Wikipedia

Wikipedia[c] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of

Wikipedia
volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software
MediaWiki. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been
hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization
funded mainly by donations from readers.[2] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read
reference work in history.[3][4]

Initially available only in English, Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is the
world's ninth most visited website. The English Wikipedia, with over 7 million articles,
remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 65 million articles
The logo of Wikipedia, a globe made out of
and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about
puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various
5 edits per second on average) as of April 2024.[W 1] As of September 2025, over 25% of
writing systems
Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and
the United Kingdom, Germany and Russia each represent around 5%.[5] Screenshot

Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge, its extensive
coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national
governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site.[6][7] Wikipedia's volunteer
editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, but the encyclopedia has also
been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical
bias against the Global South.[8][9] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently
criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late
2010s onward.[3][10][11] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-
date information about those events.[12][13]

History

Wikipedia's desktop homepage

Nupedia
Type of site Online encyclopedia
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia,
Available in 343 languages
but with limited success.[14] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a
free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts Headquarters San Francisco, California, US
and reviewed under a formal process.[15] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the Country of United States
ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy origin
Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.[1][16] Nupedia Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since
was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia 2003)
was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of
Created by Jimmy Wales · Larry Sanger[1]
Richard Stallman.[W 2] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly
URL [Link] ([Link]
editable encyclopedia,[17] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to
g)
reach that goal. On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to
create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[W 3] Commercial No
Registration Optional[a]

Launch and rapid growth Users 123 million (as of November 2,

2025)
Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as Wikipedia Day)[18] as a single
Launched January 15, 2001
English language edition with the domain name [Link],[W 4] and was
announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.[17] The name originated from a blend of Current status Active
the words wiki and encyclopedia.[19][20] Its integral policy of "neutral point of view" arose Content CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0[b]
within its first year.[21] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated license
independently of Nupedia.[17] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit Written in PHP
business.[22] OCLC number 52075003 ([Link]
org/oclc/52075003)
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search
engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of
161 in use by the end of 2004.[W 5][W 6] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and
its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of
2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled,
surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which
had held the record for almost 600 years.[23]

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia
forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002.[W 7] Wales then
announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's
domain from [Link] to [Link].[24][W 8]

After an early period of exponential growth,[25] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in Wikipedia founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger
terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early
2007.[26] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were
added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.[W 9] A team at the
Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead
costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".[25] Others suggested that the growth
flattened naturally because articles that could be called "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly
merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively.[27][28][29]

In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the
English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it
lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.[30][31] The Wall Street Journal cited the array
of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.[32]
Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's
methodology.[33] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from
"a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he
also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".[34] A 2013 MIT Technology Review
article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had
lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on
minutiae.[35] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in
decline.[36] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website,
is facing an internal crisis."[37] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained
steady after a long period of decline.[38][39] The Wikipedia home page on December
20, 2001[d]

Sister projects
Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include
Wiktionary, a dictionary project launched in December 2002,[W 10] Wikiquote, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia
launched,[40] Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,[W 11] Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to
free-knowledge multimedia,[W 12] Wikinews, for collaborative journalism,[W 13] and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning
materials and the provision of online learning activities.[W 14] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies, is a catalog of all species, but is
not open for public editing.[41] In 2012, Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide,[42] and Wikidata, an editable knowledge base, launched.[W 15]

Milestones
In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the
United States, according to Comscore Networks.[43] With 42.9 million unique
visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple
(#11).[43] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia
ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.[44] In 2014, it received
8 billion page views every month.[W 16] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times
reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique
visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".[45] As of March 2023, it
ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb.[46] Jeff Loveland and Joseph
Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical
encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic Cartogram showing number of articles in each language
as of March 2024. Languages with fewer than 1,000,000
accumulation".[47][48]
articles are represented by one circle. Languages are
grouped by region of continent and each region of
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated
continent is presented by a separate color.
protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online
Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for
24 hours.[49] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.[50][W 17]
In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, an asteroid, was named after Wikipedia;[51] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia
Monument;[52] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia.[53] In April 2019, an
Israeli lunar lander, Beresheet, crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin
nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.[54][55] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the
English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA.[56]

