Plant cell and its Parts

 MODULE OBJECTIVES: Lesson 1 .Microscopic Structure of Plants

 1. Describe the microscopic structure of plants and discuss their
functions;
 2. Discuss Cell Cycle;
 3. Identify different plant tissues
 PARTS AND FUNCTION OF A PLANT CELL
 I. Cell Wall - is not a part of the protoplasm. It encloses the plant
cells and it is
 made up of almost entirely cellulose. The cell wall protects the inner
parts of the
 cell and it maintains the shape of the cell. It allows passage of water
and other
 dissolved substances through it readily. The cell wall does not dissolve
in water
 but is capable of holding large quantity of water
 Such functions include: (1) providing the living cell with mechanical protection
and a chemically buffered environment,
 (2) providing a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water,
minerals, and other small nutrient molecules,
 (3) providing rigid building blocks from which stable structures of higher order,
such as leaves and stems, can be produced, and
 (4) providing a storage site of regulatory molecules that sense the presence of
pathogenic microbes and control the development of tissues.
 Cell membrane or plasma membrane - is a semi permeable membrane
 and makes osmosis possible. It separates the cytoplasm from the cell wall. It
 is selective in nature because it allows certain substances particularly water
 and some dissolved substances to pass through but restricts other dissolved
 substances. It is also called tonoplast because it regulates the interchange
 between the cytoplasm and cell sap inside the vacuole.
Cytokinesis

 Division of the cytoplasm- creating 2 new cells

 Begins in telophase

 In animals- look for cleavage furrow

 In plants- look for a cell plate
 Review
 Middle Lamella - found between the adjacent cell walls, is composed
of
 mostly of pectose which is easily transformed into pectin. Pectin
when in
 proper amount of fruits, brings out setting or stiffening jellies.
 c) Pits - are holes found at the ends or course of cell walls.
 Other substances found in the cell wall:
 is a lipophilic macromolecule found in specialized plant
1. Suberin -Suberin
cell walls, wherever insulation or protection toward the surroundings is
needed. Suberized cells form the periderm, the tissue that envelops
secondary stems as part of the bark, and develop as the sealing tissue after
wounding or leaf abscission.
 2. Cork - to restrict transpiration or for protection.
 3. Cutin - a waxy substance which makes it hard for water to pass,
 found in the epidermis.
 4. Lignin - tough material associated with cellulose or woody cell. It
 increases toughness of cell and for protection.
 II. Protoplasm - is the living portion of the cell and is called by Huxley as the
 physical basis of life. It is grayish, more or less viscous and transparent. It was
 Hugofvon Mohl who first used the term protoplasm. The protoplasm is a
 heterogenous mixtures of colloidal dispersion type. The components are not
 visible even with the most powerful compound microscope. It is differentiated
into
 two parts : the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
 A. Cytoplasm - constitutes the greater bulk of the protoplast wherethe
 nucleus is [Link] peripheral portion ; closest to the cell wall is the
 ectoplasm, the middle and inner portion is the mesoplasm and the innermost is
 the endoplasm. This forms the ground substance of the cell. It is more or less
 hyaline, viscous in consistency and grayish in color. Distributed in the cytoplasm
 are the following substances:
 Plastids - are living differentiated structures found
in the cytoplasm and forming part of it. These
bodies which become specialized to carry on
particular functions occur in various forms but
more commonly they appear ovoid
 and elliptical in forms. On the basis of pigments
found in them, plastids may be classified into a)
Leucoplastids, b) chromoplastids, c) chloroplastids
 Leucoplastids - are colorless plastids. They are generally
found
 in active tissues and part of plants, not ordinarily
exposed to light.
 b. Chromoplasts - are colored plastids, except green
colored ones.
 They are responsible in some cases to the yellow, red and
orange colors of some fruits and flowers.
2) Mitochondria - exist in the form of granules, rods of
filaments. These
are responsible for synthesis of cytoplasmic nucleoprotein,centers
of enzymeoxidation, and mechanism for the release of energy. It
is the powerhouse of thecell.
3) Centrosome - is found in the cytoplasm close to the nucleus.
During
the interphase, the centrosome is a small granule in an area of
condensed
cytoplasm called centrioles. The centrioles are responsible for
orientation of the spindle fibers.
Other inclusions;
a) Cell sap - a vascular liquid that holds substances
such as
pigments, tannin, alkaloids, acids , starch and fat
granules.

b) Vacoules- any space in the cytoplasm containing cell

sap.
Food vacoule are used to hold food substances.
Contractile vacoule is used forelimination of cell waste.

c) Golgi apparatus- is believed to be a mass of hollows

laminae. It is concerned with synthesis of secretion or
 Endoplasmic Reticulum- is an irregular network of
interconnected membrane channel which may be made
up of tubules, vesicles or cisterns. It may serve as a
transportation system for new materials from the
outside to the nucleus. It may offer a professional
pathways for diffusion of metabolites throughout the
cell.
 e) Ribosomes- granular bodies along the endoplasmic
reticulum which serves as templates (pattern or guide)
for cytoplasmic synthesis of protein
B. Nucleus- is the spherical body imbedded in the cytoplasm. The
nucleus is believed to govern the reproductive activities of the
cell and is
responsible to the transmission of the hereditary characteristics
from parents to offspring. The following structures are found
inside the nucleus.

1) Nuclear Membrane- separates the nucleus from the

cytoplasm.

2) Nuclear sap of Karyolymp- constitutes the greater part of

the
nucleus and serves as a ground substance. This is also known as
nucleoplasm.

3) Chromatin- is the most important part which appear as

granules
 characteristics are derived from these chromatin materials. It is
much involved indirect cell division.
 4) Nucleolus- is typically spherical and is believed to be used for
storage of some kind or reserve material. It contains RNA, a nucleic
acid.

