UNIT 2 – Polynomial and Polynomial Functions (Ch5)

Section 5.7 – Graphing Quadratic Functions

Objectives:
• Be able to determine the number and type of roots for a polynomial equation.
• Be able to find the zeros of a polynomial function.

NOTES:

remember complex numbers : a±bi

-
:
"
real "
numbers are

also "
complex "
 Descartes’ Rule of Signs If P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients whose terms are arranged in
descending powers of the variable,

• the number of positive real zeros of y = P(x) is the same as the number of
changes in sign of the coefficients of the terms, or is less than this by an even
number, and

• the number of negative real zeros of y = P(x) is the same as the number of
changes in sign of the coefficients of the terms of P(–x), or is less than this
number by an even number.

i. the must be imaginary

re
ing zeros

EXAMPLE 1: Solve the equation 6D! + 3x = 0. State the number and type of roots.

GCF factoring : 3x (2×2+1)=0

rule A 13--0
product
-

:
zero

-
: 3x = 0 ✗ = 0

2×2-11 = 0

2×2=-1
si =
-1-2 ✗ = I =
-11¥
Number of roots : 3

Type of roots : 1 real

, 2 imaginary .

EXAMPLE 2: State the number of positive real zeros, negative real zeros, and imaginary zeros for
p(x) = 4D" – 3D! – D# + 2x – 5.

3 3 1 positive real zeros

# Sign changes . pcx) : .
: or

c) 4C ) -3C
"
73 C- a)
'
2C ) 5
pf
=
x ✗ + -
x -

>
- - -

= 4×4+3×3 + x2 -
2x -5

real
# Sign changes pl ,
- x ) : 1 .
: 1 negative
zero

summary of
possible solution types :

Real Zeros # imaginary

# Positive Real zeros #
Negative zeros

o
3 I

l l 2
PRACTICE 1:

Solve each equation. State the number and type of roots.

1. E $ + 4x – 21= 0 2. 2E % – 50x = 0 3. 12E % + 100x = 0

(✗ + 7)( x 3) -
-0 2×1×2-251=0 Hx (3×2+25)=0

-7
'
✗ = 0 ^
✗ 0
✗ =3 -
. =
.
.
,

# roots : 2 XZ -25=0 3×2+25=0

✗ 2=25
Type : real
-15
3×2=-25
✗ =

# roots : 3
✗
2=-31
I
_¥
real ✗
Type
=
:

-151¥
=

# roots :3
/ real
type :
,

2
imaginary .

State the possible number of positive real zeros, negative real zeros, and imaginary zeros for each function.
4. f(x) = 3E % + E $ – 8x – 12 5. f(x) = 3E & – E ' – E % + 6E $ – 5

# Sign charges f- ( ) = I
f- ( )
,
x
# Sign charges ,
x
= 1

I real
'

zero
pos 3 I
'

real zero
pos
.
. .

. .
or .

'
f- 1- a) 1- ✗ 5- 8TH

ftp.31-xs-C-x?4-l-xP+6(-xi-5---3x3+x2t8x
= 31 a)
-
+ -12

}
-
iz = -3×5 -
✗
"
+ x -6×2-5
'

2 or 0 real Zeros
neg
'

.
. .

.
. 2 or 0
neg .
real zeros

real real image

pos neg .

real neg real image

pos
.

I 2 0
3 2 0

I 0 2
3 0 2

I 2 2

I 0 4
EXAMPLE 3: Find all of the zeros of f(x) = D" – 15D# + 38x – 60.

Degree =4 .
: 4 zeros

# Sign charges ,
f- ( ) =3
x

} I
'

real zero
- .
or pos .

f- (a) =
C- x )
"
-151-25+381 ) -
x -
60

= ✗
"
- 15×2-38×-60
real
^

I sign
change -71 zero
- .

neg

Substitution to test possible zeros :

Use Synthetic
2 :
✗ = 1 : ✗ =

I 1 0 -15 38 -60 z I 0 -15 38 -60

1 I -14 24 ✗ 2 4 32 ✗
-22

I 1 -14 24 36
16
-

I 2 -11 -28

3 I 0 -15 38 -60
3 9 -18 GO
✓
.
: ✗ =3 is a zero

I 3 - 6 20 0
-

repeat with depressed polynomial :

2 6 20
-4 I 3 -6 20
-
I 3 -

4 8
2 2 16 -
4
✗
-
-

1
I -
I -2 zg
✗
I -8 36

-
3 I 3 -6 20
'

✗ =
-5 is a
-
zero

y
.

-
5 10 -20

I -2 4 ,
-

✗
'
-
2x + 4 → not favorable : Use Quad Formula
or complete the square

solution : two real zeros : ✗ =3 ,

-5

two imaginary zeros : I ± it

PRACTICE 2:

Find all zeros of each function.

3- 3×1-4×-12
ffx)= -
✗
% $ % $
1. f(x) = E + E + 9x + 9 → 2. f(x) = E – 3E + 4x – 12
>
f- (→c) = -
X + ✗ 2-9×+9 # pos real . zeros :3 or I
2 sign charges #
neg .
real zeros : 0
- I 1 I 9 9
3 I -3 4 -12
- c o -9
3 12
I 0 9
0
✓
-
, 0 4 1-0
-
22+9=0
✗ 2+4=0
✗ =
±3i Izi
✗ =

.
:X = -1 , I3iy '

✗ =3 I Zig
- .
,

3. p(a) = F% – 10F$ + 34a – 40 4. p(x) = E % – 5E $ + 11x – 15

'
loath -34A 40
pl a) pfx)= ✗ 3- 5×2-11×-15
-
a = -
- -
-

# pos real . zeros : 3 or I # pos real . zeros : 3 or I

# real zeros : # real zeros : 0
neg . 0
neg .

4 I -
to 34 -40 3 I -5 11 -15
4 -24 40 3 -
6 15
I -6 to to I -2 5 to

2+-24=-0
- -

✗ 2-6×+10=3 ✗ =
6±{ ✗ 2-2×+5 ✗=

=3 1- i = I Izi

4 i. =3 1±2i
-
i ✗ =
,
3=1 iy - ✗ , ,

5. f(x) = E % + 6x + 20 6. f(x) = E ' – 3E % + 21E $ – 75x – 100

>
ffx) :-X +6×+20 f( - x ) : ✗ 4+3×1 -121×2+75×-100
# pos real zeros : o
3 I
# pos real
.

. zeros : ,

# real zeros : I
neg .

# real
neg . zeros : I
- 2 I 0 6 20

- 2 4 -20

I -2 10 I
-

✗ 2-2×+10=3 ✗ =
2-+1--740
= 1 I 3i

i. ✗ =
-2,113in
EXAMPLE 4: Write a polynomial function of least degree with integral coefficients, the zeros of which include
−" and # − $.
Tigert
complex conjugate theorem : If 5- i is a root then so is 5- + i
,

p(x)= ( ✗ 1) ( x
+ -

[ 5- i ] )( x -

( Sti] )

=
(✗ + 1) ( (x -
5) + i )( K 5) - - i
)
( a + b)( a -

b) diff of squares

=
(✗ + 1) ( ( x 532 - - iz )
=
( ✗ + 1) ( x2 -10×+25+1 )
=
(✗ + 1)( x2 -
lose +26 )
"

= ✗
3
+ x - 10×2 -10×+26×+26

>
= x -

9×2+16×+26.1,