On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost
nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most
popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by
17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent."[57] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in
counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."[57] When
contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet &
Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered
from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."[57] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular
website globally.[58] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,[59] from which
cloud computing was the most cited page.[60]

On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".[61][62] It featured a redesigned menu bar, moving the
table of contents to the left as a sidebar, and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.[62][W 18] The update
initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes.[61][63]

Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views

Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia
content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect
large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications.[64]

In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page
views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information.[65][66]

Collaborative editing

Restrictions
Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have
introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some
other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.[W 19] On the English
Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been
protected to varying degrees.[67] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or
"extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" Differences between versions of an
editors can modify it.[68] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators article are highlighted.
can make changes.[W 20] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's
page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market
of ideas".[69] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots. Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though
the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors.[70] Bots must be approved by the community
before their tasks are implemented.[71]

In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For
example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.[W 21] Following protracted trials and
community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.[72] Under this system, new and
unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.[73]
However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.[74]

Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection.[75] Editors also can make only one revert per
day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008.[76] In January 2025, the
Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to
articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated.[77][78]

Review of changes
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others.
Each article's History page links to each revision.[e][79] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by
clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of
changes.[W 22] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious
problems.[W 23]

In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of
participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as
allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative
destruction".[80]
Wikipedia's editing interface
Vandalism
Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism
include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.[81] Sometimes editors commit
vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible
but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title
or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.[W 24]

Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect
and fix it is a few minutes.[82][83] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and
repair.[84]

In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the
biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a
suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[84] It remained uncorrected for four months.[84]
Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First
Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked
whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not,
American journalist John Seigenthaler
although the perpetrator was eventually traced.[85][86] After the incident, Seigenthaler described
(1927–2014), subject of the Seigenthaler
biography incident
Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".[84] The incident led to policy changes at
Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.[87]

Disputes and edit warring

Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated
competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".[W 25][88] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful
knowledge is added,[89] and criticized as creating a competitive[90] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine
gender roles.[91][92] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,[93][94] the influence of rival editing camps,[95][96] the
conversational structure,[97] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.[98][99]

Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.[100][101] Yasseri contended that simple
reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on
"mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The
results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles
George W. Bush, anarchism, and Muhammad.[101] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the
study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories.[101] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of
editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia.[99]

Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia, with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is
nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability
policies.[102]

Policies and content

Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces, with its articles being present in mainspace. Other External videos
namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project
namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are
not aware of these other namespaces.[103]

The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the
detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately
shape content.[W 26] The five pillars are:

Wikipedia is an encyclopedia
Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view
Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute
 Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility
Wikipedia has no firm rules
The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the
website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.[104] Originally, rules on the
non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia.
They have since diverged to some extent.[W 21]

Content policies and guidelines

According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a
topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.[W 27] A topic should also meet
Wikipedia's standards of "notability", which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively
Jimmy Wales ([Link]
in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject.[105] Wikipedia intends to convey only
[Link]/talks/jimmy_wales_the_bir
knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original th_of_wikipedia?language=en),
research.[106] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006,
requirements.[105] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through TED talks, 20 minutes
summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are
Katherine Maher ([Link]
presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable.[107] Information without
[Link]/watch?v=r2gsj0EE
citations may be tagged or removed entirely.[108] This can at times lead to the removal of information
E3I), What Wikipedia Teaches Us
which, though valid, is not properly sourced.[109] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became
About Balancing Truth and
more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by
Beliefs, 2022, TED talks, 15
2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.[70]
minutes

Governance
Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time.[110][111] An article is not considered to be owned by its
creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.[W 28] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights,
granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and
extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met.[68]

Administrators
Experienced editors can choose to run for "adminship",[112] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in
cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.[W 29] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead,
their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement
restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.[W 29]

By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential
administrators had become more rigorous.[36] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-
Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.[113]

Dispute resolution
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at
appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a
"request for comment",[W 25] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the
discussion from the list after 30 days.[W 30] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of
a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments
presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side.[114] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of
opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not".[115]

Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some
recent interest in consensus building in the field.[116] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to
those used by Quakers.[116]: 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played
by the clerk in Quaker meetings.[116]: 83

