PROJECT REPORT ON
CALCULATION OF Q-POINT ON DC LOAD LINE USING
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIASING
Presented by: S3 Batch
Dr. Bapuji Salunkhe College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur
BRIEF INFORMATION (ABSTRACT)
This project focuses on determining the Quiescent Point (Q-point) of a transistor circuit
using the voltage divider biasing technique. The Q-point plays a crucial role in defining the
operating region of the transistor, ensuring that it remains in the active region for proper
amplification. In this project, a voltage divider network consisting of resistors R1 and R2
provides the required base voltage, while the emitter resistor (RE) offers thermal stability
and bias control. The DC load line is constructed by plotting collector current (IC) versus
collector-emitter voltage (VCE) for a fixed supply voltage (VCC). The intersection of this
load line with the transistor’s characteristic curves represents the Q-point. This point
signifies the steady-state operating condition of the transistor under no signal condition. By
performing theoretical calculations and analyzing the voltage divider bias circuit, the
project determines the Q-point as IC = 1.46 mA and VCE = 7.33 V. This confirms that the
transistor operates in the active region, providing a stable bias suitable for amplification
applications. Thus, the project effectively demonstrates the importance of bias stabilization
and the practical understanding of transistor operation in electronic circuits.
1. OBJECTIVE
To determine the Q-point (Quiescent Point) of a transistor circuit using Voltage Divider
Biasing and to plot the DC Load Line.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED
- Breadboard
- NPN Transistor (BC547/2N2222)
- Resistors (various values)
- DC Power Supply (12V)
- Multimeter
- Connecting Wires
3. THEORY
Voltage Divider Biasing provides excellent bias stability for a transistor. In this method, two
resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider to set the base voltage. The emitter resistor
(RE) provides thermal stability and helps maintain constant current. This ensures the
transistor operates in the active region for amplification.
4. IMPORTANT EQUATIONS
Base Voltage VB = (R2 / (R1 + R2)) × VCC
Emitter Voltage VE = VB - VBE
Emitter Current IE = VE / RE
Collector Current IC ≈ IE
Collector Voltage VC = VCC - IC × RC
Collector-Emitter Voltage VCE = VC - VE
5. DC LOAD LINE
The DC Load Line represents all possible combinations of IC and VCE for the given circuit.
It is given by:
VCE = VCC - IC (RC + RE)
The Q-Point is obtained at the intersection of the load line and transistor characteristic
curves.
6. EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Given: VCC = 12V, R1 = 82kΩ, R2 = 18kΩ, RC = 2.2kΩ, RE = 1kΩ, β = 100
VB = 2.16V
VE = 1.46V
IE = 1.46mA
IC = 1.46mA
VC = 8.79V
VCE = 7.33V
Therefore, the Q-Point is (IC = 1.46mA, VCE = 7.33V).
7. RESULT
The calculated Q-point of the transistor is IC = 1.46mA and VCE = 7.33V. The transistor
operates in the active region.
8. ADVANTAGES OF VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIASING
- Provides excellent thermal stability
- Minimizes the effect of transistor β variations
- Reliable for amplifier circuits
- Simple and effective design
9. APPLICATIONS
- Used in amplifier biasing circuits
- Analog communication systems
- Audio and RF amplifiers
- Signal processing circuits
10. CONCLUSION
The Voltage Divider Bias method was successfully used to determine the Q-point. The
results confirm stable transistor operation in the active region, suitable for amplification
applications.
11. REFERENCES
- Millman & Halkias: Electronic Devices and Circuits
- Sedra/Smith: Microelectronic Circuits
- College Lab Manual
