: Replaced comma with closing parentheses in
phrase “The locomotive (or travelling) engines which are
employed on the Liverpool railway.”
p. 264: Added period after phrase “restored, as far as was
practicable, to its original strength and beauty.”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONTHLY
SUPPLEMENT OF THE PENNY MAGAZINE OF THE SOCIETY FOR
THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, ISSUE 32, SEPTEMBER
1 TO SEPTEMBER 29, 1832 ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be
renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law
means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the
Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States
without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying
and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a
registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook,
except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying
royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge
anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg
eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do
practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by
U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license,
especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
 THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS
WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any
other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you
agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License
available with this file or online at [Link]/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all
the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright)
agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement,
you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and
you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may
obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set
forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on
or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can
do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without
complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below.
There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free
future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E
below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation”
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual
work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are
removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing
Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement
for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You
can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in
the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a
constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the
laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before
downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating
derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™
work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied
or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
[Link]. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from

texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice
indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the
work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without
paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a
work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on
the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs
1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with
the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must
comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms
imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the
Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of
the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or
any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently
displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or
immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on
the official Project Gutenberg™ website ([Link]), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of
exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work
in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format
must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph
1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing,
copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply
with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to
or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:
 • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the
use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you
already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the
owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to
donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days
following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to
prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly
marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about
donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does
not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You
must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works
possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all
access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in
this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works
not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and
the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription
errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that
damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except
for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to
you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you
can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund.
If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to
you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work
electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you
may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or
the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or
limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable
to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum
disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity
or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause
to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic
works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including
obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the
efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of
life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance
they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring
that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for
generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for
Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and
donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information
page at [Link].
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)
(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of
Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service.
The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541.
Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s
laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date
contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official
page at [Link]/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the
number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment
including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are
particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States.
Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort,
much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these
requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not
received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
[Link]/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have
not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against
accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us
with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any
statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the
United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods
and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including
checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
[Link]/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with
anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™
eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions,
all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a
copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in
compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility:
[Link].
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including
how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to
our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
back
back
back
back
back