INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION &
COMMUNICATION TECHNOOGY
Reference Book(s): Introduction to Computers, 6th International
Edition, Peter, N. McGraw-Hill
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Instructor: Muhammad Abdullah
OUTLINE
▪ Data Representation
▪ Computer System Architectures
▪ Data Processing
▪ Hardware Components of a Computer
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Data Representation in Computers
Bits and bytes
Binary digits---bits
A byte comprises of 8 bits
and represents 1 character
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Data Representation in Computers
Text codes
Converts letters into binary format
ASCII
(American English symbols)
Extended ASCII
(Graphics and other symbols)
Unicode
(All languages on the planet) DEPARTMENT OF CS
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Data Representation
• Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and
quality
• Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits and bytes
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Data Representation
Figure 1 The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents
the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of
an electronic charge.
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Figure 2 This figure shows how a letter is converted to binary form and back.
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Hardware Components of a Computer (1 of 2)
• A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical
components known as hardware
Input Device • Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
Output Device • Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
• Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are
System Unit used to process data
• Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage
Storage Device media
Communications • Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and
Device information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
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Hardware Components of a Computer (2 of 2)
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Architecture of Computer System
Computer system has five basic units that help the computer to perform
operations, which are given below:
[Link] Unit
[Link] Unit
[Link] Unit
[Link] Logic Unit
[Link] Unit
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Architecture of Computer System
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How computers
process data
??
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DATA PROCESSING
Central Processing Unit
CPU
Control Unit Arithmetic/
Logic Unit
(ALU)
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DATA PROCESSING
System Clock
▪ Synchronizes all computer operations
▪ Faster clock speed means the CPU can
execute more instructions each second
▪ Units: Mega Hertz (MHz) and
▪ Giga Hertz (GHz)
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DATA PROCESSING
CPU Registers
Temporary storage location used by the CPU
High speed memory in CPU that stores:
1. Instruction while being decoded
2. Location from where instruction
was fetched
3. Data while the ALU processes it
4. Results of a calculation
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DATA PROCESSING
Control Unit
Directs and coordinates most of the computer operations
4 basic operations:
Fetch – obtain a program instruction or
data item from memory
Decode - translate the instruction into
commands
Execute - carry out the command
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DATA PROCESSING
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Comparison
(greater than, equal
to, or less than)
Arithmetic Logical
(addition, subtraction, (AND, OR,
multiplication, and NOT)
division)
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