1.
Introduction to Java
Java is a popular programming language created by Sun Microsystems in 1995.
It is used to build desktop, web, mobile, and enterprise applications.
Java is simple, object-oriented, platform-independent, and secure.
It uses the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to run code anywhere.
2. Variables and Data Types
Variables store data values. In Java, you must declare a type before using a variable.
Example: int age = 25;
Common data types: int, float, double, char, boolean, and String.
3. Operators
Operators perform actions on variables and values.
Types of operators: Arithmetic (+, -, *), Relational (==, !=, >), Logical (&&, ||, !), Assignment (=), and
Increment (++).
4. Control Statements
Control statements decide how the program runs.
Examples:
if(condition){...}
else if(...){...}
else{...}
Loops: for, while, do-while
Switch statements handle multiple conditions easily.
5. Arrays
An array stores multiple values of the same type.
Example: int[] marks = {90, 80, 70};
You can access elements using index (marks[0]).
6. Methods
A method is a block of code that performs a specific task.
Syntax: returnType methodName(parameters){...}
Example: void greet(){ [Link]("Hello!"); }
Methods help reduce code duplication.
7. Classes and Objects
A class is a blueprint; an object is an instance of that class.
Example:
class Car { String color; void drive(){...} }
Car myCar = new Car();
Objects interact through methods and variables.
8. OOP Concepts
Java follows Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
Main concepts:
1. Encapsulation - binding data and methods
2. Inheritance - acquiring features of another class
3. Polymorphism - many forms of a method
4. Abstraction - hiding complex details
9. Strings
A String stores text. Example: String name = "Java";
String methods: length(), toUpperCase(), substring().
Strings are immutable in Java.
10. Exception Handling
Exceptions handle runtime errors safely.
Syntax:
try { ... } catch(Exception e) { ... } finally { ... }
Common exceptions: NullPointerException, ArithmeticException.
11. Packages and Interfaces
Packages organize classes (like folders).
Example: import [Link].*;
Interfaces define methods that a class must implement.
Example: interface Animal { void sound(); }
12. Collections Framework
Collections store and manage groups of objects.
Main interfaces: List, Set, Map.
Examples: ArrayList, HashSet, HashMap.
Useful methods: add(), remove(), size().
13. File Handling
Java provides classes to read and write files.
Example:
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("[Link]");
[Link]("Hello Java");
[Link]();
Use FileReader or Scanner to read files.
14. Multithreading
Multithreading lets Java run multiple parts of a program at once.
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread { public void run(){...} }
Threads improve performance in multitasking.
15. Java I/O
Java I/O means Input/Output.
It uses streams to read and write data.
Types: Byte Streams, Character Streams.
Example: InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer.
16. Wrapper Classes
Wrapper classes convert primitive data types into objects.
Example: Integer num = 10;
Useful for working with collections.
17. Enum and Autoboxing
Enum defines a set of constants.
Example: enum Level { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH }
Autoboxing automatically converts primitives to objects and vice versa.
18. JVM Architecture
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) runs Java programs.
It includes Class Loader, Memory Area, and Execution Engine.
It converts bytecode into machine code.
19. Common Programs
1. Hello World Program
2. Sum of Two Numbers
3. Factorial using Loop
4. Palindrome Check
5. Fibonacci Series
20. Summary and Best Practices
Java is simple and powerful.
Always follow good practices:
- Use meaningful variable names.
- Comment your code.
- Handle exceptions properly.
- Avoid memory leaks.
- Practice coding daily.
Happy Learning!