Arbitration Committee
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between
two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should
be adopted.[117]
Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are
conducted,[118] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors
while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.[117] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles,
although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is
considered biased).[f] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%),
subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%).[117] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and
antisocial behavior.[W 31] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies,
solutions tend to be limited to warnings.[117]

Community
Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the
primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.[119] Wikipedia's
community has been described as cultlike,[120] although not always with entirely negative
connotations.[121] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes
disregard of credentials, has been referred to as "anti-elitism".[W 32]

Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.[122] As Wikipedia
grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.[123] Jimmy 0:00
Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes
the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional
Video of Wikimania 2005 – an annual
organization".[124] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that
conference for users of Wikipedia and
interest them.[125] other projects operated by the Wikimedia
Foundation, was held in Frankfurt am
The English Wikipedia has 7,084,334 articles, 49,900,727 registered editors, and 115,137 active Main, Germany, August 4–8.
editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.[W 33]
Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may
implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may
target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the
contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes
convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider
references".[126] Editors who do not log in are in some sense "second-class citizens" on
Wikipedia,[126] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a 0:00
vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing
participation",[127] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only
by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.[127] New editors often Wikipedians and British Museum
struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the curators collaborate on the article Hoxne
Hoard in June 2010.
newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere.[128]

Research
A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a
source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".[129] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the
edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the
edits."[124] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia
content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and
formatting is done by "insiders".[124]

In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."[130] This
method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their
content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[131] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less
agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,[132] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed
higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.[133] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of
growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".[134]

Diversity
Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008
showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.[135] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage
women to become Wikipedia contributors.[136] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown, gave college credit to students
who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.[136] Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he
thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose
oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".[137] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.[138]
Language editions
There are currently 343 language editions of
Wikipedia (also called language versions, or
simply Wikipedias). As of November 2025, the
six largest, in order of article count, are the
English, Cebuano, German, French, Swedish,
and Dutch Wikipedias.[W 35] The second and
fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to
the article-creating bot Lsjbot, which as of
2013 had created about half the articles on the
Swedish Wikipedia, and most of the articles in
the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias. The latter
are both languages of the Philippines. Distribution of the 65,833,664 articles in different language editions (as of November 2, 2025)[W 34]

English (10.8%)
In addition to the top six, twelve other
Wikipedias have more than a million articles Cebuano (9.30%)
each (Spanish, Russian, Italian, Polish, German (4.70%)
Egyptian Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, French (4.10%)
Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Arabic, Waray, and Swedish (4.00%)
Portuguese), seven more have over 500,000 Dutch (3.30%)
articles (Persian, Catalan, Indonesian, Korean, Spanish (3.10%)
Serbian, Norwegian, and Chechen), 44 more Russian (3.10%)
have over 100,000, and 82 more have over Italian (3.00%)
10,000.[W 36][W 35] The largest, the English
Polish (2.50%)
Wikipedia, has over 7 million articles. As of
Egyptian Arabic (2.50%)
January 2021, the English Wikipedia receives
48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the Chinese (2.30%)
remaining split among the other languages. Japanese (2.20%)
The top 10 editions represent approximately Ukrainian (2.10%)
85% of the total traffic.[W 37] Vietnamese (2.00%)
Arabic (2.00%)
Waray (1.90%)
Portuguese (1.90%)
Persian (1.60%)
Catalan (1.20%)
Other (32.4%)

Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008– Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–
2024 2024

Articles in the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia

(as of 2 November 2025)[139]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

English 7,084,334
Cebuano 6,115,916
German 3,065,458
French 2,718,154
Swedish 2,619,259
Dutch 2,201,077
 Spanish 2,071,776
Russian 2,069,743
Italian 1,942,567
Polish 1,673,583
Egyptian Arabic 1,629,492
Chinese 1,508,343
Japanese 1,478,802
Ukrainian 1,396,015
Vietnamese 1,296,651
Arabic 1,284,353
Waray 1,266,814
Portuguese 1,159,103
Persian 1,060,266
Catalan
783 316
Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come
from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g.
colour versus color)[W 38] or points of view.[W 39]

Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and
practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.[W 40][140] The content of articles on
the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors.[141][142]

Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single
person on the planet in their own language".[W 41] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to
supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects
(Wikipedia and others).[W 42] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,[W 43] and it maintains
a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[W 44] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture,
science, technology, and mathematics.[W 44] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another
edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability
criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.[W 45]

Translated articles represent only a small portion

of articles in most editions, in part because those
editions do not allow fully automated translation
of articles. Articles available in more than one
language may offer "interwiki links", which link to
the counterpart articles in other editions.[144][W 46]

A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also

estimated the share of contributions to different
editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the
world. It reported that the proportion of the edits
made from North America was 51% for the
English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple
English Wikipedia.[143]

English Wikipedia editor numbers

On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an article Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia
titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend editions[143]
analysis concerning data published by the
Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of
editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."[145] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was
cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist
reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in
other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active
editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of
2014.[145]

In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a
renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning
which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible
alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.[145]
Reception
Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words
as of 2014.[146][116] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described
Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".[147] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of
Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's "undue-weight policy", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide
correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates
omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.[148][149][150]

Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent
voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.[147][151] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource
about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin.[152] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media
coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion
of shared reality' online."[153]

Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased. In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of
whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much "leftist bias".[154] Wikipedia co-founder Sanger said that Wikipedia has become
a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.[155] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined
that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left,
specifically on political topics.[156] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias"
(or "pro-western bias")[157] or "Eurocentric bias",[158] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of
academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary
scholarship[159] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.[160]

Accuracy of content
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts, lending External audio
such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.[161] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific The Great Book of Knowledge,
entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few Part 1 ([Link]
differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around eas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-
four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."[162] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a part-1-1.2497560), Ideas with
topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15,
using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."[163] 2014

Others raised similar critiques.[164] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia
Britannica,[165][166] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.[167] In addition to the point-for-point
disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a
"flawed study design" (in Nature 's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of
reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 101 articles compared, vs >105
and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).[168]

As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any
claims appearing in it.[W 47] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users'
anonymity, the insertion of false information,[169] vandalism, and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a
"general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide
basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".[170]

Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be
true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases,
and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However,
he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[171] Amy
Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of
information ever created".[172] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect
Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable
as Encyclopædia Britannica, summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."[173]

Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.[174] Some commentators
suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.[175] Editors of traditional reference works such as
the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[176] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has
claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of
sources in articles.[177]

External videos
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various Inside Wikipedia – Attack of
forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online the PR Industry ([Link]
encyclopedia.[79][W 48] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was [Link]/inside-wikipedia-attack-of
reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed -the-pr-industry/av-17745881),
editing.[179] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], Deutsche Welle, 7:13 mins[178]
changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement.
Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes
address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.' "[179][180][181][182][183] These issues,
among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[184]

Discouragement in education
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources;[185] some
specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.[186][187] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable
sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[188] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students
saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're
in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.[189]

In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including
Wikipedia articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change.[190] In June 2007, Michael Gorman, former president of
the American Library Association, condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the
intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".[191]

A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education "flipped
classroom", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was
instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given
direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries,
which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received
higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional
classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.[192]

Medical information
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia",
stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the
quality of available information."[193] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco
to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues, as well as
internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central
medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation
process.[193] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes
WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."[194]
Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has
participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."[194]

Coverage of topics and systemic bias

Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically
in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.[W 49] The exact
degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and
inclusionism).[195][196] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.[W 50] The "Wikipedia
is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of
Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy.[197] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically
sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China[198] and Pakistan,[199] among other
countries.[200][201][202]

Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for
the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.[203] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the
University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females
in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".[204] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that
more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers.[205]
Systemic biases
Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources
to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant
coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases.[206]

Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white
male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country.[207] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented.[208][159]
This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, gender bias, and geographical bias on Wikipedia.[209][210] There are two broad
types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by
references).[208]

Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation,
they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.[209] In 2011, Wales claimed that the
unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and
issues surrounding early childcare".[34] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of
Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.[35]

Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly
uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented.[211] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are
generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.[212]

Explicit content
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.[213] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable
content (such as feces, cadaver, human penis, vulva, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone
with access to the internet, including children.[W 51] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and
ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude
children.[W 52]

The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer—a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original
cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December
2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the
Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it
supplies to British internet service providers.[214]