 5) Nucleic Acids- The acids found in the nucleus are a) DNA

 (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and b) RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
 Activity 2. Draw and label a typical Plant Cell. ( 10 points for the
illustration
 and 15 points for the labelling.)
Plant Tissues
 Meristematic tissues consist of three types, based on
their location in the plant. Apical meristems contain
meristematic tissue located at the tips of stems and
roots, which enable a plant to extend in length.
 Lateral meristems facilitate growth in thickness or girth
in a maturing plant.
 Intercalary meristems occur only in monocots, at the
bases of leaf blades and at nodes (the areas where leaves
attach to a stem). This tissue enables the monocot leaf
blade to increase in length from the leaf base; for
example, it allows lawn grass leaves to elongate even
after repeated mowing.
 Meristems produce cells that quickly differentiate,
or specialize, and become permanent tissue. Such
cells take on specific roles and lose their ability to
divide further. They differentiate into three main
types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
 Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant,
and vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and
sugars to different parts of the plant.
 Ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis,
provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue,
and helps to store water and sugars.
Figure 1. This light micrograph
shows a cross section of a squash
(Curcurbita maxima) stem. Each
teardrop-shaped vascular bundle
consists of large xylem vessels
toward the inside and smaller
phloem cells toward the outside.
Xylem cells, which transport water
and nutrients from the roots to the
rest of the plant, are dead at
functional maturity. Phloem cells,
which transport sugars and other
organic compounds from
photosynthetic tissue to the rest of
the plant, are living. The vascular
bundles are encased in ground tissue
 Vascular Tissue

 The xylem and phloem that make up the vascular

tissue of the stem are arranged in distinct strands
called vascular bundles, which run up and down the
length of the stem. When the stem is viewed in
cross section, the vascular bundles of dicot stems
are arranged in a ring. In plants with stems that
live for more than one year, the individual bundles
grow together and produce the characteristic
growth rings. In monocot stems, the vascular
bundles are randomly scattered throughout the
ground tissue .
Comparison of vascular bundle in
monocot and Dicot
 Xylem tissue has three types of cells: xylem parenchyma, tracheids,
and vessel elements. The latter two types conduct water and are
dead at maturity.
 Tracheids are xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are
lignified. Water moves from one tracheid to another through regions
on the side walls known as pits, where secondary walls are absent.
 Vessel elements are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter
than tracheids. Each vessel element is connected to the next by
means of a perforation plate at the end walls of the element. Water
moves through the perforation plates to travel up the plant.
 Phloem tissue is composed of sieve-tube cells, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers. A series of sieve-tube
cells (also called sieve-tube elements) are arranged end to end to
make up a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such
as sugars and amino acids.
 The sugars flow from one sieve-tube cell to the next through
perforated sieve plates, which are found at the end junctions
between two cells. Although still alive at maturity, the nucleus and
other cell components of the sieve-tube cells have disintegrated.
 Companion cells are found alongside the sieve-tube cells, providing
them with metabolic support. The companion cells contain more
ribosomes and mitochondria than the sieve-tube cells, which lack
some cellular organelles.
 Ground Tissue
 Ground tissue is mostly made up of parenchyma
cells, but may also contain collenchyma and
sclerenchyma cells that help support the stem. The
ground tissue towards the interior of the vascular
tissue in a stem or root is known as pith, while the
layer of tissue between the vascular tissue and the
epidermis is known as the cortex.
 . What tissue type defends the plant from physical damage and
pathogens?
Ground tissue


Protective tissue


Vascular tissue


Dermal tissue

 2. Xylem and phloem are examples of what tissue type?
Vascular tissue


Root tissue


Dermal tissue


Ground tissue

 3. How is pith and cortex ground tissue different.
pith is external to the vascular tissue and cortex is internal to the


vascular tissue
Pith is internal to the vascular tissueand cortex is external to the


vascular tissue
Pith is a vascular tissue and cortex is a ground tissue


Pith is in the ground and cortex is on the surface


 4. What plant tissue transports material between the root and the
shoot of the plant
Ground tissue


Apical tissue


dermal tissue


Vascular tissue

 5. What is a tissue
A group of cells that share a common goal


a tissue that has a function



A group of cells that share a common function, structure or both



A group of cells

 6. Vascular tissue not only transports material it also
protects the plant


supports the plant structurally



transports minerals


transports energy

7. In woody plants the dermal tissue is called the
dermal
periderm
epidermis
phloem
8. In non woody plants the dermal tissue is called the
xylem
epidermis
phloem
periderm
9. Tissue in a plant that is neither vascular nor dermal is
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Filler tissue
Dermal tissue
 how is collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue similar
10.

They both provide protection for the plant

They both transport material throughout the plant
They both provide support
They both provide energy for the plant
Tissue system
Transport in Xylem
Transport in Phloem
Comparison of plant and animal mitosis
The Cell Cycle &
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Cell Division can be divided into stages

• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
Interphase
The cell prepares for division
 Animal & Plant Cell
 DNA replicated (copied)
 Makes new organelles (synthesis)
 Cell increases in size (growth)
Prophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Metaphase: The cell prepares
chromosomes for division
 Animal & Plant Cell
Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere
SHORTEST phase of mitosis
Metaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
 Animal & Plant Cell
 Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart
 ½ of each chromosome (called chromatid) moves to poles of cells
Anaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
 Plant Cell
 Animal Cell
 DNA uncoils & appears
 DNA uncoils & as chromatin again
appears as
chromatin again  2 nuclei form
 2 nuclei form  New cell wall forms
 Cell membrane between two nuclei to
pinches in to form form the 2 new
the 2 new daughter daughter cells
cells
Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Interphase
MITOSIS

 The part of cell division which results in two identical daughter cells from a
single parent cell.