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia
Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.[215][216] Sanger later clarified that the images, which
were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the
sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003.[217] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and
drawings of children that are obscene under American law.[217] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in
schools.[218]

Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,[219] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would
deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."[219] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the
community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily
gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation
mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about
me and how quickly I acted".[220] Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia
since 2010 have reappeared.[221]

Privacy
One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the
law.[222][g] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life. The Wikimedia
Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge
movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand
& Experiment".[W 53]

In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic,
aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the
notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.[223]

Wikipedia has a "Volunteer Response Team" that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS[W 54] to handle queries without
having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and
other media in the project.[W 55]
In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's
Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's
commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.[224]

Sexism
Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment.[225][226] The perceived tolerance of abusive
language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.[227] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors
and increase the coverage of women's topics.[228]

In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media.[W 56][229] Five
months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman
to ever receive the award.[229][230] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator
and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou.[229] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for
Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of
underrepresentation."[231] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.[231]

A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of
Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical
feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and
reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."[232]

Operation

Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements

Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also
operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks.[W 57] The foundation relies
on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.[233][W 58] The foundation's 2020 Internal
Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million,
with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.[W 59]

In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking
over for Sue Gardner.[W 60] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's
information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an Katherine Maher, the third executive
opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position director of Wikimedia, served from 2016
statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."[234][235] The same Wall Street Journal article to 2021.
reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of
Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really
pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of
contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second
and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.[234]

Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language
versions of Wikipedia have adopted,[W 61] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June
2016.[W 62] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia
board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that
this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words."[137]

Maher served as executive director until April 2021.[236] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over
that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.[237]

Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called
Wikimedia movement affiliates. These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia
Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups.
These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.[W 63]

Software operations and support

The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon
the MySQL database system.[W 64] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system
for templates, and URL redirection.[W 65] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia
projects, as well as many other wiki projects.[W 64][W 66] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I),
which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.[W 67] Starting in January 2002
(Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus
Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III),
Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.[W 68] In April 2005, a Lucene
extension[W 69][W 70] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later
replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch.[W 71] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What
You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use.[238][239][240] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as
"slow and buggy".[241] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.[W 72]

Automated editing
Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and
stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.[W 73][242][243] One controversial
contributor, Sverker Johansson, created articles with his bot Lsjbot, which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia
on certain days.[244] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as
unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).[W 74] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other
editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.[242] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or
IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs
controlled by the Russian government.[245] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.[W 75] According to Andrew Lih, the current
expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.[246]

Hardware operations and support

As of 2021, page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-
end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server.[W 76] Requests that cannot be served from the
Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in
turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.[W 76] The
web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of
Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until
invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.[247]

Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating
system.[W 77] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix
facility in Ashburn, Virginia.[W 78][248] A second application data center was created in 2014 in
Carrollton, Texas, to improve Wikipedia's reliability.[249][250] Both datacenters work as the primary
one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter.[251] In 2017,
Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in
Asia.[W 79] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille, France.[W 80] In 2024, a caching
data center was opened in São Paulo, the first of its kind in South America.[W 81] As of Overview of system architecture as of
November 2024, caching clusters are located in Amsterdam, San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, August 2022
and São Paulo.[W 82][W 83]

Internal research and operational development

Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,[35] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which
qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the
internal research and development of the Foundation.[252] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a
Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.[35][241] The estimates for
reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4%
to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.[253] At the
2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars,[W 84] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe
for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.[253] In 2019, the level of
contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually,[W 85] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher
level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.[253]

Internal news publications

Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael
Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.[254][255] The publication covers news
and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects.[W 86]
The Wikipedia Library
Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject.[256] The
Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital
publications, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.[257][258] Over 60
publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE
Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we
hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil
engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."[259]

Access to content

Content licensing
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation Wikipedia Library
License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and
commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.[W 87] The GFDL was created for
software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for
example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.[260] In December 2002, the
Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The
Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.[W 88] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in
November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed
specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.[W 89] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects
held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.[W 90][W 91][W 92][W 93]

The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include
non-free image files under fair use doctrine,[W 94] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their
home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared
across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.[W 95] Wikipedia's
accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags
behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.[261] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but
merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in
France.[262][263]

Methods of access
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.[W 96] The content of Wikipedia
has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.

Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference
sources are [Link] and [Link].[264][265] Another example is Wapedia, which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-
device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.[W 97] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying
search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset)[266] and DuckDuckGo.

Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.[W 98]
The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,[W 99] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over
620,000 articles,[W 100] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.[W 101] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the
Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children, is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards
children eight to seventeen.[W 102]

There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.[267][W 103] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-
on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company
Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.[268]

The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia.[269]
Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia
Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF.[W 104] As of February 2023, it has over 101 million
items.[W 105] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first
released in 2009.[W 106]

Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged.[W 107] Wikipedia
publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.[W 108] Wikimedia
Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this.[270]
Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study
by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference
desk, with an accuracy of 55 percent.[271]

Mobile access
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser
through a fixed Internet connection. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the
mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy
director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to
mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York
Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the
readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower
than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And
the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller
has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately
200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York
Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of
editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access
environment.[45] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.[2]

Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service.[W 97] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched
[Link], an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service
was officially released, located at [Link], which caters to more advanced mobile
devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or WebOS-based devices.[W 109] Several other
methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize
or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate
additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation.[272][273]

The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally
positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users
A mobile version showing the English
downloading from Google.[W 110][W 111] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to
Wikipedia's Main Page on October 2,
similar reviews.[W 112] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the
2024
reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow
free access.[W 113][274] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile
operators.[W 113]

Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential
contributors.[275][276] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years,[275] and Tom Simonite of MIT
Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules
and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.[35] Lih alleges there is a serious
disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with
Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.[275][276]

Chinese access
Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015.[7][277][278] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS
encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.[279]

Cultural influence

Trusted source to combat fake news

In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users
evaluate reports and reject false news.[280][281] Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the
record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that
Wikipedia would help its users root out 'fake news'."[281][282]
Readership
In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page
views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with
1.2 billion unique visitors."[45] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese
websites for online shopping.[58] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.[58]

In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[W 114] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its
inception in 2001.[283] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.[W 115] The Pew Internet and
American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[284] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation
of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.[285]

According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost
half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search
engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.[W 116] As of February 2023,
Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month.[W 1]

COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention,
and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.[286][287][288][289] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat
misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to
address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet."[287] In October 2020, the World Health
Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects.[290] There were nearly 7,000
COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021.[291][292]

Cultural significance
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court
cases.[W 117][293][294] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage
in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[295] The encyclopedia's
assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World
Intellectual Property Organization[296]—though mainly for supporting information rather than information
decisive to a case.[297] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some
US intelligence agency reports.[298] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new
section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to
also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia.[299] Wikipedia has also been used
as a source in journalism,[300][301] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for
plagiarizing from Wikipedia.[302][303][304][305]

In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and
Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.[306]
On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 Wikipedia Monument in
US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Słubice, Poland, by Mihran
Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the Hakobyan (2014)
presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[307] An October 2007
Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how
having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.[308]

One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini
raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that
the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and
claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[309]

A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred
Year Study on Artificial Intelligence) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of
crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias
and dictionaries, in scale and depth".[310][311]
0:00
In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired, Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last
remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web" and contrasted its existence as a text-based
source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having "since Wikipedia, an introduction – Erasmus
colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia Prize 2015
represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which
he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic
one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather
than "sapere aude" (lit. 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to
know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a
flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for
Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of
all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve
knowledge when nobody cares to know."[312]

Awards
Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.[W 118] The first Jimmy Wales accepts the 2008 Quadriga
was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came A Mission of Enlightenment award on
with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in behalf of Wikipedia.
Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.[313]

In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt

Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to
Wales by David Weinberger.[314]

In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional
contributions to culture, society or social sciences,[315] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award
on International Cooperation.[316] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts
the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users.[317]
Wikipedia team visiting the Parliament of
Asturias
Satire
Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show
The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality
that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".[184] Another example can be found in
"Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The
Onion,[318] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times
Today".[319]

In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office, office manager (Michael
Scott) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to
assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.[320] Viewers of the show tried to add the Wikipedians meeting after the 2015
episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this Asturias awards ceremony
effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.[321]

"My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs, played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool
with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone
cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide.[322]

In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia
instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.[323] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a
character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."[324] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4
broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia.[325] Some of the sketches were
directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.[326]

On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war
that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"[327] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an
American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman.[328]

In June 2024, [Link] published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett.
The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil
spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level.[329]

Publishing
The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia
Britannica, which were unable to compete with a free alternative.[330][331][332] Nicholas Carr's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0" criticizes
websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going
out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the
amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."[333] Others dispute the notion that
Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson, the
former editor-in-chief of Wired, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Wikipedia
will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes.[334]

Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book
publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far
more sharply".[335] Kathryn Hughes, professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and
author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from A group of Wikimedians of the Wikimedia
Wikipedia, what's left for biography?"[335] DC chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia
annual meeting standing in front of the
Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the
Research use US National Archives

Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics,
information retrieval and natural language processing.[336][337] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity
linking problem, which is then called "wikification",[338] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation.[339] Methods similar to
wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.[340]

In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in
Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.[341][342][343] They used PageRank, CheiRank and similar
algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in
which they were founded (ascending order)".[343][344] The study was updated in 2019.[345]

In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at
least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a
range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two
books without it.[346]

A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.[347] Studies related to Wikipedia have been
using machine learning and artificial intelligence[311] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection
of vandalism[348][349] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia.[350][351]

Related projects
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of
these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million
contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was
also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive
map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.[352]

Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2),[353] with many later
being merged into the project (e.g. GNE).[W 119] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was
h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty
and informative.[354]

Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review, such as
Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium.[355][356] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to
create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.[357][358]

See also

Internet portal

Wikipedia portal

Democratization of knowledge Missing Links and Secret Histories

Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet Network effect
encyclopedia Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia
List of films about Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an
List of online encyclopedias outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see
Portal:Contents/Outlines
List of Wikipedia controversies
List of wikis QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia
Wikipedia Review
Notes
a. Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and
uploading files.
b. Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies.
c. Pronounced /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ ⓘ WIK-ih-PEE-dee-ə or /ˌwɪki-/ ⓘ WIK-ee-PEE-dee-ə in English
d. Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia
e. Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.
f. The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is
inappropriate.
g. See "Libel" ([Link]
he-media-in-texas--libel-cases) by David McHam for the legal distinction.

References

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Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" ([Link]
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Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" ([Link] The Phoenix.
Retrieved February 22, 2008.
 Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" ([Link] The Atlantic Monthly.
Retrieved March 22, 2008.
Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont
Circle bedroom" ([Link]
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Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" ([Link]
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Stix, Gary, "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American, vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025),
p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'"
Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" ([Link]
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Academic studies
Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-
4214-1535-2.
Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" ([Link]
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 Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating,
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hdl:2047/d20002876 ([Link] Retrieved December 26, 2008.
Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia
(PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl:1765/113937 ([Link]
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Rosenzweig, Roy. Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past ([Link]
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Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration
Community". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (5): 664. doi:10.1177/0002764212469365 ([Link]
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Books
Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5. (Substantial criticisms of
Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.)
Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" ([Link]
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Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4. (See book review by
Baker, as listed hereafter.)
Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide ([Link] Sebastopol: Pogue
Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5.
Rafaeli, Sheizaf; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In
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Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New
York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6.
O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? ([Link]
Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7.
Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-
5862-4.
Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia ([Link]
Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8.
Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution ([Link]
s/book/4956/Wikipedia-20Stories-of-an-Incomplete-Revolution). MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 ([Link]
rg/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F12366.001.0001). ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge.
Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108780704 ([Link] ISBN 978-1-108-
78070-4.
Book review–related articles
Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Wikipedia" ([Link]
21131). The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by
John Broughton, as listed previously.)
Crovitz, L. Gordon. "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." ([Link]
[Link]/articles/SB123897399273491031) (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.)
Postrel, Virginia, "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They
might also be killing it" ([Link] Pacific Standard, November/December 2014
issue.

External links
Official website ([Link] – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)
Wikipedia ([Link] on Twitter
Wikipedia ([Link] on Instagram
Wikipedia ([Link] collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Wikipedia ([Link] topic page at The New York Times
Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia ([Link]
Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature.
doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 ([Link] PMID 39972088 ([Link]
[Link]/39972088).

Retrieved from "[Link]